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PubMed1991

Clustering of liver cancer deaths in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Cancer statistics in 1965 revealed that people in the eastern part of Saitama had a high risk of developing cancer of the liver. Clusters of liver cancer were also observed in 1975, though less for males than for females. In 1985, traces remained of clusters with higher death rates from liver cancer. A field survey revealed absence of correlation between geographical clustering of liver cancer and HBsAg positivity, geographical HBsAg positivity differences between sexes, and lack of correlation between geographical distribution of HBsAg positivity and death rates from liver diseases (cancer or cirrhosis). There was no geographical relationship of death rates from liver cancer to liver cirrhosis in Saitama. Statistics of the Saitama Cancer Center revealed lower averages than in the rest of Japan for the percentage of HBsAg positivity in HCC inpatients, the percentage of HCC inpatients with liver cirrhosis, and the ratio between the number of patients with HCC and those with cholangio carcinoma. A mail questionnaire revealed that farmers in the eastern part of Saitama had a strong positive association with death from liver cancer. These results suggest that HBV does not play an important role in the clustering of high death rates from liver cancer in Saitama.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
PubMed2006

Liver-directed therapies for patients with primary liver cancer and hepatic metastases.

Liver cancer, whether primary or metastatic, is a major cause of death throughout the world. The surgical management of these diseases varies according to the extent of disease and the overall health of the patient. Surgical resection of hepatic disease remains the only chance for cure. However, a large proportion of patients with liver cancer are unable to undergo a complete surgical resection. These patients are often treated with liver-directed therapies. Although not as effective as surgical resection, these approaches can help to improve the survival of patients. In patients with primary liver cancer, underlying liver disease often prohibits surgical intervention. However, survival advantages have been gained with the application of percutaneous alcohol injection and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In patients with hepatic metastases, the number of metastases is often what prevents surgical resection. In these patients, RFA, cryoablation, and hepatic artery infusional therapy have all aided in prolonging survival. As chemotherapeutic agents improve and targeted therapies are developed, more patients will be able to undergo surgical management of their liver cancer, primary or metastatic.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1989

Oral contraceptive use and liver cancer.

The risk of liver cancer in relation to use of oral contraceptives was evaluated in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in five US cities from 1977 to 1985. Twelve new cases of liver cancer were identified in women aged 19-54 years; five controls selected from among patients hospitalized for acute conditions unrelated to oral contraceptive use were matched to each case on age (five-year categories), date of interview (three-year categories), and geographic location of the hospital. Among nine cases classified as having hepatocellular carcinoma, eight (89%) had used oral contraceptives; only 16 (36%) of 45 matched controls had used oral contraceptives. Among three other cases (two with cholangiocarcinomas and one with liver cancer of undetermined type), all had used oral contraceptives, compared with four of 15 matched controls. The results confirm the strong positive association between oral contraceptive use and hepatocellular carcinoma observed in earlier studies. Such an association is consistent with evidence that oral contraceptive use is associated with benign hepatic tumors in young women. However, the number of cases of liver cancer in the United States that are attributable to oral contraceptive use is probably small, because liver cancer is extremely rare in the United States.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
PubMed1990

[Evolution and prognosis in patients with primary liver cancer. I. The effect of individual factors on the survival of patients with primary liver cancer].

The data of the frequency, evolution and prognosis of 63 patients with primary liver carcinoma which had developed on the basis of liver cirrhosis are presented. An attempt is made to assess the importance of the etiologic factors, type of liver cirrhosis, macroscopic type of the tumor, histologic pattern of the cancer, sex and age for the evolution and prognosis of the disease. The patients with primary liver carcinoma without cirrhosis have a better prognosis. As high risk factors may be accepted: male sex, age over 50 years, toxic factors, hepatitis B virus infection and chronic alcoholism. The macroscopic type of the tumor also affects the prognosis. The histologic pattern of the cancer does not influence the survival of the patients with primary liver carcinoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Target distribution of magnetic albumin nanoparticles containing adriamycin in transplanted rat liver cancer model.

BACKGROUND: Liver cancer is one of the most common diseases around the world. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of magnetic field application on target distribution of nanoparticles in transplanted rat liver cancer model and to find out a new method for the treatment of malignant liver tumor. METHODS: Seven days after the establishment of the model, the abdomen of the rat was exposed through a midline abdominal incision. A cannula was inserted into the gastro-duodenal artery. In the experimental group (12 rats), the tumor tissue was exposed to the magnetic field for 30 minutes. Magnetic albumin nanoparticles containing adriamycin or at an equal dose of free adriamycin (0.5 mg/kg) were injected into the hepatic artery. After the magnetic field was removed, the rat was immediately sacrificed. An equal dose of nanoparticles in absence of the magnetic field served as control (12 rats). Tissues of tumor, nontargeted sites of the liver, heart, kidney, lung, spleen, stomach and small intestine were analyzed for gamma-counts and examined histologically. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the radioactivity of tumor tissue was 8.7 times that of liver tissue. In the control group, the radioactivity of tumor tissue was 2.8 times that of normal liver tissue. The radioactivity of the lung was reduced more significantly in the experimental group than in the control group. No significant difference in the kidney, heart, spleen, small intestine and stomach was observed between the experimental group and control group. And over 80% of the injected nanoparticles distributed in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of magnetic field, magnetic albumin nanoparticles may accumulate in tumor tissues, of which the radioactivity can increase to 8.7 times that of normal liver. Even if the magnetic field is not applied, magnetic albumin nanoparticles in tumor tissues still increase to 2.8 times that of normal liver tissues. These findings indicate that normal organs in the presence of magnetic field are less exposed to chemotherapeutic drugs.

