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PubMed1995

A possible protocognitive role for odor in human infant development.

Concepts relating to semiochemistry are now prevalent in the current literature on olfaction. Two fundamental tools of semiotics are metaphors, involving cognitive and verbal processes, and metonyms, involving nonverbal associations. By extending the concept of metonymy to non-linguistic transmission, we propose a possible explanation of how olfaction acts as a semiotic sense. Consideration of the sense of smell in animals and humans demonstrates its excellence for the formation of learned associations. In animals we find salient and complex information transmitted via biological odors. In this review, the olfactory dyadic relationship between mother and child is used for the theoretical proposal that the sense of smell plays an important protocognitive role in the genesis of cognition via mechanisms of in utero and postnatal nonlinguistic metonymic learning processes.

Brain↗
PubMed1975

Effect of maternal education and ethnic background on infant development.

We examined the influence of maternal education and ethnic background on the four main areas of development (as measured by the Brunet-Lezine adaptation of Gesell's developmental schedule) of their infants. 173 babies were examined at the ages 0f 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the Kiryat Yovel area of Jerusalem, an area where Jew from North Africa, Asia, Europe, and Israel are represented at different educational levels but all share the saem maternal and child care services. The mean development quotients (dqs) of the infants of highly educated mothers were higher in all four areas of development that those of infants whose motherw were of low education. Further, North African infants of middle educated mothers had higher DQs than those of middle education European mothers, especially in motor and adaptive areas. It was concluded from this study that higher education of mothers will be expressed in higher DQs of their babies. This was true in all ethnic groups. However, where educational groups were comparable, North African babies have shown better development than all other groups, while European babies were the least developed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Medical correlates of infant development.

Attempts to correlate developmental outcome with medical complications affecting the fetus and infant have focused on the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods. The time beyond the newborn stage has not been explored in detail. The aim of this study was to relate events occurring during the gestational and neonatal periods as well as the infancy periods to later performance by the use of four medical scales. A total of 126 preterm infants were followed up prospectively from birth to 2 years of age. Medical complications occurring during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods as well as the first nine months of life were recovered. No relationship was found between obstetric and neonatal events and developmental outcome. Significant correlations were seen between medical events of later infancy and development at 2 years of age.

Child Development↗
PubMed1993

Maternal employment, family functioning, and preterm infant development at 9 and 12 months.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal employment on child development and family functioning for families with preterm infants. Data were collected in the family's home (N = 67) when the infant was 3, 9, and 12 months of age. Maternal employment at 3 months had little effect on 9- and 12-month child mental or psychomotor development or on family cohesion, adaptability, or satisfaction. Maternal employment attitude/behavior consistency was a significant predictor of psychomotor development. Choice in the employment decision at 3 months was positively related to both mental and psychomotor development at 9 and 12 months for nonemployed mothers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

On the importance of fundamental frequency and other acoustic features in cry perception and infant development.

This study examined acoustic correlates of adults' ratings of infants' cries. Parents and nonparents rated 12 spontaneous cries from young infants on 8 items describing the cries' aversiveness and on 9 semantic differential items. The results indicated that the duration, the amount of dysphonation, and proportion of energy in various frequency bands were highly correlated with adults' ratings. Further, the pattern of correlations between each of the 17 rating scale items and the acoustic attributes was virtually the same, suggesting that the items represented a single underlying dimension of perceived aversiveness. Finally, no differences were found between the results for parents and nonparents. General issues in the study of cry perception are discussed.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1979

Infant development in father-absent families.

In a sample of 55 black infants (age 5-6 months) living in the inner city in lower socioeconomic circumstances, 27 infants were being reared by their mothers in single-parent families. Male infants who had experienced minimal interaction with their fathers were significantly lower on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index and in measures of social responsiveness, secondary circular reactions, and preferences for novel stimuli. Female infants in this sample appeared unaffected by the father's presence or absence. After weighing alternative interpretations of the findings, we conclude that the father is a significant component in the early environment and that both observational studies and conceptual development of the role of the father in infancy are needed.

Child Development↗
PubMed1993

Minute-by-minute association of heart rate variation with basal heart rate in developing infants.

Particular types of heart rate variation are enhanced during periods of slow heart rate and diminished when heart rate is high. We examined how the correlations between heart rate and various types of heart rate variation developed in normal infants. Polygraphic recordings were obtained from 25 infants at 1 week and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months of age. Median heart rate and the extents of heart rate variation at three distinct frequencies were determined for each 1-minute epoch. Pearson's r was used to assess the correlation of median heart rate in each epoch with each of three types of heart rate variation. For each recording, correlations were assessed separately for quiet sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and waking. The maturational patterns of heart rate by heart rate variation correlations were strongly influenced by sleep-waking state and were dissimilar to those previously reported for correlations between cardiac and respiratory measures. The findings suggest dissimilar developmental patterns for autonomic and somatic motor systems, and include a discontinuity in autonomic development at approximately 1 month of age. We speculate that these trends reflect a change in the nature of sleep states as forebrain connections develop.

Aging↗