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PubMedDate not supplied

Filamentous fungi and yeasts on mattresses covered with different encasings.

Besides mites, filamentous fungi and yeasts play an important role as domestic allergens. Among different allergen avoidance strategies the efficacy of synthetic mattress encasings has been demonstrated for the reduction of house dust mites. Whether these synthetic encasings are also able to reduce the growth of fungi on the mattress under domestic conditions has not been assessed so far. To determine if the fungal growth on mattresses can be reduced by the use of synthetic encasings we assessed the fungal colonisation of mattresses covered either by conventional cotton encasings or by polyurethane encasings impermeable to particles > 3 mum. Within a 12-month period dust samples were obtained from the mattresses. Fungal quantities were measured by counting colonies on agar plates incubated at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The counts of fungi were significantly higher on mattresses with cotton encasings. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were isolated most frequently. Therefore the application of synthetic encasings with similar properties to the encasings used in this investigation is recommended as part of an allergen avoidance strategy for patients sensitised to fungal allergens.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[As we make our bed, so we must lie. The effect of super soft mattresses on the mobility of the elderly needing care].

This article discusses the effect of supersoft mattresses on the mobility of elderly persons in nursing homes. It is based on a pilot study, which also includes video footage of patients engaged in a variety of activities after having slept on soft mattresses for an extended period of time. The soft mattresses were then replaced by conventional hospital mattresses, and the same activities were videotaped again. The individual motion sequences were analyzed and compared. The results of this pilot study can be summarized in the following hypotheses: soft mattresses 1. restrict mobility; 2. cause reduced orientation; 3. impair human function, particularly perception. These findings are highly significant because reduced mobility is often the decisive cause of a decubitus hazard. Supersoft bedding can increase this motion deficit. While the pressure-relieving and decubitus-preventing effects of soft mattresses are undisputed, the study confirms that motion aspects and their impact on the overall condition of the patient must be considered in an appraisal of the nursing situation. Nursing personnel must have access to specific criteria governing the use of soft bedding material. They need to develop nursing skills and abilities that make supersoft bedding superfluous or that limit the primary and secondary effects of such measures.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

Physical characteristics of a new synthetic fiber mattress in relation to pressure sores.

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a mattress which was made of the new synthetic fibers called 'Shin-Gosen', and to determine its physical characteristics associated with pressure sores such as pressure distribution, temperature and humidity. The Shin-Gosen mattress consisted of three layers of elastic fibers made of polyester multifilaments, which were mediated by four layers of wave-like fabrics made of nylon monofilaments. The physical characteristics of the mattress were compared with (a) the conventional cotton hospital mattress and (b) the SORELESS MAT made of vacuole gel which effectively eliminated compression forces. The Shin-Gosen mattress was found to provide pressure relief effects similar to that of the SORELESS MAT the desired thermal insulation as well as that of the cotton mattress and a higher level of moisture vapor permeability. These excellent features will not only contribute to preventing pressure sores, but will also enable comfortable resting and sleeping.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Prospective randomized comparison between a new mattress technique and Cattell (duct-to-mucosa) pancreaticojejunostomy for pancreatic resection.

The majority of lethal complications after pancreatic head resection are due to septic complications after leakage from the pancreatojejunostomy. Especially the smooth pancreatic remnant is prone to develop parenchymal leaks from shear forces applied during tying of the sutures. We developed a new mattress technique that avoids such shear forces, and we compared this method to the standard Cattell (duct-to-mucosa) technique. A total of 113 patients undergoing standard pancreatic head resection were prospectively randomized to receive either the standard Cattell anastomosis (n = 56) or the new mattress technique (n = 57). All patients were evaluated for surgical and medical complications until discharge. Primary diagnosis and further demographic data compared well between the groups. The time to perform the mattress anastomosis was significantly shorter (15 vs. 22 minutes; p < 0.0001). The incidence of complications at the pancreatojejunostomy, and the length of hospital stay and survival were not significantly different between the two groups; however, a trend toward more reoperations was noted in the Cattell group (10 vs. 5; p < 0.097). The new mattress technique is simple, and our data show that the two techniques yield similar incidences of complications. Therefore the mattress technique for pancreatojejunostomy seems to be safe and is, in our opinion, well suitable for training schedules in pancreatic surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Special mattresses: effectiveness in preventing decubitus ulcers in chronic neurologic patients.

