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Results for “Immune correlation”

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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Correlates of protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.

Correlates of protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans are desirable for identifying protective antigens, demonstrating the immunogenicity of a vaccine candidate and its potential efficacy, and permitting optimization of the dose, vehicle, adjuvant, and schedule of immunization. Potential correlates can be proposed on the basis of animal models and ex vivo/in vitro studies in humans. Most critical is their validation; ultimate validation will require correlation with protection in a phase III efficacy trial of an effective vaccine. Other approaches, however, can allow selection of the most promising correlates for inclusion in phase I and II and, ultimately, phase III vaccine trials. Current data from experimental models and studies of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and their household contacts indicate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis-stimulated whole-blood production of interferon-gamma, although imperfect, is the best available correlate. Nonetheless, further refinement of this assay and additional studies of more complex assays that model M. tuberculosis killing and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity are warranted. During planning of a vaccine trial, the best available correlates of immunity can be selected for inclusion.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In vitro opioid induced proliferation of peripheral blood immune cells correlates with in vivo cold pressor pain tolerance in humans: a biological marker of pain tolerance.

There is substantial evidence for bidirectional communication between the immune system and the central nervous system, as the cells and signalling molecules of the immune system influence many central nervous system functions, for instance nociception. Opioids, such as morphine, produce analgesia and numerous other central and peripheral effects including sedation and euphoria, while their effects on the immune system are wide-ranging. There is considerable interindividual variability in basal nociception and response to opioids, however, the physiological and biological mechanisms underlying this are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the immune system and basal nociceptive thresholds, using the proliferative response of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cold pressor pain tolerance. Here we show that the percent increase in proliferation of peripheral immune cells from 13 healthy subjects incubated with morphine ex vivo is highly correlated with the subjects' tolerance to noxious cold stimuli (Pearson r = 0.92, P < 0.0001). These pilot data provide evidence of a novel objective biological marker of pain tolerance in humans, which also links the immune and opioid systems with basal pain tolerance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Minimization of genetic distances by the consensus, ancestral, and center-of-tree (COT) sequences for HIV-1 variants within an infected individual and the design of reagents to test immune reactivity.

Eliciting maximal immune responses to highly divergent viruses is a challenge and a focus in AIDS vaccine development. Another challenge is to identify the immune correlates of protective immunity. Recent AIDS vaccine design approaches attempt to use reconstructed centralized viral sequences that minimize genetic differences to circulating viruses. Using these approaches, we derive and analyze consensus (CON), ancestral (ANC), and center-of-tree (COT) sequences to represent intra-individual HIV-1 env variants encoding a range of diversities and phylogenetic structures. Each reconstructed sequence significantly minimized genetic distances to extant sequences throughout the first 5 years of infection of an individual. Interestingly, ANC sequences diverged and were not significantly better than extant sequences in minimizing genetic distances at later stages of infection and disease, likely due to the development of a substantially asymmetric phylogeny. COT or CON sequences derived from autologous virus samplings may be useful for increasing the sensitivity of assessments of immune reactivity against HIV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Inflammatory effects and immune system correlates of rape.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of measuring stress hormones and immunity following rape. The long-term goal is to evaluate the predictive value of stress-immune-inflammatory responses to later health outcomes. Fifteen women reporting rape were compared with 16 control participants. Serum stress hormones, proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, functional assays, and lymphocyte subsets were measured in blood samples. Women reporting rape had higher cytotoxic cells, lower B lymphocyte counts, higher proinflammatory biomarkers, and decreased lymphocyte proliferation compared to the control group. This finding suggests that rape produces activation of the innate immunity and suppression of some aspects of adaptive immunity. If these immune changes persist, they may contribute to the pathophysiology of long-term health sequelae by provoking chronic inflammation and decreased cellular immunocompetence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Transfer of NKG2D and MICB at the cytotoxic NK cell immune synapse correlates with a reduction in NK cell cytotoxic function.

