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PubMed1981

Intermittent trachoma chemotherapy: a controlled trial of topical tetracycline or erythromycin.

In communities with endemic blinding trachoma, mass (or "blanket") treatment with a topically applied tetracycline derivative is a standard control measure. The widely used "intermittent" treatment schedule consists of the twice daily application of antibiotic ointment for five consecutive days once a month for six months. In this study, the efficacy of "intermittent" treatment was evaluated for the treatment of severe and moderate intensity trachoma in children in southern Tunisia. Tetracycline or erythromycin ointments (specific antichlamydial drugs) were compared with 5% boric acid ointment (a simple antiseptic) given by the intermittent schedule during the winter and spring. There was a statistically significant degree of improvement at only one examination, four weeks after the full course of treatment had been completed. When re-examined five months later there were no differences in intensity in the three groups. The limited effect of topical chemotherapy might be attributable to several causes, among which could be inadequate drug levels, inadequate treatment periods, reinfection from non-treated children in the community, and auto-infection from extraocular sites (e.g., respiratory tract) in the same child. The possible value of short-term (two weeks) systemic antimicrobial therapy as an additional strategy to prevent blindness of children with potentially blinding active trachoma is discussed.

Boric Acids↗
PubMed2002

Effect of hydrophobic surfactant protein SP-C on binary phospholipid monolayers. Molecular machinery at the air/water interface.

Fluorescent and modified dark-field microscopies were used to investigate the phase behavior of physiologically relevant lipid/protein monomolecular films containing surfactant protein C(SP-C). Synthetic human SP-C(1-34) was labeled at its N-terminus using the fluorescent probe 6-(((4(4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)phenoxy)acetyl)amino)hexanoic acid (BODIPY/TR-X). Using dual fluorescent labeling (lipid and protein) in the monolayers, we have correlated (at physiologically small concentrations of the protein) the lipid phase separation and protein distribution in situ. A comparison of the lipid and protein dye fluorescent micrographs indicates that SP-C(1-34) is preferentially associated with the disordered lipid phase. Three concepts arise from our results. (1) The presence of SP-C alone does not result in the complete dissolution of condensed phase domains in a fashion that we have previously reported for the entire hydrophobic surfactant protein (SP-B/C) fraction (Biophys. J. 77 (1999) 903). Rather, the use of relatively high amounts ( approximately 10 wt.%) of the labeled SP-C protein is needed to reproduce the fluorescence monolayer morphology previously observed for small concentrations ( approximately 1 wt.%) of the natural SP-B/C mixture. (2) Scattered light, dark-field microscopy performed using grazing angle laser illumination reveals the presence of surface-associated, three-dimensional (3D) structures of micrometer-sized dimensions when the labeled BODIPY/TR-X:SP-C(1-34) protein is included in the monolayer, as previously observed with the naturally isolated SP-B/C mixture. The 3D structures are associated exclusively with the presence of the SP-C protein in disordered monolayer phases. (3) To explain these results, we have derived a molecular model accounting for the structure and physico-chemical properties of the SP-C protein in terms of its energetics. The molecular events involved in the SP-C-mediated production of the 3D surface particles are explained using the analogy of a simple molecular machine, namely a loaded spring. This interpretation is supported by an energetic analysis that suggests the major factor contributing to the formation of the 3D particles is the energy liberated by re-expansion of the surrounding phospholipid film into the area vacated by the SP-C protein as it re-orients away from the surface.

Air↗
PubMed2005

Immunosuppression in progeny of chinook salmon infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum: re-analysis of a brood stock segregation experiment.