Thirty-two chronic neurologic patients between 19 and 60 years of age were randomly assigned, for a period of three months, to either an alternating air mattress or a silicore mattress to test the preventive qualities of special mattresses in the occurrence of decubitus ulcers. The two groups were comparable on the variables of age, weight, diagnoses, history of disease process, history of being wheelchair bound, history of previous pressures, and mean scores on Norton's scale of risk, which is based on the subject's physical condition, mental alertness, ambulation, mobility and incontinence. No significant differences were observed in the preventive qualities of the two types of special mattresses in terms of the incidence, location, severity, or healing duration of the subjects' decubitus ulcers. Improved studies of common special mattresses are suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The shorthand vertical mattress stitch: evaluation of a new suture technique.

The shorthand vertical mattress suture is a new suture technique that provides the same amount of wound eversion in less time than the classic method. A randomized, prospective clinical trial was designed to test this hypothesis in a University-affiliated community hospital. Thirty patients who presented to the emergency department with traumatic lacerations requiring primary closure were eligible for this study. Wounds involving the hands, feet, or face were excluded. Patients meeting inclusion criteria were allocated randomly to have either shorthand or classic vertical mattress sutures. Wound information was collected on data sheets and included physician training level, repair time, number of knots placed, and degree of wound-edge eversion for each suture technique. Subjects were then asked to return to the emergency department in 7 to 10 days for wound assessment and suture removal. Thirty-six lacerations to the scalp, trunk, and extremities were evaluated. Shorthand vertical mattress sutures were used on 20 wounds (56%) and classic mattress sutures were used on 16 (44%) wounds. The shorthand stitch provided the same amount of wound eversion in half the time as the classic technique. No infectious complications, delayed wound healing, or cosmetic problems were observed with the shorthand technique. The shorthand vertical mattress stitch described is an efficient, alternative method for laceration repair without compromising wound eversion or cosmetic results.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Use of continuous horizontal mattress suture techniques in microsurgery: an experimental study in rats.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the continuous horizontal mattress suture technique can replace the continuous simple suture technique and to compare the results with other microvascular suture procedures. METHODS: Sixty-four femoral arteries of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The animals were divided equally into 4 groups with 16 anastomoses in each group. The arteries (0.8-1.0 mm diameter) were anastomosed by using the continuous horizontal mattress suture technique in group I, interrupted horizontal mattress suture technique in group II, simple interrupted suture technique in group III, and simple continuous suture technique in group IV. At the end of the anastomosis time, leakage, and patency were assessed and graded in all groups. On the 14th day after surgery the rats were killed and 5 patent specimens from each group were examined under light microscopy for histology. One specimen from each group was prepared for scanning of the endothelial surface under electron scanning microscopy. RESULTS: Group I anastomoses were performed the most quickly. Groups I and III anastomoses had 100% patency rates. Under light microscopy the edge eversion was apparent consistently and under electron microscopy all endothelial surfaces were intact and no suture material was seen in groups I and II. In group III some suture material was covered by endothelial cells and lumen surfaces were torn; endothelization also was rough compared with groups I and II. In group IV suture material was seen in the lumen because of a loose suture knot. The endothelium also was not regular. CONCLUSIONS: The horizontal mattress suturing technique is the only technique in which the suture material never contacts the lumen. Continuous horizontal mattress suture technique is superior to the other microvascular procedures and is the safest and fastest procedure for microvascular anastomosis in rats.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1998

Mattress evaluation--assessment of contact pressure, comfort and discomfort.

