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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

One-pass CO2 versus multiple-pass Er:YAG laser resurfacing in the treatment of rhytides: a comparison side-by-side study of pulsed CO2 and Er:YAG lasers.

BACKGROUND: The CO2 laser is normally described as an aggressive resurfacing tool, whereas the erbium:YAG laser has enjoyed a reputation as the ideal tool for superficial resurfacing. The implication from many studies is that the CO2 laser is incapable of "minimally invasive" resurfacing. OBJECTIVE: To compare a short-pulsed CO2 laser with an Er:YAG laser over a range of parameters intended to produce equivalent microscopic and clinical injuries. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, comparative interventional trial was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Thirteen patients with facial wrinkles were enrolled in the study. A side-by-side comparison was performed using periorbital and perioral regions as treatment sites. One side was treated with a pulsed CO2 laser and the other with an Er:YAG laser. Postauricular skin was treated in an identical fashion to the study sites and biopsied for microscopic analysis. The biopsies were obtained before treatment, immediately after treatment, and either 3 or 6 months after treatment to evaluate the acute level of injury and subsequent degree of fibroplasia. Photographs were taken at baseline, immediately after treatment, 1, 2, and 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months after treatment. Nine physicians evaluated the photographs for erythema, pigmentation, and wrinkle improvement. RESULTS: Investigator assessment showed no statistically significant differences between the lasers with respect to hyperpigmentation and wrinkle reduction. There was less erythema at the CO2 laser-treated sites 2 weeks after treatment; the differences had resolved by 6 weeks after treatment. Histologic examination demonstrated equivalent dermal thermal injury on immediate postoperative biopsies and equivalent fibroplasia on subsequent biopsies. Both CO2 and Er:YAG laser-treated sites showed overall modest wrinkle improvement compared to the pretreatment photographs. CONCLUSION: When CO2 and Er:YAG lasers are used in a manner such that there are equivalent immediate postoperative histologic results, equivalent healing and cosmetic improvement occurs. One can use CO2 laser with one pass to mimic a moderately aggressive Er:YAG laser treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

An in vivo study comparing the efficacy and complications of diode laser and long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser in hair removal in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: Lasers with long wavelengths are less well absorbed by melanin and are considered to be particularly suitable for hair removal in dark-skinned patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and complications of 800 nm diode and long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers in laser-assisted hair removal in Chinese patients. METHODS: Fifteen women had hair removal treatments (13 axillae and 2 legs) with diode laser on one side and Nd:YAG laser on the other. They were followed up for 36 weeks. Subjective assessments included the degree of immediate pain and the degree of hair regrowth. Clinical photographs were taken for evaluation by two independent observers to assess complications and the degree of hair regrowth. RESULTS: Long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser was found to be significantly associated with a greater degree of immediate pain after laser surgery (P =.0001, independent sample t-test) and also had a longer laser time (P =.0001, independent sample t-test). Besides transit adverse effects such as erythema and perifollicular edema, only one patient developed hypopigmentation at week 6 which resolved by week 36. Although regrowth rates were low at week 6 (subjective rates were 23% and 19% for Nd:YAG and diode laser, respectively), most patients had significant regrowth at week 36 (subjective regrowth rate 91% for both long-pulsed Nd:YAG and diode lasers). CONCLUSION: Diode 800 nm and Nd:YAG 1064 nm lasers are safe in laser-assisted hair removal in Chinese patients, and besides immediate pain, there was no other significant adverse effect. Most patients experienced regrowth 36 weeks after a single treatment. Further study is necessary to determine the long-term clinical efficacy and complications of laser-assisted hair removal with these systems in dark-skinned patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Animal experiment studies of laser effects on lymphatic vessels. A contribution to the discussion of laser surgery segmental resection of carcinomas].