Female spawner infection level and temperature variation through rearing are sufficient to explain in-hatchery mortality rates and infection levels and smolt to adult return ratios (SARs) of progeny of Renibacterium salmoninarum infected spring chinook salmon. Data from published reports and manuscripts regarding a 1988 brood stock segregation experiment that held progeny of highly infected female spring chinook salmon spawners separate from progeny of other spawners during 16 mo of hatchery rearing are analyzed to test the hypothesis that immunosuppression could account for differences in survival and infection levels between the 2 segregates. Immunosuppression, caused by the presence of the p57 antigen of R. salmoninarum in sufficient concentration within the salmon egg before spawning, can account for differences in infection levels, mortality rates, and SARs for each hatchery raceway in that study. This immunosuppression may be characterized by immunotolerance, or might only affect cell mediated immunity, which appears the most effective defense mechanism against R. salmoninarum infection, as antibody production can result in tissue damaging antibody-antigen complexes. Low-temperature mediated immunosuppression can account for the nearly identical trajectories of infection and mortality between the 2 segregates during the first 8 mo of hatchery rearing. There is no evidence of widespread vertical infection from spawner to progeny, nor is there evidence that brood stock segregation reduces overall mortality. Rather, the suppression of cell-mediated immune mechanisms may condemn progeny of highly infected female spawners to an almost certain eventual premature demise.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed2004

Simulation of migratory flight and stopover affects night levels of melatonin in a nocturnal migrant.

Several species of diurnal birds are nocturnal migrants. The activation of nocturnal activity requires major physiological changes, which are essentially unknown. Previous work has shown that during migratory periods nocturnal migrants have reduced night-time levels of melatonin. Since this hormone is involved in the modulation of day-night rhythms, it is a good candidate regulator of nocturnal migratory activity. We studied whether melatonin levels change when nocturnally active blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) are experimentally transferred from a migratory to a non-migratory state. We simulated a long migratory flight by depriving birds of food for 2 days, and a refuelling stopover by subsequently re-administering food. Such a regimen is known to induce a reduction in migratory restlessness ('Zugunruhe') in the night following food reintroduction. The experiments were performed in both autumn and spring using blackcaps taken from their breeding grounds (Sweden) and their wintering areas (Kenya). In autumn, the food regimen induced a suppression of Zugunruhe and an increase in melatonin in the night following food reintroduction. In spring, the effects of the treatment were qualitatively similar but their extent depended on the amount of body-fat reserves. This work shows that the reduction of night-time melatonin during migratory periods is functionally related to nocturnal migration, and that fat reserves influence the response of the migratory programme to food deprivation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Spatiotemporal modelling and mapping of the bubonic plague epidemic in India.

BACKGROUND: This work studies the spatiotemporal evolution of bubonic plague in India during 1896-1906 using stochastic concepts and geographical information science techniques. In the past, most investigations focused on selected cities to conduct different kinds of studies, such as the ecology of rats. No detailed maps existed incorporating the space-time dependence structure and uncertainty sources of the epidemic system and providing a composite space-time picture of the disease propagation characteristics. RESULTS: Informative spatiotemporal maps were generated that represented mortality rates and geographical spread of the disease, and epidemic indicator plots were derived that offered meaningful characterizations of the spatiotemporal disease distribution. The bubonic plague in India exhibited strong seasonal and geographical features. During its entire duration, the plague continued to invade new geographical areas, while it followed a re-emergence pattern at many localities; its rate changed significantly during each year and the mortality distribution exhibited space-time heterogeneous patterns; prevalence usually occurred in the autumn and spring, whereas the plague stopped moving towards new locations during the summers. CONCLUSION: Modern stochastic modelling and geographical information science provide powerful means to study the spatiotemporal distribution of the bubonic plague epidemic under conditions of uncertainty and multi-sourced databases; to account for various forms of interdisciplinary knowledge; and to generate informative space-time maps of mortality rates and propagation patterns. To the best of our knowledge, this kind of plague maps and plots become available for the first time, thus providing novel perspectives concerning the distribution and space-time propagation of the deadly epidemic. Furthermore, systematic maps and indicator plots make possible the comparison of the spatial-temporal propagation patterns of different diseases.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2000

Insights into a structure-based mechanism of viral membrane fusion.

