Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy for ureteric calculi.
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Adult↗
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Management of ureteric calculi during pregnancy by ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy.
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Female↗
Endoscopic intracorporeal laser lithotripsy of difficult common bile duct stones with a stone-recognition pulsed dye laser system.
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde intracorporeal lithotripsy with a stone recognition laser system seems to be a promising alternative in patients with difficult bile duct stones. METHOD: Sixteen patients with bile duct stones not suitable for endoscopic standard procedures underwent intracorporeal laser lithotripsy during a 3-month period. An average of 6800 (120 to 25000) discharges were applied with a power setting of 100 mJ. Inserting the laser fiber into a radiopaque marked catheter or into a balloon catheter guaranteed a successful location on the stone surface in 70% of all discharges. The automatic feedback/cut-off at the fiber is not in contact with the stone surface. RESULTS: Fragmentation was achieved in all cases. Complete bile duct clearance was reached in 14/16 cases. In two cases, remaining fragments passed spontaneously through the papilla as controlled by ERCP. Minor complications were noted in two patients (hemobilia, cholangitis). Complete recovery was achieved in both patients with conservative management. CONCLUSIONS: For a selected group of patients with difficult common bile duct stones, intracorporeal laser lithotripsy with a stone recognition laser system was found to be a highly effective and safe technique.
Aged↗
Ureteric calculi in children: preliminary experience with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy in children with ureteric calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2003, 28 ureteroscopic laser procedures were carried out on 26 children (14 boys and 12 girls, mean age 6.5 years) with ureteric calculi. The mean (range) stone size was 1.21 (0.4-2.2) cm. At ureteroscopy the calculi were in the upper ureter in six (23%), mid-ureter in five (19%) and lower ureter in 15 (58%) patients. A rigid 8 F ureteroscope was used and the Ho:YAG laser energy delivered at 0.6-1.4 J and 6-10 Hz. All patients were evaluated after 3 months with intravenous urography to confirm stone clearance and to exclude ureteric stricture formation. RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 92% (24 children) after 28 ureteroscopic procedures. Stones were completely cleared in 83%, 80% and 100% of the procedures in the upper, mid- and lower ureters, respectively. In two children the procedure failed; they were salvaged by ureterolithotomy in one and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the other. During the procedures, a ureteric perforation was caused by several factors, including a technically difficult procedure and higher laser energy. At the mean (range) follow-up of 18 (3-39) months, low grade vesico-ureteric reflux was detected in two children, and there were no ureteric strictures in any. CONCLUSION: Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy is an efficient and safe treatment for ureteric calculi in children.
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Laser lithotripsy of difficult bile duct stones under direct visual control.
Biliary laser lithotripsy was performed under direct visual control in 35 consecutive patients not amenable to routine endoscopy. The patients had 1-50 (median 1) bile duct stones with the greatest diameter of the largest stone being 9-42 mm (median 20 mm). Conventional endoscopic treatment had failed because of an inaccessible papilla (16 patients), biliary strictures (seven patients), and impaction or large size of calculi (12 patients). Twelve patients, depending on their anatomical condition, underwent peroral cholangioscopy by means of a mother-babyscope system. Percutaneous cholangioscopy was initially carried out in 23 patients, 7-20 days (median 10 days) after creation of a transhepatic fistula. Pulsed dye laser (32 patients) or alexandrite laser (three patients) lithotripsy was applied under an appropriate direct visual control in all cases. Complete stone disintegration succeeded in 33 of 35 patients. All resultant fragments passed the papilla within a mean number of 1.3 treatment sessions. Peroral cholangioscopic lithotripsy failed in two cases. One patient successfully underwent percutaneous laser treatment and the other patient was referred to surgery. Fever, temporary haemobilia, or a subcapsular liver haematoma were seen in a total of eight patients during establishment of the cutaneobiliary fistula. A 95 year old patient who had been admitted with septic cholangitis died because of cardiorespiratory failure 5 days after bile duct clearance. It is concluded that laser lithotripsy performed under a direct visual control is an effective and safe procedure for the non-surgical treatment of difficult bile duct stones. Ductal clearance can usually be achieved in a single treatment session when the papilla and the stones are accessible by the peroral route. Percutaneous cholangioscopic lithotripsy is more time consuming but highly effective even in patients with a difficult anatomy, bile duct strictures, or intrahepatic calculi. This approach should be limited, however, to cases not amenable to retrograde procedures because the creation of the cutaneobiliary fistula is not without risks.
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Outpatient holmium laser lithotripsy using semirigid ureteroscope. Is the treatment outcome affected by stone load?
OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcome of outpatient ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy (URSL) for ureteral stone larger than 10 mm in longest diameter (group 1) with those less than or equal to 10 mm (group 2). METHODS: 134 patients with solitary ureteral stone were treated by outpatient URSL. No exclusion criteria with regards to stone size, level or composition were applied. Semirigid ureteroscopy and holmium-YAG laser lithotripsy was performed under general anaesthesia as outpatient procedure. Radiological follow-up by intravenous urogram was performed 3 months postoperatively. Patients' demographic data, stone parameters, operative details and treatment outcome were collected prospectively and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Among the 134 ureteral stones, 41(31%) were larger than 10 mm. Group 1 contained more upper and middle ureteral stones than group 2 (68 vs. 40% p = 0.001). Operating time was significantly longer for group 1 (68.9 vs. 46.8 min, p<0.001) and postoperative stenting rate was higher (83 vs. 60%, p = 0.01). There was no difference between the groups in terms of 3 months stone clearance rate (92.7 vs. 91.4%, p = 0.8). Complication rate was higher in group 1 (22 vs. 5.4%, p = 0.004) especially for lower stones (46.2 vs. 5.4%, p = 0.001) but most of which were minor complications that were treated conservatively. One patient in group 1 (2.4%) developed ureteral stricture at the longstanding stone impaction site despite postoperative stenting. The stricture resolved subsequent to balloon dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: URSL can treat stones larger than 10 mm in longest diameter at all levels safely and effectively in an outpatient setting.
Adult↗
Retrograde flexible ureterorenoscopic holmium-YAG laser lithotripsy: the new gold standard.
To demonstrate the efficacy of flexible retrograde ureterorenoscopic holmium-YAG intracorporeal laser lithotripsy for the treatment of renal calculi, a total of 86 patients presenting to our hospital with renal calculi underwent flexible retrograde ureterorenoscopic holmium-YAG intracorporeal laser lithotripsy of their stones, and the data were collected prospectively. As extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is not available at our institution, all patients with renal calculi in this study were treated in a retrograde fashion using the Richard Wolf 6.0F semirigid ureteroscope, the 7.5F flexible ureterorenoscope, and the holmium-YAG laser by Coherent Inc. Except for inhospital consults or patients requiring admission secondary to infection, all cases were performed on an ambulatory basis. All renal calculi 3 cm or smaller were approached in a retrograde fashion. Where possible, the stones were initially debulked using the semirigid ureteroscope and the 550-microm fiber followed by the flexible ureterorenoscope in combination with the 360- or 200-microm laser fiber depending on stone position. Stones were fragmented until they were small enough to be removed by hydrocleansing. Using this technique, stone-free success rates for calculi 2.5 cm or smaller after a single treatment, regardless of stone composition or location, are superior to those of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. For calculi between 2.5 and 3 cm, the results also are noted to be superior. We conclude that for calculi larger than 3 cm or for partial staghorn calculi, the treatment of choice appears to be a percutaneous approach.
Fiber Optic Technology↗
Holmium laser lithotripsy in the management of ureteric calculi.
INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the holmium:YAG laser in retrograde ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy of ureteric calculi. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-five patients (256 males and 69 females) with mean age of 45 years underwent 328 retrograde ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy as the primary therapy for ureteric calculi using semirigid mini-ureteroscopes and the holmium:YAG laser (Coherent, Palo Alto, California, USA). Four consultants and three registrars performed the procedures over a period of 31 months. RESULTS: The mean largest diameter of the calculi was 8.4 mm. The mean hospital stay was 1.8 days and the mean duration for the operation was 25 minutes. One hundred and twenty-two (37%) procedures were done as day surgery cases. Complete stone-free rates after single primary treatment using only the holmium:YAG laser were 75% and 91% at 4 weeks and 12 weeks of follow-up, respectively. Including 22 (7.6%) renal units which required additional procedures, the overall stone-free rate was 97%. Seventeen cases (5.2%) needed additional extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and 5 cases (1.5%) needed an additional repeat ureteroscopy and lithotripsy for complete stone clearance. Significant complications include 1 case of ureteric perforation. CONCLUSIONS: The holmium:YAG is a safe and effective intracorporeal lithotripter when deployed in a retrograde manner in conjunction with a mini-ureteroscope.
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Treatment of bile duct stones: value of laser lithotripsy delivered via percutaneous endoscopy.