BACKGROUND: The potential effect of laser surgery on the process of lymphogenic metastases is subject to controversy. In this context it would be of interest to identify a morphological basis for an increased intraoperative entry of tumor cells into the lymphatic system during resection of advanced carcinomas in two or more pieces via laser surgery. METHODS: The tissue effect of laser incisions (CO2 laser: 3030 W/cm2; Nd:YAG-laser: 3180 W/cm2) on the lymphatics of the buccal mucosa in 60 Wistar rats was studied by light microscopy, histochemistry, and lymphography during surgery and subsequent wound healing. These incisions were compared to conventional scalpel incisions. RESULTS: No lymphatic vessels were detected in the zone of carbonization, they were mostly dilated whereas in the zone of edema. In the zone of necrosis, the lymphatic were occluded by coagulation. The mid and long-term effect of the laser light on the regeneration of lymphatics was mainly correlated to wound healing which--when compared to conventional surgery--is delayed after laser surgery. Following scalpel incision, the first lymphatics enter the wound region after 4 days, a opposed to 10 days following laser surgery. Intact continuity of the lymphatic vasculature was detectable 15 days after scalpel incision and 42 days after laser incision. The regeneration of lymphatics was slightly more delayed after CO2 laser incision than after Nd:YAG laser incision. CONCLUSION: The results of this study do not indicate that the laser resection of carcinomas facilitates an intraoperative entry of tumor cells into the lymphatic vasculature. These experimental results verify clinical reports which do not observe an increased frequency of postoperative metastases after laser resection of carcinomas in two or more pieces.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Optical radiation hazards of laser welding processes. Part II: CO2 laser.

There has been an extensive growth within the last five years in the use of high-powered lasers in various metalworking processes. The two types of lasers used most frequently for laser welding/cutting processes are the Neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) and the carbon dioxide (CO2) systems. When such lasers are operated in an open beam configuration, they are designated as a Class IV laser system. Class IV lasers are high-powered lasers that may present an eye and skin hazard under most common exposure conditions, either directly or when the beam has been diffusely scattered. Significant control measures are required for unenclosed (open beam), Class IV laser systems since workers may be exposed to scattered or reflected beams during the operation, maintenance, and service of these lasers. In addition to ocular and/or skin exposure hazards, such lasers also may present a multitude of nonlaser beam occupational concerns. Radiant energy measurements are reported for both the scattered laser radiation and the plasma-related plume radiations released during typical high-powered CO2 laser-target interactions. In addition, the application of the nominal hazard zone (NHZ) and other control measures also are discussed with special emphasis on Class IV industrial CO2 laser systems.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2004

Laser hair removal: comparison of long-pulsed Nd:YAG, long-pulsed alexandrite, and long-pulsed diode lasers.

BACKGROUND: Advances in laser technology over the past several years have led to the development of numerous lasers for the treatment of unwanted hair. Laser wavelength is a key factor influencing treatment efficacy and complication rates. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of laser hair removal using three different laser systems. METHODS: A retrospective study of 805 consecutive laser-assisted hair removal treatments, conducted on 75 patients by means of either a long-pulsed Nd:YAG, a long-pulsed alexandrite, or a long-pulsed diode laser is reported. All patients were evaluated at least 3 months after the last treatment, and their present conditions were compared with the 1st-day photographs. RESULTS: The mean hair reduction was 42.4%, 65.6%, and 46.9% in Nd:YAG, alexandrite, and diode lasers, respectively. When the number of treatment sessions was taken into account, the efficacy of alexandrite and diode lasers was not significantly different, whereas both systems were more efficacious than Nd:YAG. Neither of the laser systems showed better results for a particular skin type. The occurrence of side effects was not significantly different between three laser systems. CONCLUSION: Both long-pulsed alexandrite and long-pulsed diode laser systems are effective in the treatment of unwanted hair, and they are more efficacious than Nd:YAG laser.

Face↗
PubMed1992

In vivo assessment of vascular pathology resulting from laser irradiation. Analysis of 23 patients studied by directional atherectomy immediately after laser angioplasty.

