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PubMed1998

Impulsive corporal punishment by mothers and antisocial behavior and impulsiveness of children.

This study tested the hypothesis that corporal punishment (CP), such as spanking or slapping a child for purposes of correcting misbehavior, is associated with antisocial behavior (ASB) and impulsiveness by the child. The data were obtained through interviews with a probability sample of 933 mothers of children age 2-14 in two small American cities. Analyses of variance found that the more CP experienced by the child, the greater the tendency for the child to engage in ASB and to act impulsively. These relationships hold even after controlling for family socioeconomic status, the age and sex of the child, nurturance by the mother, and the level of noncorporal interventions by the mother. There were also significant interaction effects of CP with impulsiveness by the mother. When CP was carried out impulsively, it was most strongly related to child impulsiveness and ASB; when CP was done when the mother was under control, the relationship to child behavior problems was reduced but still present. In view of the fact that there is a high risk of losing control when engaged in CP, even by parents who are not usually impulsive, and the fact that impulsive CP is so strongly associated with child behavior problems, the results of this study suggest that CP is an important risk factor for children developing a pattern of impulsive and antisocial behavior which, in turn, may contribute to the level of violence and other crime in society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The effect of individual differences on adolescents' impulsive buying behavior.

This study posits a relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Impulsive Buying Tendency (IBT). A survey of 574 adolescents found that high-EI adolescents manifested less impulsive behavior than did low-EI adolescents, and high-IBT adolescents were more likely to engage in more impulsive buying behavior than were low-IBT adolescents. Finally, possible extensions of the research to the area of adolescents' impulsive buying are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Impulsive-compulsive sexual behavior.

Impulsive-compulsive sexual behavior is a little studied clinical phenomenon which affects approximately 5% to 6% of the population. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision, it is classified as an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified or a sexual disorder not otherwise specified. It may be placed in a possible new category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition called substance and behavioral addictions. This clinical entity is reviewed and the merit of classifying it as an addiction is assessed. Information is presented regarding its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, types of behavior it can involve, relationship to hypersexuality, comorbidities, treatment, and etiology. The data regarding this disorder and its overlap with chemical addiction is limited. If the two disorders are to be grouped together, further data are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Nonspecific behaviors as early indications of cerebral vasospasm.

This study investigated nonspecific behaviors as early indications of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although symptoms of vasospasm (e.g., lowered level of consciousness, focal deficits such as hemiplegia or aphasia), are well recognized, the significance of early appearance of nonspecific symptoms such as restlessness, unusual behaviors, and impulsive behavior has not been investigated in detail. The study design included descriptive quantitative elements and a small qualitative component. Nonspecific behaviors were recorded, and the prevalence of those behaviors in individuals developing vasospasm was noted. Of 60 participants, 31 developed vasospasm; 24 of the 31 initially presented with nonspecific behaviors (p < .0001). Early detection of cerebral vasospasm allows prompt intervention and treatment, with the goal of preventing further ischemia or infarction.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comorbidity of major depression and conduct disorder.

The association of depression and conduct disorder is common and often perplexing in child psychiatry. Using a systematic retrospective chart review, various symptom, demographic and family history variables were compared between depression with comorbid conduct disorder and depression alone. Variables which differed between groups were entered into a stepwise discriminative function analysis. The four variables which discriminated between groups were anxiety, witness to family violence, illegal behavior, and impulsive behavior. The strongest discriminating variable, anxiety, was associated with depression without comorbid conduct disorder. These results emphasize the heterogeneity of childhood depression and potential importance of anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impulsive suicidal behavior and serotonin].