Extraction of stones from the bile ducts via standard endoscopic techniques, a percutaneous transhepatic approach, or a T-tube track can be unsuccessful. We report our preliminary experience with a combination of percutaneous cholangioscopy and dye laser lithotripsy. Flash lamp-excited dye laser (504 nm) lithotripsy delivered by percutaneous cholangioscopy (12 F) was evaluated in 13 patients with stones in the bile ducts. Conventional endoscopic treatment had not been attempted in 4 patients after hepaticojejunostomy and had failed in 3 patients after gastric bypass surgery or gastrectomy, and in 6 patients because of technical difficulties, i.e. due mainly to largeness of stones. In 12 patients a percutaneous transhepatic route was used. In 1 patient the T-tube track was used as access to the bile ducts. Laser lithotripsy resulted in successful fragmentation of stones in 12 patients (92%). The bile ducts cleared spontaneously in 2 patients only. Using additional techniques, i.e. sphincterotomy and stent insertion, the overall combined success rate for duct clearance after laser fragmentation was 100%. Four patients had a retrograde endoscopic sphincterotomy after failed attempts for stone removal at endoscopic retrograde cholangioscopy. Two patients had an antegrade fluoroscopically monitored sphincterotomy. Bleeding complications occurred in 2 patients. This accounted for a high rate (15%) of severe complications. The intrahepatic bleeding in 1 patient was due to an intrahepatic vessel injury by the 13-F sheath. The periampullary bleeding in the other patient occurred after an antegrade papillotomy. Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy proved to be an effective technique in patients with difficult bile duct stones. The main problem of a per cutaneous approach is the complete removal of the fragmented stones, which requires additional procedures in most cases. The percutaneous access is time-consuming and bears a relatively high risk of major bleeding complications. It should therefore be restricted to cases in which conventional endoscopic procedures are impossible or unsuccessful.
Adult↗
Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy for ureteral stone fragmentation.
The efficacy of the second generation dye-laser lithotriptor (Pulsolith) with high power output was studied in 35 patients with ureteral stones. Ninety per cent of the calcium oxalate monohydrate stones were fragmented, although it required more total energy as compared to that delivered to calcium oxalate dihydrate or phosphate stones. Cystine stones remain resistant to dye-laser lithotripsy. The calculi including cystine stone were immersed in rifampicin or tetracycline solutions and the effect of optical coupling on fragmentation efficacy was measured in vitro. The optical coupling seemed to improve photo-acoustic effect, but the fragmentation rate for cystine stones remained only 10 per cent of that for calcium oxalate.
Calcium Oxalate↗
Endoscopic laser lithotripsy with an automatic stone recognition system for basket impaction in the common bile duct.
In a patient with a common bile duct stone 28 mm in diameter, the traction wires of two basket catheters fractured during endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy. Disintegration of the concrement and removal of the impacted baskets failed even after extracorporeal application of 8,000 shockwaves. Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy was carried out via a 250 microns fiber which was advanced to the stone through a 6 French ERCP guiding catheter. Lithotripsy could be safely performed under fluoroscopic control since the laser used provides an automatic cut-out system upon tissue contact. 3,600 of 11,800 applied pulses were emitted with the total power setting and complete disintegration of the calculus was achieved. The baskets and the fragments could be removed endoscopically in the same session. Laser lithotripsy with a stone recognition system would seem to improve the applicability and safety of intracorporeal lithotripsy even when performed without direct visual guidance.
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Ureteral foreign body after laser lithotripsy.
We report an unusual ureteral foreign body resulting from a complication of pulsed-dye laser lithotripsy: a retained laser fiber fragment. It was removed with two endoscopic procedures without long-term problems.
Endoscopy↗
Developments in the ureteroscopes, techniques and accessories associated with laser lithotripsy.
Two stages in the development of the technique of laser lithotripsy are described. In the first series, spanning 1985-1988, three consecutive groups of patients are compared. In the first 100 patients, 11.5-F ureteroscopes were used. Access on first retrograde attempt was successful in 73%; 3% developed strictures; the ureteric perforation rate was 7%; and 12% required nephrostomy drainage. These results contrast with those of the third group in this series, consisting of 200 patients using a miniaturised ureteroscope. Access on the first retrograde attempt was successful in 99%. There were no strictures, no perforations and no requirements for nephrostomy drainage. (The second group of 100 patients using a range of rigid ureteroscopes was intermediate in its complication rate: 2% developed strictures, the ureteric perforation rate was 3%, and 6% required nephrostomy drainage). In the second series, spanning 1989-1990, the procedures were performed by all grades of urologists using miniaturised endoscopes. An in-depth audit was performed and each patient was followed until completely clear of fragments. The stones were successfully accessed on the first attempt in 213 cases (89%). In group A (139 patients, no basket used) 32 renal units (23%) were cleared of stone fragments immediately following the procedure, rising to 78 units (56%) by 3 months and 99 units (71%) beyond 3 months follow-up. Some fragments remained in 40 renal units and were cleared by further ureteroscopy, ESWL or PCNL, with the exception of 1 patient who had small residual fragments despite ESWL for fragments flushed to the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Fluoroscopically guided laser lithotripsy of a pancreatic duct stone.