BACKGROUND: The pathological consequences of cardiovascular laser irradiation have been studied extensively in vitro. Previous in vivo studies of laser-induced injury have included analyses of acute and/or chronic findings in experimental animals. Little information, however, is available regarding the acute effects of laser irradiation of human vascular tissues in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine the acute pathology resulting from laser irradiation of human vascular tissue in vivo, specimens retrieved from 23 patients by directional atherectomy immediately after laser angioplasty (19 peripheral and four coronary) were examined by light microscopy. Of the 23 patients, three (13.0%) were treated with a metal-capped ("hot-tip") fiber coupled to a continuous-wave neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser using up to 18 W power and 18-305 seconds of cumulative exposure time; in all three patients (100%), thermal injury, including frank charring several cell layers thick, was seen along the luminal borders of the atherectomy specimen. In eight of the 23 patients (34.5%), laser angioplasty was performed using a 250-microseconds holmium:YAG laser at fluences up to 2,300 mJ/mm2, a repetition rate of 5 Hz, and 25-200 seconds of cumulative exposure; in seven of eight patients (85.5%), the atherectomy specimen showed signs of vacuolar injury consisting of central and satellite Alcian-blue-negative vacuoles. In two patients (25.0%), there was a "smudged" or "shredded" edge, whereas in one patient, frank signs of thermal injury were observed. Finally, in 12 of the 23 patients (52.2%), laser angioplasty was performed using a 120-nsec excimer laser at fluences up to 60 mJ/mm2, a repetition rate of 25 Hz, and a cumulative exposure time of 21-315 seconds. Pathological findings among these 12 patients were limited to nine patients (75%) in whom a weakly basophilic, smudged, and/or shredded appearance approximately one cell layer thick was observed along the luminal border of the atherectomy specimen and two patients (16.7%) with small foci of vacuolar injury. None of the atherectomy specimens retrieved after excimer laser angioplasty disclosed signs of thermal injury. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document that acute pathological alterations resulting from in vivo laser angioplasty are variable, depending on the laser source used, and are similar to that predicted by experimental studies performed previously in vitro. The prognostic implications of these varying pathological features remain to be clarified.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Peyronie's disease. Evaluation of 3 therapeutic modalities: propoleum, laser and simultaneous propoleum-laser].

OBJECTIVES: To compare the results of treatment of peyronie's disease with propoleum, laser, and simultaneous propoleum-laser. METHODS: Prospective research. Twenty-eight patients with Peyronie's disease from the hospitals Freyre de Andrade,Fajardo, Clinico Quirúrgico y Habana Campo were studied between May 2002 and August 2003. They were divided into three groups: 1) treatment with propoleum: 10 patients; 2) treatment with laser: 8 patients; and 3) treatment with propoleum + laser: 10 patients. A registered formula of Propoleum powder was employed in daily 900 mg capsules over six months. 30 sessions of laser were applied to the plaque divided in periods of 10 sessions every 2 months. STUDY VARIABLES: age, race, date of disease start/clinical improvement correlation, beginning of improvement after treatment. Data were processed in a statistical software (Epinfo-6) and multivariate analysis with non parametric methods was employed. RESULTS: Mean age was between 4th and 7th decade in all groups. Caucasian race was predominant. The propoleum-laser group achieved the greater diminishment of the plaque among those with one or two years of disease evolution. Pain was not the main symptom in these patients. The greater diminishment of the curvature was obtained in the propoleum groups, with a mean diminishmeet of 10.8 (propoleum only) and 10.3 (Propoleum+ laser) in comparison to the laser group with a mean decrease of 8 and mean increase of 12.6. Mean plaque diminishment measured clinically was 2.3 cm and 1.5 cm in the propoleum groups, respectively, and 1.2 cm in the laser group. Ultrasound measurement mean diminishment was 2.3 mm and 12.16 mm in the propoleum groups. The laser results were not comparable due to the low number of patients in relation to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1-best results appeared in the groups treated with propoleum in patients with 1-2 years of disease. 2-Diminishment of the curvature angle, physical or ultrasound measurement of the plaques was greater in the propoleum groups. 3-After the start of treatment, the propoleum-laser group referred early improvements, and the propoleum group referred continuous progressive improvement; only a few patients in the laser group referred improvement. 4-Treatment with propoleum was more effective and laser increased its action, being propoleum in monotherapy less complex in its application and with a better cost-benefit ratio.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Are laser-resistant endotracheal tubes safe with the new holmium:YAG infrared laser?

