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PubMed1999

[The psychological stress model using motor suppression].

Psychological stress is believed to be implicated in the etiology of affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. To date, a wide range of behavioral responses including analgesia and motor suppression induced by various physiological stressors such as footshock, forced swimming and immobilization have been investigated in animals. However, there is little information concerning behavioral changes in psychological stress. This article describes the experimental procedures and the characteristics of motor suppression in psychological stress, defined as conditioned fear stress (CFS). Mice exhibit a marked suppression of motility when they are re-placed in the same environment in which they had previously received an electric footshock. This motor suppression is regarded as a conditioned emotional response to the environment associated with previous footshock. The motor suppression in CFS is attenuated by sigma receptor agonists such as (+)-N-allylnormetazocine and dextromethorphan, whereas typical anxiolytics (diazepam and chlordiazepoxide) and antidepressants (imipramine and fluoxetine) have no effect. These findings suggest that the CFS model may be useful for investigating the pathogenesis of affective disorders, particularly those considered to be treatment resistant, and for developing their novel therapeutic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of models of odor interaction.

Subjects rated the overall perceived intensity of concentrations of the odorants cineole, geraniol, hexyl salicylate, and linalyl acetate smelled alone and in binary mixtures. The subjects also rated intensity of specified constituents (e.g. amount of cineole in cineole, and in mixtures of cineole and linalyl acetate). The intensity of the stronger component alone offered a close description of perceived intensity. In addition to the Stronger Component model, two other psychological models (Vector and U model) and two psychophysical models (UPL2 and Equiratio Mixture model) offered descriptions ranging from fair to very good. Psychological models gave better fits, but lack explanatory power. Some results indicated that weaker odors add more potently than stronger odors, an outcome incompatible with these models. The psychophysical models, based on the additivity of single components, generally overestimated perceived intensity. Judgments of individual qualities gave only slight encouragement to any expectation of differences in masking or maskability among odorants. The results highlight the need to test particular critical hypotheses regarding how people perceive mixtures.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1995

A longitudinal examination of the Cherniss model of psychological burnout.

This study is a longitudinal examination of a process model of psychological burnout proposed by Cherniss [1; Professional Burnout in Human Service Organizations (1980)]. In this model, work setting characteristics and individual difference variables have both direct effects on burnout and indirect effects on burnout through levels of experienced stress. Data were collected at two points in time separated by one year using questionnaires. Respondents were 362 school-based educators. Considerable support for the Cherniss model was found using path analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Caregiving outcomes for older mothers of adults with mental retardation: a test of the two-factor model of psychological well-being.

A two-factor model of caregiving appraisal and psychological well-being, based on previous findings with caregiving spouses (M.P. Lawton, M. Moss, M.H. Kleban, A. Glicksman, & M. Rovine, 1991), was tested with 225 older mothers who provided care at home to an offspring with mental retardation. The effects of objective caregiving stressors, caregiver resources, and subjective appraisals (caregiving satisfaction and burden) on the positive and negative dimensions of psychological well-being were examined. LISREL 8 analyses revealed that the model differed in two key ways for caregiving mothers: (a) Positive psychological well-being appeared to diminish subjective burden, and (b) both objective stressors and resources were unrelated to subjective burden. These findings suggest the need for future research into how caregiving dynamics are influenced by the specific nature of the relationship between the caregiver and the recipient.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of etiologic models of disease development and continuation of bulimia nervosa using structural equation modeling].

In contrast to the great number of etiological models for bulimia nervosa, few conceptions determine the therapeutic practice. Two of these models, the ego-psychological model of reduced impulse-control and the behavioural model focussing the influence of "restrained eating" are empirically compared. Both models are not supposed to be of ubiquitous validity, but valid for subgroups of bulimic women. The theoretical assumptions are translated into structural equations and a sample of 127 bulimic women is divided up into 2 subsamples according to criteria which are presumed to define the validity of both etiological models. In agreement with the assumptions the "restrained eating" model shows the better "fit" with the one subsample while the ego-psychological model is more adequate for the other group.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

War pensions (1900-1945): changing models of psychological understanding.

BACKGROUND: War pensions are used to examine different models of psychological understanding. The First World War is said to have been the first conflict for which pensions were widely granted for psychological disorders as distinct from functional, somatic syndromes. In 1939 official attitudes hardened and it is commonly stated that few pensions were awarded for post-combat syndromes. AIMS: To re-evaluate the recognition of psychiatric disorders by the war pension authorities. METHOD: Official statistics were compared with samples of war pension files from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars. RESULTS: Official reports tended to overestimate the number of awards. Although government figures suggested that the proportion of neurological and psychiatric pensions was higher after the Second World War, our analysis suggests that the rates may not have been significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The acceptance of psychological disorders was a response to cultural shifts, advances in psychiatric knowledge and the exigencies of war. Changing explanations were both a consequence of these forces and themselves agents of change.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1985

A nine-parameter model for psychological assessment.