A number of different viral spike proteins, responsible for membrane fusion, show striking similarities in their core structures. The prospect of developing a general structure-based mechanism seems plausible in light of these newly determined structures. Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the best-studied fusion machine, whose action has previously been described by a hypothetical "spring-loaded" model. This model has recently been extended to explain the mechanism of other systems, such as HIV gp120-gp41. However, evidence supporting this idea is insufficient, requiring re-examination of the mechanism of HA-induced membrane fusion. Recent experiments with a shortened construct of HA, which is able to induce lipid mixing, have provided evidence for an alternative scenario for HA-induced membrane fusion and perhaps that of other viral systems.

Hemagglutinins↗
PubMed1982

Different types of tremor in the human thumb.

1. The upper limbs of normal subjects were immobilized in a way that allowed measurement of forces and movements at the thumb interphalangeal joint without significant movement elsewhere in the limb. 2. When the subject attempted to maintain a steady flexing force at the joint against a rigid stop, the actual force showed the irregular 8-11 Hz fluctuations characteristic of a 'physiological tremor'. This force fluctuation increased when the mean flexing force increased. 3. If the subject exerted his flexing force against a light complaint spring, there was an analogous irregular 8-11 Hz movement at the joint. 4. When, however, an extra inertial load was added to the terminal phalanx, flexion against a complaint spring was often accompanied by a different type of tremor. This was a more regular oscillation, of lower frequency (3-6 Hz), and of much larger amplitude. 5. The precise frequency and amplitude of this type of tremor depended on the characteristics of the added inertia and spring, in a way that could have been predicted from the responses of the joint to an imposed sinusoidal movement (Brown, Rack & Ross, 1982a). The movement appeared to arise from re-excitation within stretch reflex pathways. 6. The irregular 8-11 Hz tremor at this joint could not be attributed to reflex re-excitation, since the responses to sinusoidal movement indicated a stretch reflex whose timing would not support a movement at that frequency. It is, however, emphasized that other joints of the hand and fingers may behave in different ways.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Re-formation of the coracoacromial ligament after open resection or arthroscopic release.

In 21 (91%) of 23 shoulder revisions after primary surgery involving resection or release of the coracoacromial ligament, there was evidence of a reattached or re-formed coracoacromial ligament. In 9 cases there was no other obvious explanation for symptom recurrence, and in 7 cases the coracoacromial ligament might have influenced progression of rotator cuff pathosis. Electron micrographs of a re-formed ligament showed a substantially large amount of large-diameter (> 100 microns) collagen fibrils resembling those of a normal ligament. We conclude that the coracoacromial ligament has an ability to re-form or reattach, whether primarily resected or released, and that this might account for recurrent symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Litter burial and exhumation: spatial and temporal distribution on a cobble pocket beach.

A cobble beach (-6 diameter to -8 diameter) located on the South Wales coastline, UK, was studied over a three-month winter period to assess litter input levels. After total beach litter clearance, six surveys were conducted at consecutive spring tides which involved marking of previously unrecorded litter. The beach was soon inundated with debris, predominantly plastic beverage containers. Some marked litter was found to disappear from the beach surface, re-emerging weeks later which suggests that the potential for litter burial has been underestimated in litter research. Higher wave energies between surveys coincided with higher levels of previously unseen litter. These new inputs consisted of sea borne and exhumed litter. Items larger than the surrounding cobbles were found to work their way back to the surface of the beach after burial, smaller items remained buried. Pits dug into the cobble ridge confirmed the burial of mainly small items.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1995

The repair of orthodontic root resorption: an ultrastructural study.