Although transfer of membrane proteins has been shown to occur during immune cell interactions, the functional significance of this process is not well understood. Here we describe the intercellular transfer of NKG2D and MHC class I chain-related molecule (MIC) B proteins at the cytotoxic natural killer cell immune synapse (cNK-IS). MICB expressed on the 721.221 cell line induced clustering of NKG2D at the central supramolecular activation cluster, surrounded by a peripheral supramolecular activation cluster containing F-actin. Moreover, natural killer (NK) cell membrane-connective structures formed during cytotoxic interactions contained F-actin, perforin, and NKG2D. NKG2D transfer depended on binding to MICB and was specific because transfer of other molecules not involved in NK-IS formation was not observed. Transfer of MICB to NK cells also was noted, suggesting a bidirectional exchange of receptor/ligand pairs at cNK-IS. Experiments designed to test the functional significance of these observations revealed that brief interactions between NK cells and MICB expressing target cells led to a reduction in NKG2D-dependent NK cytotoxicity. These data demonstrate interchange of an activating receptor and its ligand at the cNK-IS and document a correlation between synapse organization, intercellular protein transfer, and compromised NK cell function after interaction with a susceptible target cell.

Actins↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 on the intestinal mucosal immunity and correlative cytokines in mice with gut ischemia/reperfusion injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of glucagon- like peptide 2 on intestinal mucosa immunity after ischemia/reperfusion injury and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS: A total of 70 ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups including normal control group(N), I/R group(C) and GLP-2 treatment group(T) (treated with GLP-2,200 microg/kg). The mice were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day after I/R injury. Liver,spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes samples were collected for bacterial culture. The endotoxin levels in plasma were also measured. Small intestine washing were obtained for IgA and the intestine homogenized were analyzed for Th1/Th2 cytokines. RESULTS: The rate of bacterial translocation and the level of endotoxin in group C were significant higher than those in group T and group N. The IgA level in the lavage of the intestine was significantly decreased on the 1st day after I/R in group C and T compared with that in group N, while there was no difference between group C and T. The IgA level increased on the 3rd day and returned to normal on the 5th day after I/R in group T, while that in group C was still lower than normal. In group C, the levels of Th1-type (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) cytokines increased, the levels of Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) decreased significantly on the 1st day and then increased gradually. The change pattern of cytokines levels in group T resembled that in group C, but the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in group T returned to normal on the 5th day after I/R. CONCLUSIONS: GLP-2 supplementation can partly protect the intestinal mucosal immunity. The mechanism may probably be related to the restitution of the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in the intestinal mucosa in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Correlation of immune response with clinical stage in Lewis lung tumor-bearing mice.

The effect of Lewis lung tumor growth in mice on the induction of primary immune response to SRBC, was investigated by PFC assay for measuring antibody activity and by footpad test as a correlate for delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. With the appearance of micrometastases in the lungs there was a decline in the humoral and cellular immune response to the SRBC. An increase of number and size of metastases in the lungs led to a further depression of the immune reactivity. Since the reduction of general immune response in mice bearing this tumor is not due to a direct influence of tumor cells, it might be assumed that suppressor cells or factors, are actively abrogating the general and also the tumor directed immune reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between immune response to Escherichia coli and to Newcastle disease virus vaccines.

Genetic and phenotypic variation and covariation in immune response to inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and to Escherichia coli vaccine were studied in commercial poultry strains. Within any given experiment there was no tendency for individual birds to respond in a correlated manner to NDV and E. coli vaccines. There were highly significant differences between sire families in immune response to NDV vaccine (57 sire families) and to E. coli vaccine (35 sire families). Heritabilities of immune response levels to NDV and to E. coli were .41 and .25, respectively. In both cases, additive genetic standard deviations were slightly over 1.0 titer unit. The correlation between sire-family means for response to NDV and sire-family means for response to E. coli (35 sire families) was .077 and statistically nonsignificant. Thus, the data provide evidence for the presence of significant genetic variation in immune response with respect to two endemic disease antigens, but they provide no evidence for a genetic correlation in response to the two antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Metabolic correlates of immune dysfunction in malnourished children.

Mononuclear cells of malnourished children contain diminished activity of phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase (PK). The PK activity of these cells correlates well with the percentage of circulating thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Phytohemagglutinin causes an immediate increase in PK activity of mononuclear cells of malnourished patients. The correlation of PK activity with T-cells and the response of PK activity to phytohemagglutinin are in distinct contrast to observed perturbations of neonatal mononuclear cell metabolism. The relationship of the metabolic alterations to the pathophysiology of the immune system in malnutrition has not yet been defined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Circulating T cell repertoire complexity in normal individuals and bone marrow recipients analyzed by CDR3 size spectratyping. Correlation with immune status.