The ergonomic evaluation of mattresses is largely ignored in the current literature. This is somewhat surprising given their importance and the length of time spent using them. This study considers some ergonomic aspects of their design, including body contact pressure and subjective ratings of comfort. Subjects (12 females) found all of the mattresses tested to be significantly more comfortable than an incompressible wooden reference surface. However, no significant differences were found between mattress types, which included orthopaedic and normal designs. Analysis of body contact pressures (measured at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle) found few significant differences between experimental conditions. It is argued that limitations in the methodology may not take account of the change in surface area and anatomical sites of contact under different conditions of mattress compressibility. No significant associations were found between comfort ratings and peak body contact pressures. It seems likely that subjective ratings of mattress comfort are dependent on a wider set of factors than contact pressure alone, a finding reported elsewhere in studies of seating.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Randomized clinical trial of an oscillating air mattress in preterm infants: effect on apnea, growth, and development.

To investigate claims that oscillating mattresses reduce apnea of prematurity and improve growth and neurobehavioural development, we performed a randomized clinical trial using a predetermined sample size. Preterm infants weighing from 750 to 1750 gm at birth were randomly assigned, by 250 gm strata, to either a conventional mattress (n = 63) or to an air mattress (n = 59) oscillating at 14 to 16 regular pulses per minute. Infants remained on the oscillating air mattress for at least 7 days or until 34 weeks postmenstrual age. Apneic episodes occurred and required treatment equally in the two groups; this lack of an effect was seen for both sexes and all weight groups. Both weight and energy intake were similar. Neurobehavioral development as shown by sleep state, habituation testing, and behavioral assessment at term, 3, 6, and 12 months was similar in the two groups. There was no difference in the incidence of neurologic abnormalities. We conclude that an oscillating air mattress has no prophylactic value in reducing apnea and does not enhance growth and development.

Air↗

PubMed1996

Tissue fixation security in transosseous rotator cuff repairs: a mechanical comparison of simple versus mattress sutures.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to compare tissue fixation security by simple sutures versus mattress sutures in transosseous rotator cuff repair. These two repair techniques were each performed in 17 human cadaver shoulders, with two bone tunnels being used for the repair by two simple sutures and two other bone tunnels being used for the repair by one mattress suture. The repairs were loaded to failure in a servohydraulic materials test system. Rotator cuff repair by simple sutures was found to be significantly stronger than repair by mattress sutures (P = .0007). The average ultimate load to failure for the simple suture construct (189.62 N) was 39.72% greater than that for the mattress suture construct (135.71 N). Most of the failures occurred by suture breakage at the knot. Load-sharing by multiple suture tails and multiple knots in the simple suture configuration likely contributed to its superior strength characteristics compared with the mattress suture configuration.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2002

The effect of anti-allergic mattress encasings on house dust mite-induced early- and late-airway reactions in asthmatic patients. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Anti-allergic mattress encasing may provide clinical benefit in asthmatic patients. However, the effect of mattress encasings on allergen-specific parameters, such as bronchial reactions to house dust mite (HDM) challenge, is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of anti-allergic mattress encasings on allergen sensitivity in patients with moderate to severe asthma. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with asthma and HDM allergy were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Concentrations of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 1) were measured in mattress dust before and after 1 year of treatment; bronchial histamine challenge, bronchial challenge with HDM and intradermal skin challenges with HDM were performed. The number of eosinophils in peripheral blood was assessed. RESULTS: In the active group, but not in the placebo group, there was a significant reduction in Der p 1 concentration in the dust collected from the mattresses after 1 year of treatment compared to before. There was a significant difference between the groups with respect to HDM-induced early-reaction (ER) in the airways and the number of blood eosinophils, which reflected an increase in ER and eosinophils in the placebo group without significant change in the active group. No significant improvement in PC20 histamine, late-reaction (LR) and skin tests was found in either groups. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that encasings protect against a further increase in allergen sensitivity in asthmatic patients, so their use should be recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Rebreathing potential of infant mattresses and bedcovers.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the CO2 dispersion and retention properties of some mattresses and bed coverings commercially available in Australia. METHODS: Five mattresses were studied in (i) an in vivo model in which an infant's head was covered by a headbox, rebreathing was allowed to occur, and the final steady state CO2 concentration was measured; and (ii) an in vitro model in which 5% CO2 in a headbox was allowed to disperse, and the time taken for the concentration to reach 1% was measured. Five types of bedcover were studied in (i) an in vivo model in which an infant's head was covered by a bedcover and the final steady state CO2 concentration was measured; and (ii) an in vitro model in which 5% CO2 under a bedcover was allowed to disperse, and the time taken for the concentration to reach 1% was measured. RESULTS: The steady state CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.6% to 3.0% for the mattresses (P < 0.05). The time for CO2 to disperse ranged from 5.5 min to 30.4 min (P < 0.05). Steady state CO2 concentrations ranged from 2.5% to 3.6% for the bedcoverings (P > 0.05). The time for CO2 to disperse ranged from 5.4 min to 7.7 min (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Some commercial cot mattresses and bedcoverings allow high concentrations of CO2 to accumulate in rebreathing environments. Some mattress types studied were more diffusive to CO2, whereas there was no difference between the bedcovers studied. This may have implications for vulnerable infants at risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Bedding and Linens↗