It has previously been shown by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), that after force is terminated, repair of the orthodontic root resorption lacunae occur by deposition of new cementum. The ultrastructural details of the process are not well established. Since it has been hypothesized that a new barrier to protect the root surface is formed during the reparative phase, new information on this aspect of orthodontic root resorption may be valuable. The aim of the present investigation was, by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to study in more detail the repair of orthodontic root resorption lacunae and the re-establishment of the adjacent periodontal membrane (PM). Three experimental tooth movement groups of rats (age 40-45 days) were used. The maxillary first molar was moved mesially by a closed coil spring for 10, 14, and 21 days. The results indicate that transition of active root resorption into a process of repair which occurs even in the presence of a light force, is associated with invasion of fibroblast-like cells from the circumference into the active root resorption site. After 10 days, formation of new tooth supporting structures was seen in the periphery of the resorption lacunae, while active resorption by multinucleated odontoclast-like cells (OD) took place in the central parts. In the later phases, after termination of force, the repair process is similar to the early cementogenesis occurring during tooth development. New mineralized cementum was observed on the resorbed root surface by 21 days. After deposition of the new cementum, the structures of a new periodontal ligament (PDL) were comparable with the control specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The sarcomeric M-band during development and in disease.

The C-terminus of connectin/titin at the M-band of the sarcomere interacts with several structural as well as potential signalling proteins. One of these is myomesin, which can also bind to myosin and has been suggested to function as an integral structural linker of the thick filaments into the sarcomere. Recent evidence that myomesin possesses the ability to form antiparallel dimers via its C-terminal domain has prompted us to propose a novel three-dimensional model for the sarcomeric M-band. A splice variant of myomesin, termed EH-myomesin, contains an additional segment that has disordered conformation and functions as an entropic spring. It is expressed in a subset of muscle types that are characterised by a broader operational range and are more resistant to damage caused by eccentric contraction. In addition, it is also re-expressed in dilated cardiomyopathy. DRAL/FHL-2 is another protein that interacts with the M-band portion of connectin/titin and which probably functions as an adaptor for the compartmentalisation of metabolic enzymes. Together these results suggest that the M-band is crucial for sarcomere function and maintenance and that its molecular composition can be adapted to divergent physiological needs in different muscle types, which may help to cope with pathological alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hospital separations indicate increasing need for prevention of diabetic foot complications in central Australia.

The aim of this study was to guide service provision for prevention of diabetic foot complications through the analysis of hospital separation data for those with diabetes in central Australia. We reviewed the hospital separation data for central Australia from 1992 to 1997 for adults known to be diabetic and those with diabetic foot complications. Foot complications were identified from International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision (ICD-9) codes. Additionally, we assessed the proportion of cases with diabetic foot, identified by ICD-9 coding and confirmed by record review, that were identified by Australian National-Diagnostic Related Group-Version 3 (AN-DRG-3) coding. Separations with diabetes doubled from 352 in 1992 to 796 in 1997. This represents an increase from 1232 to 2521 separations per 100,000 people over 15 years of age. Separations with foot complications increased threefold from 28 in 1992 to 90 in 1997, a rate increase from 98 to 285 per 100,000 people over 15 years of age. The proportion of diabetes separations that had foot complications remained around 10% during the 6 year period. Aboriginal people made up 89% of the individuals with foot complications and 91% of separations for diabetic foot. Foot complications were predominantly of the more acute type (90%), amenable to early intervention. The AN-DRG-3 code for diabetic foot identified only 59% (37/63 in 1997) of the separations identified by the ICD-9 codes, and admitted primarily for foot complications in Alice Springs Hospital. The known burden of hospital care for diabetes and diabetic foot complications has increased markedly in recent years. A combination of changes in prevalence, primary care utilisation, detection, hospital access or re-admission rates may underlie the observed increases. As it is very unlikely that diabetes or diabetic foot complications are being over diagnosed, or that the hospitals are over utilised, this analysis shows there is an increasingly apparent need for improved prevention of diabetic foot complications. Therefore primary health care systems should ensure that they implement evidence-based care for preventing foot complications among people with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiology and control of parasites in northern temperate regions.

The serious and widespread problem of drug resistance has forced a re-thinking of basic philosophy regarding control of equine parasites. It has illustrated the dangers of total reliance on chemical control and stimulated the use of alternate strategies. Two new approaches are described. Prophylactic treatments in the spring and summer provide effective strongyle and colic control with less selection pressure for drug resistance. A nonchemical approach of pasture cleaning twice a week offers the same advantages with the added bonus of a 50 per cent increase in grazing area.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

A new method of closed reduction using the spring action of Kirschner wires for fractures of the tibial plateau--a preliminary report.