In a group of 17 suicidal patients which either had previous suicidal attempts or presented other impulsive behaviors, response to Prl, cortisol and GH to the serotonergic dl-fenfluramine agonist were studied. Suicidal patients suffering from depressive disorders were previously excluded, as well as those with psychotic disorders. The results were compared with those of a control group (n = 17) matched for sex (76.5% females and 23.5% males in both groups) and age (25.1 years old, sd: 10 for the suicidal group and 25.3 years old, sd: 8.7 for controls; t = -0.07, df = 32, p. = .47). The most significant finding were the following: 1) Response to Prl in the suicidal group was significantly lower to that of controls, as much as in absolute terms (Prl = max-baseline): 7.4 ng/ml. (sd: 10.3) vs 15.5 ng/ml (sd: 14.1) (t = -1.9, df = 32, p less than .03) as percentage wise (Prl % = max-baseline): 106.6% (sd: 108.8) vs 214% (sd: 167.6) (t = -2.22, df = 32, p. less than .02). 2) The response of cortisol in the suicidal group was significantly lower to that of controls as much as in absolute terms (Cor = max-baseline): 1.7 ng/ml (sd: 2.8) vs 5 ng/ml (sd 5.4) (t = -2.25, df = 32, p less than .02) as percentage wise (Cor % max-baseline: 11.6% (sd: 19.8) vs 47.1% (sd: 56.7) (t = -2.44, df = 32, p less than 01). Baseline concentration of cortisol in suicidal patients was significantly higher to that of the controls (17.8 ng/ml (sd: 5.6) vs 13.3 ng/ml (sd: 5.3) (t = 2.41, df = 32, p less than .01). These results are in concordance with previous ones which suggest that a serotonergic dysfunction is present in patients which carry out impulsive suicidal attempts. Besides those patients have also higher indexes of stress and of an inefficiency of coping with acute stressful situations.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1993

Is prolactin related to activity and emotional reactivity in rats?

Recent studies have shown different relationships between hormones and personality in humans, including a relationship between prolactin levels and impulsivity. The aim of the present work was to study the relationships between basal levels of prolactin and some measures of activity and emotional reactivity in rats. One of the most consistent results showed a negative correlation between basal prolactin levels and activity. This finding is in line with the serotonergic theories of impulsive behavior and with the effects of dopamine upon activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluating self-control and impulsivity in children with severe behavior disorders.

Impulsivity and self-control involve a choice between a smaller, more immediate reinforcer and a larger, more delayed reinforcer. Impulsive behavior occurs when responding produces the more immediate, relatively smaller reinforcers at the expense of delayed larger reinforcers. Self-control occurs when responding produces delayed larger reinforcers at the expense of immediate smaller reinforcers. Recently, researchers in applied behavior analysis have suggested that evaluations of self-control and impulsivity are relevant to socially important behaviors. Further, common behavioral treatments such as differential reinforcement may be influenced by variables such as reinforcer delay. In this study, we showed that aggression, reinforced by access to food, could be maintained as impulsive behavior. The participants were 2 young boys with severe developmental disabilities. For both participants, descriptive observations, care provider report, and functional analyses suggested that aggression was reinforced by food access (and television access for 1 participant). Next, we introduced a differential reinforcement procedure in which appropriate mands were reinforced. After various manipulations, we showed that aggression occurred when it produced immediate but small reinforcers even though mands produced larger, more delayed reinforcers. However, both participants displayed self-control when the delay to reinforcement was signaled (with a hand gesture or a timer).

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A rare and little-known method of elaborating the loss of the object in melancholia].

The author presents a fully detailed report of the observation of two economically secure young women who were caught shop-lifting in a large department store; one woman was apprehended while suffering from depression, the other was caught just prior to the onset of a depressive episode. It is hoped that the details referred here may contribute to the insufficient data published on this subject up to the present. It is important to note that the thefts committed by these patients show the typical characteristics of "impulsive behavior". Furthermore, the impulse to steal may appear in various psychiatric conditions. Therefore, the author first considered the hypothesis that these thefts may have been computed during an acute dysthymic psychosis. Epilepsy was ruled out in both cases based on anamnestic data, electroencephalographic findings and, even after the administration of a pharmacological trigger, no epileptic symptoms appeared. These negative results prompted the author to propose a psychosemeiogenetic rapport between the depressive conditions and the thefts. Considering basic information regarding the psychodynamic of impulsive behavior in general, and that manifested in the course of melancholia in particular, the author confronts the problem of the psychosemeiogenesis of the impulsive to steal in the depressed patient. In order to understand this problem, the author proposes several interpretative hypotheses (equivalence of suicide or "parasuicide" according to Deshaies; attempt to give a concrete reason for the "feeling of guilt"; conduct to symbolically compensate the loss of the "object"). Following an in-depth, critical discussion, the author concludes that the "parasuicide" hypothesis is most accurate in the case of the first patient, whereas "compensation" more adequately explains the second. In conclusion, the interest that these cases present in the forensic medical sphere is also brought to light.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1999

The relationship of the platelet 5-HT-induced calcium response to clinical symptoms in eating disorders.