A 54-year-old man with early stage chronic pancreatitis and an impacted ductal stone in the pancreatic head complicated by a 2 cm abscess was treated with pulsed dye laser lithotripsy using an automatic stone tissue differentiation system under fluoroscopic control. This system automatically switches off the laser on contact with tissue. The 0.25 mm quartz fiber introduced into the pancreatic duct via a 5 French teflon catheter delivered 165 out of 1000 pulses at contact with the stone (100 mJ, 10 Hz). Partial stone disintegration was achieved making mechanical stone removal possible which initially failed. No major side-effect occurred. This new laser with a stone detection system seems to render fluoroscopically guided laser lithotripsy in the pancreatic duct safer thus warranting further clinical trials.
Calculi↗
[Laser lithotripsy of gallstones using a pulsed neodymium-YAG laser].
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Animals↗
Laser lithotripsy: animal studies of safety and efficacy.
The safety and efficacy of pulsed tunable dye laser fragmentation of common bile duct stones was assessed in pigs. Laser pulses were conducted through a flexible quartz fiber that was in direct contact with stones that had been surgically implanted into the common bile duct. All calculi were rapidly fragmented into small pieces without significant damage to the common bile duct. The immediate and delayed effects of pulsed lasers on the common bile duct were also evaluated. The common bile duct demonstrated a high tolerance to laser-induced damage even when the laser was discharged directly into the bile duct wall. These results suggest that laser lithotripsy can be performed in humans with a high degree of safety and efficacy.
Animals↗
Laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones. Phantom experiments using electrohydraulic and pulsed dye laser lithotripsy.
To evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic transcystic lithotripsy of common bile duct stones, a phantom model comprising bovine liver and biliary tract tissue integrated within a laparoscopic trainer was built. A 9 French cholangioscope was introduced via the cystic duct into the common bile duct in which a human gall stone of known composition had been introduced. Lithotripsy was performed using either a laser or electrohydraulic probe passed through the working channel of the cholangioscope following which the stone fragments were manipulated into the duodenum through the papilla of Vater using the choledochoscope. A total of 20 lithotripsies with each energy form were performed. Lithotripsy was successful in breaking the stones into fragments smaller than 6 mm. The energy expenditure was comparable with a mean of 49 J for laser lithotripsy (range 9 to 159 J), and 53 J (range 16 to 160 J) for electrohydraulic wave lithotripsy. The lithotripsy time measured from introduction of the cholangioscope until its removal was a mean of 30 minutes for electrohydraulic wave lithotripsy and 41 minutes for dye laser lithotripsy. This difference was statistically significant. Macroscopic tissue damage to the common bile duct wall was not observed following any procedure. An additional experiment was performed to evaluate damage that could be caused to the wall of the common bile duct. Both electrohydraulic shock wave and pulsed dye laser lithotripsy without optical feedback regulation caused severe tissue defects when there was tissue contact or distance less than 2 mm. With optical feedback regulation however, no tissue damage was induced by laser lithotripsy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Laser lithotripsy for ureteric stones.
The use of laser is a relatively new modality of treatment in urology. With the advent of the pulse-dye laser lithotripter and a finer 7.2 ureteroscope (miniscope), we found that it was more effective for treating ureteric stones than the conventional ultrasound lithotripsy. Between May 1989 and December 1991, 239 patients (162 males, 77 females) with 259 ureteric stones were treated endoscopically by this modality. Their ages ranged from 19 to 81 years (mean 46.3). The stones were mostly of 5 to 10 mm in their transverse diameters. They were situated in the upper ureter in 59, middle ureter in 39, and lower ureter in 161 cases. The miniscope was inserted into the ureter without prior dilatation and under direct vision. Stone fragmentation was performed using the 504-nm pulse-dye laser of 30 to 60 mJ energy. Complete fragmentation of the stone using the Candela laser lithotripter was achieved in 202 patients (85%). The average hospital stay was two days. Of the 37 unsuccessful cases, 11 were due to failed ureteroscopy, ten due to poor visibility from bleeding, 14 due to stone migrating up to the kidneys and two were monohydrate calculi which did not fragment with laser lithotripsy. Open ureterolithotomies were necessary in 14 patients (5.9%). Significant morbidity was perforation of the ureters which occurred in three patients (1.3%). This was due to ureteroscopy rather than the laser lithotripsy itself. With the availability of the new shockwave lithotripter (ESWL) which can treat ureteric stones in even less invasive ways, without anaesthesia and as outpatient, we are now reserving laser lithotripsy for those who failed ESWL. Generally they are the stones which cause severe obstruction to the ureter.
Adult↗