The treatment of fractures of the lateral tibial plateau is still a subject of controversy. Many authors have emphasized the importance of early mobilization of the knee joint following fractures of the tibial plateau. However, local depression fractures of the tibial plateau occur quite frequently in elderly patients and have presented many difficult problems in management. In 1982, the authors developed a new method of closed reduction using the spring action of Kirschner wires for severely displaced local depression fractures of the tibial plateau. The principle of this procedure is to apply continuous positive pressure to the depressed fragment for its reduction and retention. By re-establishing stability in the fracture, active knee mobilization can be allowed from the beginning. Seven patients were treated with this procedure, and the results of short-term follow-up, ranging from three to 26 months, were promising as to the range of motion, stability and relief of pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Interactive cutting simulation with adaptive refinements using digital logic design analogy.

A major requirement for surgical simulation is to allow virtual tissue cutting. This paper presents a scalable and adaptive cutting technique based on a mass-spring mesh. By the analogy of digital logic design, an arbitrary incision is modeled systematically by translating the cutting process into a state diagram. Subdivision of mesh elements is driven by the state transitions. Node redistribution, local re-meshing and deformation are applied to refine the subdivided mesh.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2003

Toward a seasonal model of the circadian system: the case of Ruin lizards.

The pineal gland plays a role in the seasonal re-organization of the circadian system that occurs in Ruin lizard Podarcis sicula. In fact, either pinealectomy or melatonin implants induce an immediate transition from the circadian locomotor pattern typical of summer to the circadian locomotor pattern typical of spring or autumn. Furthermore, the degree of involvement of melatonin and the pineal in circadian organization changes dramatically with season: 1. The effects of pinealectomy, as well as those of melatonin implants on circadian locomotor rhythms are strong in summer and weak in the other seasons; 2. Daily melatonin injections entrain locomotor rhythms in summer, but not in other seasons; 3. A phase response curve for melatonin was generated in summer, but not in winter; 4. Daily injections of luzindole, an antagonist for melatonin receptors alter locomotor rhythms in summer, but not in other seasons; 5. A robust pineal-dependent circadian rhythm of circulating melatonin exists in summer, but not in spring or in autumn. This confirms that the central role of the pineal in determining circadian organization in summer and the marginal role of the pineal in either spring or autumn are respectively due to appearance (summer) or disappearance (spring, autumn) of a circadian melatonin signal in the circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Monitoring progress towards health for all by the year 2000: indicators from Iganga District, Uganda.

A sample of 5018 inhabitants in three counties of Iganga district, Uganda was selected by means of a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure and interviewed in 1984. A sub sample was re-interviewed, the following year to study population dynamics. 50.2% of the population were under 15 years of age and 4.2% were aged one year or less. About 80% of both sexes aged 6-15 years were in school or had primary education. Male adult literacy rate was 62% and female adult literacy rate was 38%. The average number of people per sleeping room was 2.4. 82.9% of households used well or unprotected spring as main source of water and 30% of households did not have pit latrine. Infant mortality rate was estimated to be 126 per 1000 livebirths and measles was the major cause of mortality (38%) in the under fives. The crude birth rate estimate was 51 per 1000. The estimate of lameness due to polio was 6.6 per 1000 children aged 15 years or below. The mean weight and the mean height of the children were both below 50th percentile of the NCHS standards. In the re-survey, the crude birth rate and infant mortality rate estimates corresponded well to the initial values for the total sample obtained in the previous survey. 5% of the population had moved out of the village and 1.8% had moved to settle in the village. The growth rate in both weight and height of the under five children was satisfactory compared to the rate of the standard. From the result of the study, only six years after adoption of PHC in Uganda, the relatively high educational level of the younger population should be taken as a positive indicator of better health indices in the future.

Adolescent↗