Laser-induced ignition of the endotracheal tube is the most morbid event that may occur during laser surgery of the upper respiratory/digestive tract. The efficacy of two new laser-resistant endotracheal tubes, the Laser-Flex stainless steel tube by Mallinckrodt and the Laser-Shield II tube with teflon-aluminium-silicone coating by Xomed-Treace, was studied under exposure to a newly introduced pulsed infrared laser (holmium:YAG, lambda = 2120 nm) in an experimental setting. The time from the onset of exposure until tube perforation was recorded. Laser exposure was continued for up to 180 s unless tube ignition occurred. Temperature during the following 30 s laser application was measured close to the target zones. The irradiance level of the holmium:YAG laser was in the range required for photoablation and plasma formation and led to laser-induced tube ignition in both types of tube. The steel tube showed greater resistance to laser-induced wall damage than the teflon-aluminium silicone tube. The maximum temperature increase following laser exposure was moderate in both tubes; the mean rise of 10 degrees C for the Laser-Shield tube and 23 degrees C for the Mallinckrodt tube correlating with the physical effects of photoablation.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental study of application of excimer laser to laser angioplasty].

The possible application of excimer laser to laser angioplasty was studied. In the first experiment, the ablative effects of excimer laser at wavelengths of 248 nm and 308 nm on the pig myocardium were examined in vitro at an air-tissue interface. Crater depth increased with total delivered energy and energy per pulse. Very clear cuts could be observed by histological examination. There was no evidence of thermal damage at a wavelength of 248 nm, at 10 pps. Above 10 pps, a thin bordering zone of suspicious thermal damage was noted with the wavelengths of 248 nm and 308 nm. Thermal damage increased with pulse repetition rate. In the second experiment, the effects of excimer laser irradiation on blood were examined. Five vials, each of which contained 3 ml of blood, were exposed to 37.5 mJ laser beam at 10 pps in repetition rate for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 seconds. One vial was left untreated as a control. No change in hematocrit value was observed after excimer laser irradiation. In contrast, the level of plasma free hemoglobin rose progressively with each increased duration of exposure. This result indicates that the lysis of erythrocytes does not occur in the laser-exposed cells. However, the damage to erythrocyte membrane took place as it was evidenced by progressive hemoglobin leakage into plasma. In the third experiment, the excimer laser was coupled to a 400 microns quartz optical fiber and the laser energy transmitted through the fiber was measured. At a wavelength of 308 nm, pulse energies up to 9 mJ were noted at the tip of the fiber. At a wavelength of 248 nm, the fiber tip was destroyed. In the fourth experiment, acute and chronic healing responses of normal canine arteries to excimer laser irradiation were studied in 4 mongrel dogs. The artery healed completely at the 18th day after the excimer laser irradiation. There was no evidence of thrombus formation and intimal hyperplasia in these arteries. The results suggest the applicability of excimer laser to laser angioplasty.

Angioplasty, Laser↗
PubMed1998

Skin resurfacing of facial rhytides and scars with the 90-microsecond short pulse CO2 laser. Comparison to the 900-microsecond dwell time CO2 lasers and clinical experience.

BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide lasers that produce either short pulses or scanned continuous beams have been used for skin resurfacing to improve wrinkles or scars. Using a high peak power, short pulse CO2 laser can produce clinically effective results with minimal thermal damage. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of skin resurfacing using the 90-microsecond pulse duration CO2 laser compared to other laser systems. Erythema, healing time, complications, and histological measurement of the depth of ablation and thermal damage per pass with this system were also assessed. METHODS: Forty-one patients with facial rhytides and scars underwent resurfacing with a 90 microseconds pulse duration CO2 laser. Using patient survey, patients were evaluated for effectiveness of therapy, healing time, and complication rates. Comparisons of histologic and clinical findings were made with different short pulse CO2 lasers. RESULTS: Healing time, duration of erythema, and post-operative pain were less with the 90 microseconds pulse CO2 laser than with the 900-microsecond dwell time and 950-microsecond pulse duration lasers, while effectiveness was comparable. Complications were few with the 90-microsecond pulse laser, including three patients (9.1%) developing hyperpigmentation. One pass with the 90-microsecond pulse duration CO2 laser produced 100 microns of ablation with 17 microns of thermal damage. Ablation and damage were additive so that, by six passes, ablation depth was 350 microns and depth of thermal damage was 63 microns. This thermal damage is less than that reported with lasers having a longer pulse duration or dwell time with comparable depths of vaporization. CONCLUSION: Treatment with the 90-microsecond pulse duration laser results in a more rapid healing time and shorter duration erythema. The clinical improvements in wrinkles and sun damage were comparable. The 90-microsecond pulse duration laser provides an effective, predictable, and safe means of improving facial rhytides and scars.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

High-energy electrons produced in subpicosecond laser-plasma interactions from subrelativistic laser intensities to relativistic intensities.

The characteristics of the forward hot electrons produced by subpicosecond laser-plasma interactions are studied for different laser polarizations at laser intensities from subrelativistic to relativistic. The peak of the hot electron beam produced by p-polarized laser beam shifts to the laser propagation direction from the target normal direction as the laser intensity reaches the relativistic. For s-polarized laser pulse, hot electrons are mainly directed to the laser axis direction. The temperature and the maximum energy of hot electrons are much higher than that expected by the empirical scaling law. The energy spectra of the hot electrons evolve to be a single-temperature structure at relativistic laser intensities from the two-temperature structure at subrelativistic intensities. For relativistic laser intensities, the forward hot electrons are less dependent on the laser polarization under the laser conditions. The existing of a preplasma formed by the laser amplified spontaneous emission pedestal plays an important role in the interaction. One-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reproduce the most characteristics observed in the experiment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Variable pulse erbium:YAG laser skin resurfacing of perioral rhytides and side-by-side comparison with carbon dioxide laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Laser resurfacing of facial rhytides has become a popular treatment option for many patients with wrinkles, photoaging, and acne scarring. Laser wavelength/pulse duration options and new techniques continue to shorten the healing phase associated with laser skin resurfacing while maintaining clinical efficacy. Variable pulse erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser systems are now available that offer the surgeon the ability to vary the Er:YAG pulse duration from a pulse that is primarily ablative to one that is more thermal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the histologic effects created with a variable pulse Er:YAG laser. To study prospectively the clinical effects on upper lip rhytides with a variable pulse Er:YAG laser when compared side by side with pulsed carbon dioxide (CO(2)) laser resurfacing. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two treatment sites on 21 patients were randomized and evaluated after treatment of the upper lip region with CO(2) laser resurfacing on one side and a variable pulse Er:YAG laser on the other. Patient diaries were maintained to assess erythema, crusting, pain, and pigmentary changes. Blinded objective grading of improvement was performed. Chromometer measurements were obtained to analyze erythema. RESULTS: The variable pulse Er:YAG laser treatment reduced the duration of crusting on average from 7.7 days with CO(2) to 3.4 days. Chromometer measurements noted decreased postoperative erythema. Grading by physicians in a blinded manner showed 63% improvement for the CO(2) treatment site and 48% improvement in the variable pulse Er:YAG site. No cases of permanent hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, or scarring occurred. CONCLUSION: The variable pulse Er:YAG laser resurfacing is a safe and effective resurfacing tool, which combines ablative and thermal modalities. The protocol used in this study approaches but does not equal the results we have traditionally seen with CO(2) laser resurfacing.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1985

Experimental angioplasty: circumferential distribution of laser thermal energy with a laser probe.

