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PubMed1975

Immunization schedules for influenza.

Although on an individual basis and for some selected closed groups immunization against influenza has proved its value over the last 30 years, it has not resulted in prevention of epidemics. The impact of vaccination on national morbidity and mortality statistics has been disappointing. The reasons for this apparent failure of disease control by immunization are discussed. It is concluded that influenza vaccination has not been practised on a large enough scale to achieve an obvious effect on the spread of the viruses in open communities. The groups of people who deserve special attention in order to minimize the damages caused by influenza epidemics are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of available types of vaccine, methods and routes of administration are assessed. It is suggested that systematic application of present knowledge would probably have more impact in the near future than efforts to increase vaccine efficacy. The main current deficiencies are identified as the difficulty of producing adequate supplies of properly constituted vaccines at short notice and the general reluctance to accept annual large-scale immunization programmes. In the view of the authors these logistic and administrative problems could be resolved by long-term coordinated planning between relevant authorities and vaccine manufacturers.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1998

[Immunization schedule in the European Union].

All nations that are part of the European Union share the same aim for the control and eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, there are differences in child immunization strategies and schedules between nations, depending upon health care systems, immunization habits and epidemiology of infectious diseases. All nations immunize children against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella and mumps. Immunization against pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B and tuberculosis are not systematically applied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Humoral and mucosal immunity in infants induced by three sequential inactivated poliovirus vaccine-live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine immunization schedules. Baltimore Area Polio Vaccine Study Group.

The relative immunity induced by sequential administration of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) produced in human diploid cells and live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was evaluated by randomization of 510 infants to receive IPV and OPV sequentially according to one of three experimental schedules, IPV only, or OPV only. The antibody response to two IPV doses was lower than expected. However, for each of the IPV-OPV sequential schedules, the first OPV dose significantly enhanced seroconversion rates and geometric mean microneutralization antibody titers. Three months after the final dose, 96%-99%, 99%-100%, and 81%-100% of infants had antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and subjects with two or more prior OPV doses were significantly less likely than those with none or one prior OPV dose to excrete virus in feces after an OPV challenge. Sequential IPV-OPV immunization is now recommended for routine use in the United States. The optimal schedule consists of two IPV doses followed by two OPV doses.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delays in immunizations of high-risk infants during the first two years of life: special care for the high-risk infant should not mean special immunization schedules.

Because experience in our newborn intensive care unit follow-up clinic since 1982 suggested that immunizations of newborn intensive care unit graduates in the first 2 years of life were inappropriately delayed, questionnaires were sent to families and to the four categories of primary care providers (family practitioners, pediatricians, local health clinics, and neonatalogists) in our region to assess immunization rates and practices. Delays in the first diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunization and the polio vaccine were greater the less the birth weight and less the gestational age of the infant. Delays in subsequent immunizations were considerable and did not correlate with gestational age. A substantial proportion of primary care providers are not immunizing infants in compliance with the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, but some improvement is seen when the time period 1982 to 1986 is compared with 1987 to 1991.

Female↗