PubMed2004

[Heat transfer by conductive warming with circulating-water mattresses].

AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the heat transfer by circulating-water mattresses placed under the back and over both legs of human volunteers. METHODS: With approval by the local ethics committee and informed consent eight minimally clothed volunteers were included in the study. Six calibrated heat flux transducers were placed on the back and additionally eight sensors were placed on both legs of each volunteer. The volunteers reclined on a circulating-water mattress (ComfortPad Plus(R), Cincinnati Sub-Zero Products Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) coated with gel (Granulab International, Armersfoort, Niederlande). Another circulating-water mattress (Plastipad trade mark, Cincinnati Sub-Zero Products Inc.) was placed over both legs. Both devices were heated to 41 degrees C by a hypo-hyperthermia system (Hico-Variotherm 530, Hirtz and Co. Hospitalwerk, Cologne, Germany). Heat flux data were sampled during steady-state conditions. After determination of the contact area between the mattresses and the skin, heat transfer was calculated by multiplication of the heat flux per area by the contact area. RESULTS: Heat flux per area to the back was 45.6 +/- 4.5 W m (- 2), the contact area was 0.39 +/- 0.03 m (2). This resulted in a heat transfer of 18.0 +/- 2.4 W. Heat flux per area to the legs was 24.7 +/- 4.3 W m (- 2), the contact area was 0.12 +/- 0.01 m (2). This resulted in a heat transfer of 2.9 +/- 0.6 W. CONCLUSION: The heat transfer of the circulating-water mattress to the back was much higher than the heat transfer to the legs. Nevertheless, model calculations show that conductive warming of the legs is more important for the prevention of perioperative hypothermia than conductive warming of the back, because it has a higher impact on the heat balance.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Selection of a standard hospital mattress: data-based decision making.

By means of a scientific method, standard hospital mattresses were evaluated for pressure-relieving properties and patient comfort. Vendors' written materials and product demonstrations led to the initial selection of seven mattresses. On the basis of findings from a survey of staff nurses and environmental services and pressure readings obtained with three healthy volunteers, three mattresses were selected for intensive evaluation. Eighteen mattresses (six of each type) were placed in six clinical care units; at 2-week intervals, interface pressure readings (occipital, sacral, and heel) were performed on patients by means of a computerized measurement system. Caregiver and patient questionnaires (n = 100) were analyzed for clinical significance and patients' responses. We conclude that there are no significant differences among the three mattresses tested in pressure-reducing capabilities, nursing functions, or patient comfort.

Beds↗

PubMed2004

Modified mattress suture technique to correct anterior septal deviation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified mattress suture technique in septal anterior deviation correction and to compare it with the Hinderer technique. This was a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial. Fifty patients with anterior septal deviation were assigned to one of two surgery treatment groups: in group A, 25 patients underwent anterior septoplasty with modified mattress suture technique; and in group B, 25 patients underwent anterior septoplasty with the Hinderer technique. Subjective (oral respiration, epistaxis, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction) and objective (anterior rhinomanometry) parameters were analyzed and compared between groups. Better results in obstructive deflections were achieved with the modified mattress suture technique. Unilateral and total nasal resistances improved during the 6-month follow-up in patients who underwent anterior septoplasty with the modified mattress suture technique, and there was a significant difference in the values when compared with patients who underwent anterior septoplasty with rhinoplasty using the Hinderer technique (p = 0.003). The modified mattress suture technique had better subjective and objective results than rhinoplasty with the Hinderer technique and therefore could be considered as an alternative technique in anterior septal surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

House dust mite counts in different types of mattresses, sheepskins and carpets, and a comparison of brushing and vacuuming collection methods.