A new laser probe that converts argon laser energy to heat in a metallic cap on a fiberoptic fiber was compared with a bare argon laser fiberoptic catheter system for the dissolution of atherosclerotic obstructions under fluoroscopic guidance in 24 atherosclerotic rabbits. Twelve animals were randomly assigned to receive treatment with either a bare fiberoptic system or a laser probe coupled to an argon laser. Both fibers had similar outer (0.9 mm) and core (400 mu) diameters. Pulses of 1 watt for 1 second's duration were delivered from the tip of the fiberoptic system, while pulses of 6 watts for 2 seconds' duration were delivered to the laser probe. The results of angiography indicated that widening of luminal stenosis was seen in only 2 of 12 animals treated with the fiberoptic system compared with 8 of 12 animals treated with the laser probe. Perforation of the vessel wall occurred more frequently with the fiberoptic fiber (9 of 12 animals) as compared with the laser probe (1 of 12 animals). Histologic examination of direct laser radiation with the fiberoptic fiber revealed a small localized laser defect along one side of the vessel wall associated with charring, a gradient of thermal injury and considerable thrombus formation. In contrast, those vessels treated with the laser probe showed histologic evidence of thermal injury distributed evenly around the entire luminal circumference. This was associated with minimal charring, a gradient of thermal injury and thinner, flatter thrombus formation. Carbonization of the metallic tip and adherence of atherosclerotic debris with secondary vessel tearing were potential adverse effects of the laser probe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The effect of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis on retinal nerve fiber layer measurements obtained with scanning laser polarimetry.

PURPOSE: Scanning laser polarimetry provides indirect measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by measuring the retardation of polarized laser light as it passes through the retinal nerve fiber layer. Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis is a refractive technique by which corneal stromal photoablation is achieved by the structural and refractive changes induced by the excimer laser. Both techniques are becoming widely performed and there is some evidence that scanning laser polarimetry measurements are significantly changed after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. The authors performed a larger study to determine whether laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis induces predictable and consistent alterations in the measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. METHODS: Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using scanning laser polarimetry were performed 1 week before and 1 week after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis in 30 consecutive eyes (16 patients) undergoing the procedure at The Eye Institute. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -4.66 +/- 2.40 D, mean ablation depth was 73.0 +/- 36.23 microm, and mean patient age was 40.6 +/- 8.7 years. Six of 12 retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements showed significant change (P < 0.05) after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. There was no correlation with corneal ablation depth (P > 0.05) for all parameters. CONCLUSION: Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis significantly affects retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements obtained by scanning laser polarimetry. Sequential images should be interpreted with caution and new postoperative baseline images should be obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Laser surgical planning with magnetic resonance imaging-based 3-dimensional reconstructions for intralesional Nd:YAG laser therapy of a venous malformation of the neck.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging data is well known for surgical planning of complex lesions in neurosurgery. In dermatology, percutaneous and intralesional Nd:YAG laser therapy is well established for numerous types of vascular malformations. Diagnostic imaging using ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging is necessary to plan the laser therapy of those malformations. The therapeutic problem is to localize the venous malformation exactly before treatment on sectional 2-dimensional images. OBSERVATIONS: We describe a 27-year-old woman with a venous malformation of the neck. The data of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging were used for a 3-D reconstruction of the venous malformation to demonstrate the anatomical extent and subcutaneous involvement for laser surgical planning. Percutaneous and intralesional laser therapy was performed at 3-month intervals with the Nd:YAG laser using the 3-D reconstruction as a road map for the Nd:YAG laser. Eight weeks after the last laser treatment, the bulky lesions of the neck showed regression. Using the 3-D reconstruction for laser surgical planning, physicians could perform intralesional laser treatment more exactly. The complex anatomy of the venous malformation could be elucidated by studying the 3-D images before and during laser surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of magnetic resonance imaging-based 3-D reconstructions for laser surgical planning can demonstrate the often unexpected extent and improve the intralesional laser therapy in the treatment of venous malformations.

Adult↗