The analysis of the T cell repertoires involved in local or systemic immune responses is beginning to play an important role in many clinical situations. These include autoimmunity, response to viral or bacterial superantigens, alloimmunity including allograft rejection, and tumor immunity. Here we analyze circulating T cell repertoires by determining TCR beta-chain gene complexity using a modification of V beta family-specific PCR. This approach, called CDR3 size spectratyping, uses the size heterogeneity of the CDR3 as a further source of specificity in TCR analysis. It has been used here to analyze the complexity and stability of circulating T cell repertoires in normal adults, including bone marrow donors, and bone marrow transplant recipients. Normal spectratypes are both complex and stable. The repertoire complexity of marrow recipients correlates with their state of immune function. Contractions and gaps in repertoires are revealed in individuals suffering from recurrent infections associated with T cell impairment. Spectratype analysis is applicable to other studies of specific repertoire skewing such as may be associated with immunodeficiency or found at sites of immune activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Correlates of immune protection in chickens vaccinated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain GT5 following challenge with pathogenic M. gallisepticum strain R(low).

Colonization of the avian respiratory tract with Mycoplasma gallisepticum results in a profound inflammatory response in the trachea, air sacs, conjunctiva, and lungs. A live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine strain, GT5, was previously shown to be protective in chickens upon challenge; however, the mechanisms by which this vaccine and others confer protection remain largely unknown. The current study evaluated several potential correlates of GT5 vaccine-mediated immune protection following challenge with the pathogenic M. gallisepticum strain R(low). GT5-vaccinated chickens developed mild tracheal lesions, consisting of few and scattered, discrete, lymphofollicular aggregates in the lamina propria. In addition, low numbers of aggregated B, CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells were observed to infiltrate the trachea, in stark contrast to the large numbers infiltrating the tracheas of sham-vaccinated chickens challenged with R(low). Lymphofollicular aggregates were rarely observed prior to day 12 postchallenge in sham-vaccinated chickens. Instead, they contained an increasingly more cellular inflammatory response characterized by expansion of the lamina propria by lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrates. This was due in part to expansion of interfollicular zones by large numbers of infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells and a sizeable population of immunoglobulin A (IgA)- and IgG-secreting plasma cells. GT5-vaccinated chickens also had higher serum IgG concentrations, and significantly higher numbers of M. gallisepticum-specific IgG- and IgA-secreting plasma/B cells within the trachea, than did sham-vaccinated chickens. These responses were observed as early as day 4 postchallenge, indicating the importance of antibody-mediated clearance of mycoplasma in GT5-vaccinated chickens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treponemicidal antibody measured by the "washed-killing" assay correlates with immunity in experimental rabbit syphilis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The authors have previously shown that complement-dependent treponemicidal antibody measured by the "washed-killing" assay is directed exclusively against surface-exposed targets on Treponema pallidum, presumably the Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane proteins detected by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: Because immune mechanisms against Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane proteins are likely to be central to a protective host response, it was examined whether a relationship could be established between treponemicidal levels as measured by the "washed-killing" assay and host immunity in experimental syphilis. STUDY DESIGN: Three groups of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits were treated curatively with penicillin at 9 days, 30 days, and 6 months post-infection to generate animals with varying degrees of immunity to challenge re-infection. The level of complement-dependent treponemicidal activity in sera obtained before infection (basal) and before intradermal challenge was determined by the "washed-killing" assay and compared with that detected using conventional in vitro immobilization. RESULTS: Using the "washed-killing" assay, a close quantitative correlation as measured by a treponemal immobilizing endpoint titer was demonstrable between prechallenge treponemicidal antibody and the status of immunity to re-infection. Sera from rabbits completely susceptible to symptomatic and disseminated asymptomatic re-infection lacked treponemicidal antibody. Sera from challenged rabbits with a relatively low degree of immunity to symptomatic disease showed endpoints of < or = 4. Rabbits with a relatively high degree of immunity to symptomatic reinfection and resistant to disseminated disease had endpoints that ranged from 6 to 96. Rabbits completely resistant to challenge exhibited endpoints ranging from 96 to 128. CONCLUSION: Treponemicidal antibody measured by the "washed-killing" assay correlated closely with the status of immunity in experimental rabbit syphilis. Thus, antibody measured by this assay may be directed against key protective Treponema pallidum surface immunogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A partially attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus induces host immunity that correlates with resistance to pathogenic virus challenge.