This paper presents a model for viewing assessment from nine vantage points simultaneously. Each of these dimensions or 'parameters' is divided into sublevels. The power and usefulness of the resultant model stems from the variety of possible unique interactions among these dimensions and their sublevels. The model has the following useful properties: (a) it provides a multidimensional definition of several aspects of psychological assessment, (b) it serves as a checklist and guide for the criticism of existing psychological tests and measures, (c) it has potential heuristic value in the generation of new measures and tests, (d) it is flexible, in that new parameters may be added and sublevels changed to suit specific needs, and (e) it is presented visually as a spatial model, thus allowing the viewer a more 'concrete' appreciation of what are really theoretical interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Toward a model of psychological health empowerment: implications for health care in multicultural communities.

This article presents a model of health empowerment from an individual psychological perspective. Building on Menon's (2001) model of psychological empowerment in organizations, psychological health empowerment is developed as a construct to capture the individual community member's feelings of empowerment with regard to health and health care. The context for health empowerment is first conceptualized as an interactive system of three elements, namely, the individual community member, health service providers, and the regulatory environment consisting of health policy and systems. The individual manages his or her own health on a daily basis, interacts with health service providers when in need of specialized medical assistance, and is affected by the 'health policy and systems' element. Perceived control, perceived competence, and goal internalization, the three facets of Menon's empowerment model, are then adapted to the health context. A scale for measuring psychological health empowerment is also proposed. The implications of this approach for health care in multicultural communities are then explored.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

Applications of covariance structure modeling in psychology: cause for concern?

Methods of covariance structure modeling are frequently applied in psychological research. These methods merge the logic of confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression, and path analysis within a single data analytic framework. Among the many applications are estimation of disattenuated correlation and regression coefficients, evaluation of multitrait-multimethod matrices, and assessment of hypothesized causal structures. Shortcomings of these methods are commonly acknowledged in the mathematical literature and in textbooks. Nevertheless, serious flaws remain in many published applications. For example, it is rarely noted that the fit of a favored model is identical for a potentially large number of equivalent models. A review of the personality and social psychology literature illustrates the nature of this and other problems in reported applications of covariance structure models.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

The role of the frontal lobes in the regulation of cognitive development.

Between the ages of 1.5 and 5 years, and again between the ages of 5 and 10 years, a sequence of changes takes place in children's behavior which indicates a fundamental reorganization of their attentional, executive, and self-reflexive processes. In the present article, these changes are summarized, and evidence is adduced to support the claims (1) that these changes are frontally mediated and (2) that the underlying mechanism that generates them is similar to the one that generates the changes in EEG coherence during the same time period. The psychological model that has been hypothesized to explain the cycles of cognitive development (Case, 1992) is then compared to the physiological model that has been proposed to explain cycles of EEG development (Thatcher, 1992). It is shown that the two models are complementary, both in the underlying developmental sequence that they postulate and in the recursive dynamic they propose for producing movement through this sequence. A number of implications and predictions are derived, which follow from the proposition that the two sets of changes are different manifestations of a common underlying process.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Cortico-striatal circuits and interval timing: coincidence detection of oscillatory processes.

Humans and other animals demonstrate the ability to perceive and respond to temporally relevant information with characteristic behavioral properties. For example, the response time distributions in peak-interval timing tasks are well described by Gaussian functions, and superimpose when scaled by the criterion duration. This superimposition has been referred to as the scalar property and results from the fact that the standard deviation of a temporal estimate is proportional to the duration being timed. Various psychological models have been proposed to account for such responding. These models vary in their success in predicting the temporal control of behavior as well as in the neurobiological feasibility of the mechanisms they postulate. A review of the major interval timing models reveals that no current model is successful on both counts. The neurobiological properties of the basal ganglia, an area known to be necessary for interval timing and motor control, suggests that this set of structures act as a coincidence detector of cortical and thalamic input. The hypothesized functioning of the basal ganglia is similar to the mechanisms proposed in the beat frequency timing model [R.C. Miall, Neural Computation 1 (1989) 359-371], leading to a reevaluation of its capabilities in terms of behavioral prediction. By implementing a probabilistic firing rule, a dynamic response threshold, and adding variance to a number of its components, simulations of the striatal beat frequency model were able to produce output that is functionally equivalent to the expected behavioral response form of peak-interval timing procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The impact of attitudes and beliefs on length of benzodiazepine use: a study among inexperienced and experienced benzodiazepine users.

Prolonged benzodiazepine use is a widespread phenomenon in medical practice. In the present article, we argue that psychological models may contribute to our understanding of benzodiazepine use. This study examined variables derived from the theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model in relation to the length of benzodiazepine use. Data were collected from a sample of all benzodiazepine users with a request for this medicine in the only pharmacy in a Dutch community (N=467). Determinants of the length of benzodiazepine use were analysed separately for inexperienced and experienced users using structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses. For both groups, results showed that the intention to use benzodiazepines was a predictor of length of use. Attitudes towards benzodiazepine use had an indirect influence on length of use, through intentions. Furthermore, a positive attitude toward using benzodiazepines was related to the perceived norm of the prescriber. Experienced users were more inclined to consume benzodiazepines when they had less control over drug taking. In this group, the belief that benzodiazepine use leads to dependence was associated with less control over drug taking and a high intention to use the drug. In addition, older experienced users reported a higher intention to use the drug. For inexperienced users, the perceived attitude of the prescriber towards use of the medicine was a strong determinant. Finally, results of SEM-analyses showed that the model accounted for far more variance in behaviour for experienced users (67%), than for inexperienced users (18%).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Decision processes in recognition memory: criterion shifts and the list-strength paradigm.