Clinical observations indicate that persons with eating disorders exhibit many psychopathologic symptoms such as difficulty with impulse control and depressed mood associated with impaired regulation of serotonin (5-HT) synaptic function in the central nervous system. In this study, we focused on the relationship between the 5-HT-induced calcium response in platelets and the clinical symptoms. While age, body weight, and severity of depressive symptoms were not correlated with 5-HT-induced response, there was an enhanced response in patients with bulimic symptoms or other impulsive behaviors. Moreover, patients with multi-impulsive behaviors had a significantly higher maximal increase than patients with uni-impulsive behavior, i.e., those who had only bulimic symptoms, as well as non-impulsive patients, and controls. Considering these results, the 5-HT-induced response may be related to difficulty with impulse control in general rather than bulimic eating attitudes specifically.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of an inverse relationship between central serotonergic (serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine]) system function and impulsive aggressive behavior has been accumulating for more than 2 decades. If so, pharmacological enhancement of serotonin activity should be expected to reduce impulsive aggressive behavior in subjects in whom this behavior is prominent. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the selective serotonin-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine hydrochloride was conducted in 40 nonmajor-depressed, nonbipolar or schizophrenic, DSM-III-R personality-disordered individuals with current histories of impulsive aggressive behavior and irritability. Measures included the Overt Aggression Scale-Modified for Outpatients, Clinical Global Impression Rating of Improvement, and several secondary measures of aggression, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS: Fluoxetine, but not placebo, treatment resulted in a sustained reduction in scores on the Irritability and Aggression subscales of the Overt Aggression Scale-Modified for Outpatients that was first apparent during months 2 and 3 of treatment, respectively. Fluoxetine was superior to placebo in the proportion of "responders" on the Clinical Global Impression Rating of Improvement: first at the end of month 1, and then finally demonstrating a sustained drug-placebo difference from the end of month 2 through the end of month 3 of treatment. These results were not influenced by secondary measures of depression, anxiety, or alcohol use. CONCLUSION: Fluoxetine treatment has an antiaggressive effect on impulsive aggressive individuals with DSM-III-R personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Neural correlates of impulsive-violent behavior: an event-related potential study.

Impulsive-violent offenders are often less capable of controlling their behavior. A cued Go/No-go task was used to test the hypothesis that impulsive-violent behavior reflects a deficit in the ability to inhibit prepotent responses and could be reflected in the measurement of event-related potentials. Results showed that the amplitudes of the N2 component at Fz reflected different degrees of inhibition in impulsive-violent offenders compared with matched controls. The N2 amplitude (No-go minus Go) was significantly lower in the impulsive-violent offenders than in matched controls. The amplitude of N2 increased when effort was required to withhold the Go intention. A smaller N2 amplitude was seen in offenders, suggesting difficulties with inhibition of prepotent behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Divalproex sodium for impulsive aggressive behavior in patients with personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Divalproex sodium, an anticonvulsant and antimanic agent, has recently been studied for its antiaggressive effects in patients with brain injuries, dementia, and borderline personality disorder. Since patients with other personality disorders also exhibit impulsive aggressive behavior, we conducted a preliminary open-label trial of divalproex sodium as a treatment for irritability and aggression in patients with a variety of personality disorders. METHOD: Ten patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for at least one personality disorder were treated with divalproex sodium in an 8-week open clinical trial. All patients had failed a trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Divalproex sodium was increased as tolerated using a flexible dosing schedule. Clinician ratings for impulsive aggressive behavior and irritability were made every 2 weeks using the modified Overt Aggression Scale (OAS-M). RESULTS: Six of 8 completers reported significant decreases in irritability (p = .003) and impulsive aggressive behavior (p = .019). For the entire sample, improvement on OAS-M irritability and overt aggression scores was noted by the end of 4 weeks and continued to occur through week 8. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that divalproex sodium is an effective treatment for impulsive aggressive behavior in some patients with personality disorder who fail to respond to other antiaggressive agents (i.e., SSRIs). Controlled studies are needed to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from divalproex sodium and to evaluate the differential effectiveness of various agents in reducing impulsive aggressive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impulse activity of neurons of the visual and somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex at different stages of goal-directed behavior].