Mite counts were compared in dust from three types of mattresses. Foam rubber mattresses appear preferable for mite sensitive atopic subjects; the surface of kapok mattresses averaged twice, and innerspring mattresses three times, the number of mites per square metre found on foam rubber mattresses (P less than 0.01). Sheepskins used for infant bedding were also found to be heavily infested, harbouring as many mites per square metre as bedroom carpet. Mite collections are best made with vacuum sampling methods in preference to a brush and results are best expressed in mites/m2.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effects of absorbent incontinence pads on pressure management mattresses.

AIM: The aim of this paper is to report a study to determine the effects of absorbent pads on the pressure-relieving properties of 'standard' and pressure management mattresses. BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers and incontinence often co-exist. There is a strong association between poor mobility and continence problems and patients using pressure management products are therefore also likely to be using absorbent pads. METHODS: An instrumented articulated anthropometric phantom with simulated soft body 'tissues' in the gluteal and sacral areas was used as the 'subject'. The phantom was raised and lowered on to three mattresses (standard foam, visco-elastic foam and surface-cut foam) in three states: naked, wearing a dry pad (Tena Super, SCA Hygiene AB) and wearing a wet pad. The pressure mapping device Xsensor was used to record the distribution of pressure over the sacral and ischial areas of the phantom. Peak pressure was used as the primary outcome variable and 10 repeats were made on each mattress under each condition. RESULTS: There were substantial and significant differences for all three mattresses in recorded peak pressures between the naked buttocks and the buttocks wearing a dry pad. There were no significant differences between measurements made using the dry vs. wet pad. Peak pressures frequently occurred over areas of pad folds. Additional testing showed that pads that were 'smoothed' by hand had significantly lower peak pressures than 'unsmoothed' pads. CONCLUSIONS: Absorbent pads have a substantial adverse effect on the pressure redistribution properties of mattresses. Pad folds appear to contribute to this effect, which can be ameliorated slightly by smoothing. Absorbent pad manufacturers should consider engineering pads that minimize disruption to pressure management. Further examination of continence and pressure management products is necessary to establish optimum combinations for nursing care.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Cat and dog allergen in mattresses and textile covered floors of homes which do or do not have pets, either in the past or currently.

The aim of this study was to measure the levels of cat and dog allergen in homes of families that had either never kept pets or kept or had kept cats or dogs. From a small residential area outside Stockholm consisting of 250 houses with similar exteriors 70 homes were included. Dust samples were collected from mattresses and textile-covered floors. The levels of cat and dog allergen were analysed by ELISA. Fel d1 was found in mattress dust in all 70 homes, median 0.5 micrograms/g [0.24-8.89 micrograms/g (quartiles)] and textile-covered floors 0.7 micrograms/g (0.20-2.52 micrograms/g). Can f1, was found in 98% of the collected samples, mattress dust 1.89 micrograms/g (0.70-9.20 micrograms/g) and textile-covered floor dust 2.5 micrograms/g (1.04-2.72 micrograms/g). There was a positive correlation (p < 0.001) between allergen levels in dust from mattresses and textile-covered floors for both Fel d1 (r = 0.68) and Can f1 (r = 0.78). The highest levels of cat and dog allergen were found in homes with furred pets (p < 0.001). A significant (p < 0.001) difference was seen in the levels of Fel d1 and Can f1 between the homes of former pet-owners and homes without pets. In summary; cat and dog allergens are present in homes regardless of whether such animals live in the house or not. Mattresses seem to be an underestimated reservoir for pet allergens even in homes without pets. It is important to note that the homes of former pet owners have much lower levels of allergen than current pet owners.

Allergens↗