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[Bases for formulating a program to promote breast-feeding: methodological aspects].

Based on the relevance of breastfeeding for maternal-infant health, it is necessary that the prospective and longitudinal studies carried out in Mexico be analyzed as a whole in order to create an analytic model and to develop an institutional intervention program concerning the mother's risk of not starting or of abandoning lactation. To create this program all the factors which can be modified must be taken into account in order to make sure the mother has the elements to make a decision. The National Institute of Perinatology has developed a research program about lactation that consists of 3 studies that have been carried out since 1983. The general aim of these studies is to understand the breastfeeding phenomenon in an integral way considering the role of the institution as an educational instrument and a means of providing health support. These studies were based on different perspectives, approaches and times but had similar objectives. For this reason it is desirable to analyze them as a whole in order to obtain new considerations and temporal projections. In order to integrate the 3 studies a database will be created and then an analytical model (from a multivariate analysis) will be generated from the 1st study (by temporal order) which will be tested in the 2nd study making the pertinent modifications and finally it will be applied in the 3rd study. At the same time it will be necessary to group the variables into 2 classification systems: The first according to the temporal proximity with regard to lactation and the second according to the organization level to which they belong.

Americas↗
PubMed1992

Demography of the human sex ratio in some Latin American countries, 1967-1986.

A sample based on hospital births recorded for the Latin American Collaborative Study on Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) program was used in the present study to determine sex ratios for live births and for stillbirths. Sixty-four cities and 147 hospitals in 11 countries (Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, and Costa Rica) were included in the present analyses. The number of live births was 1,886,653 in the period 1967-1986, and the number of stillbirths was 24,818 in the period 1978-1986. The sex ratio for the total sample was 0.5112 for live births and 0.5477 for stillbirths. The sex ratio as a whole is decreasing with time in a parabolic fashion. Each country in our study behaved differently. Except for Peru and Uruguay, the countries experienced a significant decrease in the sex ratio after 1978 for live births; only Brazil did not show a temporal trend for the sex ratio for stillbirths.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1990

Determinants of rural and urban fertility differentials in Nigeria.

Whatever proximate variables are examined, their differential effects on rural and urban fertility are small. This indicates that no major disturbance has taken place in urban or rural reproductive norms. However, two possible reasons for the converging pattern of rural and urban fertility in Nigeria are identified. One is that urban mothers in the first half of the childbearing age range have higher fertility than their rural counterparts. The other is that breast-feeding and post-partum abstinence, which are the major determinants of marital fertility, exert a more depressing influence on rural than urban fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Determinants of racial fertility differentials in some urban areas of South Africa.

Results of a survey of some urban areas in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereenining region show differential impacts of proximate and socioeconomic factors on the fertility of urban blacks and whites. Timing of starting and ending of childbearing and the reproductive behaviour of women who have never been married account for the major differences in fertility levels. White women confine their childbearing career to the 20-39 age range, while black women utilise the entire 15-49 age range. The fertility level is quite high among black women who have never been married (in contrast to never married white women). With the exception of breast-feeding, racial patterns in other proximate determinants of fertility do not suggest the observed racial differentials in fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Religious affiliation and fertility in Liberia.

This study examines fertility differentials by religious affiliation in Liberia, within the context of two competing hypotheses: the characteristic and particularised theology. Using a subsample of currently married women from the 1986 Liberian Demographic and Health Survey, the study examines the fertility of five religious groups: Catholic, Protestant, Moslem, traditional, and other women. Overall, the findings are more consistent with the characteristic hypothesis, because the small fertility differentials by religious affiliation are largely accounted for by differences in the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of these women.

Adolescent↗