Albumins↗
PubMed1993

[Determination on of C/EBP in human liver cancer, normal adult liver and various diseased liver tissues].

C/EBP, a heat-stable DNA-binding protein, play a very important role in establishing and maintaining the differentiation state of liver cells as a transcription factor enriched in the liver. In order to identify its distribution, localization and function, immunocytochemical examination (ABC method) was done by using anti-C/EBP polypeptide antibodies 1103#, 425# in 20 normal human adult liver tissues, 5 neonatal liver tissues, 6 hepatitis tissues, 25 liver cirrhosis tissues, 80 hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (40 cases with associated surrounding non-tumor hepatic tissues) and 26 cholangiocarcinoma tissues (15 cases with associated surrounding non-tumor tissues). The results showed that C/EBP expression was restricted to terminally differentiated liver cells, and was very low or undetectable in poorly differentiated liver cells, such as liver tumor cells. Its expression also correlated with the grading of hepatocellular carcinoma. Besides, positive C/EBP stain could be found in all regenerating bile ductules. The C/EBP has a diffuse distribution which could be detected both in nuclei and in cytoplasm, but more abundant in cytoplasm. The results are in accordance with the concept that C/EBP plays an important role in establishing and maintaining the differentiation state of liver cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Impacts of chemicals on liver cancer risk.

Primary liver cancer (PLC) is of multifactorial etiology. Chronic infections by hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are major risk factors for most PLC cases worldwide, although mechanisms through which the infections cause PLC are still unknown. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicates that exposure to certain chemicals can also contribute significantly to PLC development, some of which have been designated as human liver carcinogens (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. These include aflatoxins and chronic consumption of alcoholic beverages. Many naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals have been shown to induce liver cancer in experimental animals. Humans are exposed to these carcinogens via accidental contamination of food or water; usually at levels far lower than those that are carcinogenic to experimental animals. Consequently, assessment of possible human PLC risk associated with such exposures is complex and uncertain. Evidence regarding aflatoxin as a human carcinogen has been extensively documented and is reviewed as an example of the usefulness of parallel experimental and epidemiological investigations in cancer risk assessment. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of certain spoilage molds that are potent liver carcinogens in experimental animals and frequently contaminate human diets. Collectively, epidemiologic data together with evidence from many types of experimental models defines the role of aflatoxin exposure in PLC causation. Molecular epidemiology involving the use of biomarkers of exposure has been particularly effective in linking aflatoxin exposure to PLC. Biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure have been validated with particular thoroughness. Dose-response relationships between biomarker levels and liver tumor incidence were first established in experimental animals. The biomarkers were then employed in pilot studies of limited scale in humans to define sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reliability parameters. Further validation in transitional epidemiological studies assessed intra- and interindividual variability, background levels, external dose-marker relationship, and feasibility for use in larger population-based studies. Finally, prospective epidemiological studies were conducted to evaluate biomarker effectiveness in identifying PLC risk.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1998

Towards global control of liver cancer?

On a global scale, liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality. However, liver cancer rates vary substantially by country, with more than 80% of liver cancer cases occurring in the developing world. The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant histologic sub-type, are considered to be chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, exposure to aflatoxins, and excessive alcohol consumption; tobacco smoking and oral contraceptive use also may be associated with increased risk of HCC. This paper focuses on those risk factors that represent new targets for intervention, namely HBV and HCV infections and aflatoxin exposure. Childhood vaccination against HBV represents the greatest potential for reducing the liver cancer burden and could lead to the elimination of as much as 60% of all cases.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical advances in primary liver cancer in China.

Primary liver cancer is one of the most common cancers in China. According to the statistics of our country, primary liver cancer claims 20.40 lives per 100,000 people annually, with 19.98 per 100,000 in cities and 23.59 per 100,000 in rural areas, ranking as the 2nd and the 1st leading cause of cancer death respectively. Of all the newly enrolled cases in the world each year, 45% are found in the mainland of China. In the southeast areas of high incidence, the situation is even worse with tumors tending to occur in a younger age group. In this paper, we summarized our 40-year experience and progress in diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1992

[Evaluation of US contrast medium (LEVOVIST) to experimental liver cancer].

Enhancement of liver cancer on ultrasonography (US) by injection of new contrast medium (LEVOVIST) was performed in rats with 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced hepatic carcinoma. Echosignals of cancer nodules increased remarkably after the intrahepatic arterial injection of LEVOVIST (200, 300 mg/ml), and contrast enhancement was observed for at least 15 minutes. Furthermore, US after the intrahepatic arterial injection of LEVOVIST (200 mg/ml) can visualize small nodule, which was not recognizable on plain US. As a result of increased echosignals of normal liver parenchyma after the intra-portal injection of LEVOVIST (300 mg/ml), the cancer nodules were demonstrated as hypoechoic. These results indicate that this new contrast medium for sonography is effective in the diagnosis of liver cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Primary and metastatic liver cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To review liver physiology, the disease process, diagnostic tests, and current treatment options for primary and metastatic liver cancer. DATA SOURCES: Research studies, review articles, and textbooks relating to liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection offers the best available treatment modality, but only a small percentage of patients are eligible. However, combined treatment of radiation therapy and chemotherapy (systemic and intra-arterial), as well as chemoembolization, cryosurgery, and transplantation, offers hope of palliation, conversion of unresectable to resectable disease, and prolonged survival. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Understanding and knowledge of the disease process and treatment modalities for primary and metastatic liver cancer will assist the oncology nurse in educating patients and families during their diagnostic and treatment phases.

Adult↗