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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

The effect of catch-trials on speed and accuracy among introverts and extraverts in a simple RT task.

Three predictions from the model of extraversion put forward by Brebner & Cooper (1974) were tested in a simple RT task. In line with the model, extraverts were found to make more commissive errors and to be more affected by an increase in the catch-trial rate. The third prediction-that extraverts would tend to produce longer runs of decreasing RTs than of increasing RTs in the condition with 10 per cent catch-trials, was not borne out. This effect was, however, seen in the condition with 40 per cent catch-trials although it was not statistically significant, P = 0.06.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.

The value of psychological counselling in rehabilitating patients after myocardial infarction was assessed. A total of 143 men who had recently had a myocardial infarction were randomly allocated to either a group receiving intensive rehabilitation or a control group, their outcome being examined after six months. Patients with neurotic, introverted personalities had a poor outcome in the control group but a satisfactory outcome when rehabilitated. Neurotic personalities responded to help, and rehabilitative measures did not increase neurosis. In addition all patients with a negative attitude towards their illness and future had a poor outcome but those with a positive attitude did well. Selection by simple methods of patients who would benefit from psychological rehabilitation seems desirable.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Motor potentials and motor performance associated with introverted and extraverted smokers.

Motor potentials associated with a motor task and with the initiation of the smoking act were recorded from two groups of 5 introverted and 5 extraverted smokers during sham and real smoking sessions on two separate occasions. The aim was to test hypotheses derived by O'Connor from the motor model of smoking: firstly, that change in background motor set would alter the smoker's smoking pattern, and secondly, that smoking would principally affect extraverts' general motor preparation (as measured by motor potentials preceding a tapping task), whilst improving introverts' selective inhibition (as measured by performance on a tracking task requiring skillful co-ordination). Smoking did increase the motor readiness potential preceding tapping in extraverts. Smoking decreased involuntary rest pauses of introverts and their error on the tracking task. There were, however, no differences in puff parameters across motor conditions. But larger motor potentials preceding the smoking act in introverts indicated a greater involvement of introverts in the smoking act itself. The results offer limited support to the proposal of the motor model that motor demand regulates both the motivation to smoke and the effects of smoking.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological androgyny and preference for intubation in a hypothetical case of end-stage lung disease.

Psychological androgyny theory (PAT) was employed as a model of the interpersonal (social) and task activities required of physicians for care of their patients. According to PAT, individuals with a large repertoire of task and social skills ("androgynous" individuals) should be optimally adaptable to contingencies reflecting varying combinations of task and social challenges. The authors examined the relationship between androgyny and preference for intubation on a patient management problem involving end-stage lung disease for 67 general internists and internal medicine housestaff from two hospitals. Results revealed a negative relationship between androgyny and preference for intubation, suggesting that androgynous and nonandrogynous physicians respond differently to complex and difficult decision-making tasks. Indirect evidence is offered to suggest that this response reflects a general tendency to utilize fewer health care resources. Discussion focuses on the need to improve the precision of measurement of these latent constructs.

Extraversion, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

The EEG effects of tobacco smoking--a review.

In summary, smoking does produce obvious changes in EEG activity. Human studies have been limited to surface electrodes. These have provided evidence of the alpha, evoked potential, and CNV effects of smoking. Changes in alpha and evoked potential activity have been statistically analyzed across subjects. These analyses indicated statistically significant arousal effects. However, large individual differences in responding were observed but not analyzed. Analysis of individual data in the Ashton, et. al. (1974) study indicated some arousal effects and some sedative effects, depending on the personality characteristics of the individual subject. Differential effects might have been detected in other studies had individual subject data been adequately analyzed. In research with nonhuman subjects, nicotine and tobacco smoke produced cortical arousal and sometimes a biphasic effect of arousal followed by apparent sedation. Behavioral effects accompanied the cortical arousal, including eyelid opening, head movements, and eye movements. During the synchronization phase, crouching, low mobility, and closed eyes occurred. Both the limbic and reticular activating systems seem to be affected by nicotine and smoking with the hippocampus most noticeably affected.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1985

Recent assessments of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

The present paper focuses on approximately two dozen recent published studies that examined reliability and validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) in clinical, counseling, and research settings. Several assessments of split-half and test-retest reliability of the standard Form F and shorter Form G of the Inventory have yielded generally satisfactory correlations for all four scales. A larger number of studies of construct validity of the MBTI have yielded support for research hypotheses in situations ranging from correlations of the MBTI with a personality inventory, to couples problems in a counseling setting, to line judgment in groups, and others. Therefore, the applications of the MBTI have been broad, although somewhat unsystematic, and with generally favorable validity assessment. Continued attempts to validate the instrument in a variety of settings are needed.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2001

Psychological factors in sport performance: the Mental Health Model revisited.

The Mental Health Model (MHM) of sport performance purports that an inverse relationship exists between psychopathology and sport performance. The model postulates that as an athlete's mental health either worsens or improves performance should fall or rise accordingly, and there is now considerable support for this view. Studies have shown that between 70 and 85% of successful and unsuccessful athletes can be identified using general psychological measures of personality structure and mood state, a level superior to chance but insufficient for the purpose of selecting athletes. Longitudinal MHM research indicates that the mood state responses of athletes exhibit a dose-response relationship with their training load, a finding that has shown potential for reducing the incidence of the staleness syndrome in athletes who undergo intensive physical training. The MHM also has implications for the general care of athletes as support services have traditionally been limited to preventing or treating physical problems. Despite its simple premise and empirical support, the MHM has often been mischaracterised in the sport psychology literature and recently some authors have questioned its validity. This overview will summarise MHM research, including the more recent work involving the model's dynamic features in an effort to resolve disputes surrounding the model.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

The five-factor model of personality and smoking: a meta-analysis.

This article describes a meta-analysis of the relationship between the Five-Factor Model of personality and smoking. The results, based on nine studies and a total of 4730 participants, show that smoking was associated with the following five-factor traits: low conscientiousness, low agreeableness, and high neuroticism. Smokers outside Canada and the United States had significantly higher extraversion than nonsmokers, while extraversion was not significantly related to smoking in Canada and the United States. The results, which for the first time quantified precisely through meta-analysis the association between the five-factor model of personality and smoking, provide support for the relevance of the Five-Factor Model to an important behavior and for the trait element of Gilbert's (1995) Situation-Trait-Adaptation-Response model of smoking. The results also suggest possible avenues for smoking prevention and treatment and for further smoking research.

Extraversion, Psychological↗