This article focuses on decision processes in recognition memory. It begins with investigation of the hypothesis that the measured criterion increases systematically with the memorability of old items. Three experiments using the list-strength paradigm, and a review of the prior literature, present results consistent with this hypothesis. Several psychological models of criterion placement are examined, generating different predictions about the relative sizes of criterion shifts for strong and weak items. A range model, in which criterion placement depends on the estimated range of the old and new distributions, predicts that criterion shifts should be larger for weak items; this result emerges in a reanalysis of prior studies. The general discussion elaborates on how a focus on criterion placement can explain the mirror effect (Glanzer, Adams, Iverson, & Kim, 1993) and provides a framework for testing Shiffrin, Ratcliff, and Clark's (1990) claims about why null effects of list strength occur with repetition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The correlates of long-term weight loss: a group comparison study of obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Although the majority of weight loss attempts are unsuccessful, a small minority succeed in both weight loss and maintenance. The present study aimed to explore the correlates of this success. METHOD: A group comparison design was used to examine differences between women who were classified as either weight loss maintainers (had been obese (body mass index, BMI=30+ kg/m2) and had lost weight to be considered non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) and maintained this weight loss for a minimum of 3 y; n=44), stable obese (maintained an obese weight (BMI=30+ kg/m2) for longer than 3 y; n=58), and weight loss regainers (been obese (BMI=30+ kg/m2), lost sufficient weight to be considered non-obese (BMI<30 kg/m2) and regained it (BMI=30+ kg/m2), n=40). In particular, the study examined differences in profile characteristics, historical factors, help-seeking behaviours and psychological factors. RESULTS: The results showed that in terms of profile and historical factors, the weight loss maintainers had been lighter, were currently older and had dieted for longer than the other groups but were matched in terms of age, class and ethnic group. In terms of help-seeking behaviours, the weight loss maintainers reported having tried healthy eating more frequently but were comparable to the other subjects in terms of professionals contacted. Finally, for psychological factors the weight loss maintainers reported less endorsement for medical causes of obesity, greater endorsement for psychological consequences and indicated that they had been motivated to lose weight for psychological reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss and maintenance is particularly correlated with a psychological model of obesity. This has implications for improving the effectiveness of interventions and the potential impact of current interest in medical approaches to obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

On the nature of phonological development: evidence from normal children's spelling errors.

Spelling errors of 45 elementary school children were analyzed for phonological process patterns. A considerable proportion of errors involved both syllabic reduction and feature changes similar to those seen in normal speech development. Results are discussed with respect to application of phonological constructs to the study of development of speech production. An alternative psychological model of development is proposed in outline.

Child↗
PubMed1992

The spectral analysis of hypnotic performance with respect to "absorption".

In factor analyses of the hypnosis scales, the essential result is that the items form a continuous, 2-dimensional fan-shaped pattern. This continuum is referred to as the "spectrum of hypnotic performance." "Special analysis" is introduced as an exploratory procedure which makes use of this notion of continuum or spectrum. Spectral analysis consists of a graphical display of the level of latent correlation between a variable and individual hypnotic performances when the latter are arranged according to their position in the spectrum. The spectral analysis of hypnotic performance with respect to absorption is illustrated using data from a sample of 160 Ss. The results indicate that absorption is more strongly related to difficult hypnotic performances than to easy ones. In particular, illustrative item characteristic curves are presented to show that although easy hypnotic performances do not require the processes tapped by individual differences in absorption, a certain level of absorption is necessary to pass difficult hypnotic items. In addition, a high level of absorption may be sufficient in and of itself for difficult hypnotic performances. These results are discussed in light of some speculations by Shor, M. T. Orne, and O'Connell (1962) and Tellegen (1978/1979) concerning the differential contribution of ability components to performance on difficult hypnotic suggestions. The results are also related to a variety of work in social psychological models of hypnotic performance.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2004

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia: possible mechanisms and implications for adjunctive psychosocial treatments.

This article posits that the positive findings for supportive therapy (ST) in recent trials may indicate an important but undervalued aspect of psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia. In developing this thesis, we consider the possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ST observed in recent trials of cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia. We place this evidence in the context of a review of psychological models of mental health, the therapeutic alliance, and research on social cognition and social support in schizophrenia. We conclude this article by describing a new theoretically driven intervention for schizophrenia, functional cognitive-behavioral therapy (FCBT), which improves functional outcomes by integrating evidence-based advances in cognitive behavioral therapy with the strengths of ST approaches.

Activities of Daily Living↗