Impulse activity of neurones of the visual and somatosensory cortical areas was studied in free moving cats during performance of conditioned instrumental food-procuring reactions to the presentation of light or sound. It was established that the units of these cortical areas may participate in both all or individual stages of complex instrumental behaviour. The visual cortex neurones are more extensively involved in the formation of successive stages of the goal-directed behavioral act. Significant differences were revealed in the unit responses of the visual and somatosensory cortical areas at the moment of the switching on of the conditioned signal, at the period of "reinforcement anticipation", at the moment of appearance of milk, the reinforcing agent, and during reinforcement, when the milk was lapped by the animal.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Impulsivity-anxiety-related behavior and profiles of morphine-induced analgesia in heterozygous reeler mice.

Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein, secreted by GABAergic interneurons, that provides a signal for neural plasticity. A downregulation of reelin may be a factor to be considered in the study of major psychiatric disorders. The heterozygous reeler mouse model, thus, may be important to reveal those alterations in behavioral phenotype produced by reduced neural plasticity. Heterozygous (HZ) and wild-type (WT) mice were tested for anxiety-related behavior, motor impulsivity, and morphine-induced analgesia. Heterozygous mice showed significantly lower levels of anxiety- and risk-assessment-related behaviors in the elevated plus-maze during adolescence, in the absence of basal changes in general locomotion. Adult mice were assessed for profiles of impulsive behavior in operant chambers, and HZ mice exhibited elevated levels of motor impulsivity. When mice were assessed in nociception tests, a genotype difference in morphine-induced analgesia was found, and these results were confirmed by measurement of mu-receptors in the midbrain. The basal behavioral profile of the HZ genotype reveals important differences, consistent with decreased behavioral inhibition and emotionality, which can be revealed as early as in adolescence, together with slight increment of impulsive behavior and altered pain threshold and at the adult age. The HZ genotype can thus represent a useful animal model for the study of behavioral disorders consequent to reduced neural plasticity.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1976

Reflection-impulsivity and behavioral problems in emotionally disturbed boys.

In order to investigate the difference in the behavioral problems presented by cognitively impulsive and reflective emotionally disturbed boys, the parents of 17 impulsive and 13 reflective boys in residential treatment were asked to rate their sons' behavior. Results indicated that in contrast to reflective emotionally disturbed boys, impulsives were more likely to talk of others blaming them unfairly, threaten to harm themselves, hit and bully other children, and be excessively rough in play. On the other hand, reflectives were more unwilling to talk with adults outside the family. Results were discussed in terms of supporting both previous research and Kagan and Kogan's (6) "fear of failure" hypothesis.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Psychiatric and psychological morbidity as a function of adaptive disability in preschool children with aggressive and hyperactive-impulsive-inattentive behavior.

Children with high levels of aggressive-hyperactive-impulsive-inattentive behavior (AHII; n = 154) were subdivided into those with (n = 38) and without (n = 116) adaptive disability (+AD/-AD) defined as a discrepancy between expected versus actual adaptive functioning. They were compared to each other and a control group of 47 normal children. Both AHII groups were more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder than control children; more symptoms of general psychopathology; greater social skills deficits; more parental problems; and lower levels of academic achievement skills. Compared to AHII - AD children, AHII + AD children had (1) more conduct disorder; (2) greater inattention and aggression symptoms; (3) more social problems, less academic competence, and poorer self-control at school; (4) more severe and pervasive behavior problems across multiple home and school settings; and (5) parents with poorer child management practices. Thus, adaptive disability has utility as a marker for more severe and pervasive impairments in AHII children.

Achievement↗