Three infectious, attenuated molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) were tested for viral and host determinants of protective immunity. The viruses differed in degree of virulence from highly attenuated to moderately attenuated to partially attenuated. Levels of immune stimulation and antiviral immunity were measured in rhesus macaques inoculated 2 years previously with these viruses. Monkeys infected with the highly attenuated or moderately attenuated viruses had minimal lymphoid hyperplasia, normal CD4/CD8 ratios, low levels of SIV-specific antibodies, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against p55gag (Gag) or gp160env (Env). Monkeys infected with the partially attenuated virus had moderate to marked lymphoid hyperplasia, normal CD4/CD8 ratios, high levels of SIV-specific antibodies, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against both Gag and Env. After pathogenic virus challenge, monkeys immunized with the partially attenuated virus had 100- to 1,000-fold-lower viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph node mononuclear cells than naive control animals. One of four monkeys immunized with the highly attenuated virus and two of four monkeys immunized with the moderately attenuated virus developed similarly low viral loads after challenge. These three attenuated strains of SIV induced a spectrum of antiviral immunity that was inversely associated with their degree of attenuation. Only the least attenuated virus induced resistance to challenge infection in all immunized monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunity and correlates of protection for rotavirus vaccines.

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. The tremendous global incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis, especially in developing countries, emphasizes the need for vaccines to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. However, immunity to rotavirus is not completely understood. At this time, total serum RV IgA, measured shortly after infection, appears to be the best marker of protection against rotavirus. This review describes the current understanding of rotavirus immunity, including mechanisms of protection against rotavirus from selected animal models, and correlates of protection associated with natural infection or vaccination from humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

T cell responses in EAMG-susceptible and non-susceptible mouse strains after immunization with overlapping peptides encompassing the extracellular part of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor alpha chain. Implication to role in myasthenia gravis of autoimmune T-cell responses against receptor degradation products.

To study the role in myasthenia gravis (MG) of peptides resulting from acetylcholine receptor (AChR) degradation, we examined the ability of AChR peptides to induce T cell responses that are capable of cross-reacting with intact AChR. The studies were carried out in an experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG)-susceptible mouse strain [C57BL/6 (B6)] as well as in two non-susceptible strains [B6.C-H-2bm12 (bm12) and C3H/He]. A set of overlapping peptides encompassing the extracellular part (residues 1-210) of the alpha-chain of Torpedo californica (t) AChR were used, individually or in equimolar mixtures, as immunogens. In B6, immunization with peptides alpha45-60, alpha111-126, alpha146-162 and alpha182-198 gave T cells that responded in vitro to the correlate immunizing peptide. Only the T cells against the latter three peptides cross-reacted with tAChR. Peptide alpha146-162 exhibited the highest in vitro reaction with the immunizing peptide and cross-reaction with tAChR. T cells obtained by immunization of B6 with an equimolar mixture of the peptides responded in vitro to peptides alpha111-126, alpha146-162 and alpha182-198 and cross-reacted very strongly with tAChR. In bm12 and C3H/He, a number of peptides evoked, when used individually as immunogens, strong or moderate T cell responses that recognized in vitro the correlate immunizing peptide but cross-reacted poorly with tAChR. Immunization with the mixture of the peptides gave T cells that recognized several peptides in each strain butdid not cross-react with alpha146-162 or tAChR. The results indicate that the ability to recognize alpha146-162 or AChR by T cells against peptides resulting from receptor degradation can account for the susceptibility to, and aggravation of, MG in B6.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Correlation of nonspecific immune monitoring with rejection or impaired function of renal allografts.

Two nonspecific immunological assays were combined with radionuclide scanning to monitor 113 patients thrice weekly following allotransplantation. The nonspecific immune assays included measurement of the percentage of active T rosette-forming cells (% A-T RFCs) and spontaneous blastogenesis (SB). An increase in SB and decrease in % A-T RFCs (greater than 1 sd of normal controls) constituted an immune event. The immune parameters were correlated with thrice weekly radionuclide studies which were computer analyzed for glomerular and tubular function. Alteration of the immunological and radionuclide parameters significantly correlated (P less than 0.001) with 90 rejection episodes displayed by 72 nonantithymocyte globulin (ATG)-treated renal allograft recipients during the first 30 postoperative days. In the absence of clinically defined rejection, changes in immune parameters correlated with (1) decline of radionuclide parameters and (2) alterations in weight, temperature, creatinine clearance, and serum creatinine, suggesting subclinical events. As a result of the effects of ATG on lymphocytes, a similar comparison could not be made for 41 other patients treated with this immunosuppressive drug. The incidence of false positive tests was 12.7%. Thus, the combination of two nonspecific immune parameters, % A-T RFCs and SB, with computerized analysis of radionuclide scans may afford a reliable index to diagnose early rejection or impaired function of renal allografts.

Diagnosis, Differential↗