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PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of corticosteroids on the musculoskeletal system.

The use of corticosteroids, both systemically and locally, is commonplace for the management of numerous rheumatic and inflammatory conditions. The effects of corticosteroids are far-reaching and have both beneficial and potential detrimental effects on the musculoskeletal system. Understanding some of the mechanisms of action and the effects of these medications can allow the orthopaedic nurse to anticipate and prepare for possible untoward consequences.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1999

Genetically augmented tissue engineering of the musculoskeletal system.

Recent advances in gene transfer technology permit the design of strategies to improve the outcome of orthopaedic tissue engineering by genetic means. Using ex vivo and in vivo strategies, genes have been transferred successfully to, and expressed within, numerous tissues of the musculoskeletal system, including articular cartilage, meniscus, intervertebral disc, bone, tendon, ligament, synovium, and muscle. With these technologies, various genes encoding modulatory species of ribonucleic acid or proteins such as growth factors, receptors, and transcription factors could be used in the context of genetically augmented tissue engineering. Proof of principle has been established in numerous animal models, and a human protocol for the transfer of genes to synovium already is underway. Progress so far permits cautious optimism of a successful outcome to these pursuits.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys: I. Passive joint excursion.

In order to describe ontogenetic change in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys, 126 Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago, ranging in age from 7 months to 21 years, were examined under anesthesia. Passive joint excursions were measured at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee. Mean ranges of excursion at these joints differed significantly between age groups and by sex. The potential for most movements appeared to decrease approximately 25 degrees over the first two decades of the macaque life span, and males generally showed less potential for movement than females in all age groups. These results are similar to those obtained for humans and are consistent with patterns of positional behavior, trauma, and osteoarthritis observed in this rhesus monkey population. Thus, to fully describe the locomotor strategy of rhesus monkeys, age- and sex-related variation in locomotor anatomy and functional capacity must be considered.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Child Abuse: Imaging Findings Pertaining to the Musculoskeletal System.

Both underrecognized and underreported, child abuse has a spectrum of findings on imaging of the musculoskeletal structures that may permit the radiologist to first suggest the occurrence of child abuse or to help support clinical concern for a diagnosis of child abuse. This article will discuss the approach to imaging of the musculoskeletal system in suspected child abuse, illustrate many of the more common imaging findings, and present imaging pitfalls and alternative diagnostic considerations. Injuries to the brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, and cardiopulmonary structures are outside the scope of this article.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

[Sonography of the musculoskeletal system].

Beside standard radiographs, bone scintigraphy and MR imaging, ultrasonography plays an important role in assessing abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. Ultrasonography is widely available, inexpensive and provides high-contrast resolution; however, interobserver variability is a major problem. Ultrasonography should only be employed by experienced examiners and for proven indications in order to prevent inadequate results. Most peer-reviewed publications have evaluated the role of ultrasonography for abnormalities of the rotator cuff and the achilles tendon. Ultrasonography also commonly provides useful information in hip, knee, foot, and wrist abnormalities as well as in the initial work-up in suspected infection or neoplasm; moreover, the role of ultrasonography in some less accepted indications is discussed, such as in meniscal and cruciate ligament injuries as well as in Morton's neuroma.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1990

[Occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system of the SUVA (Swiss Accident Insurance Institute)].

First there is given a definition of occupation related diseases of the musculoskeletal system as a subject to the Swiss federal law of social insurance. As a relation to age and sex, the incidence, the following time of work incapacity and the financial consequences of disability are reported within a period from 1970 to 1983. Although the results are highly specific to Swiss legislation, the international comparison might be of interest.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Use of virtual, interactive, musculoskeletal system (VIMS) in modeling and analysis of shoulder throwing activity.

Our purpose in this study was to apply the virtual, interactive, musculoskeletal system (VIMS) software for modeling and biomechanical analysis of the glenohumeral joint during a baseball pitching activity. The skeletal model was from VIMS library and muscle fiber attachment sites were derived from the visible human dataset. The muscular moment arms and function changes are mainly due to the large humeral motion involved during baseball pitching. The graphic animation of the anatomic system using VIMS software is an effective tool to model and visualize the complex anatomical structure of the shoulder for biomechanical analysis.

Baseball↗
PubMed1994

Spaceflight results in reduced mRNA levels for tissue-specific proteins in the musculoskeletal system.

The purpose of the present study in growing rats was to investigate the effects of short-term spaceflight on gene expression in bone and muscle and on cortical bone histomorphometry. Two experiments were carried out; Physiological Systems Experiments 1 and 2 were 4- and 10-day flights, respectively. Radial bone growth in the humerus was unchanged during the 4-day flight and decreased during the 10-day flight. Expression of mRNA for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was unchanged in biceps, calvarial periosteum, and long-bone periosteum after spaceflight. Similarly, no changes in ribosomal RNA levels were observed in long-bone or calvarial periosteum after spaceflight. In contrast, spaceflight decreased steady-state mRNA levels for actin in muscle (4-day flight). Osteocalcin (both spaceflights) and the prepro-alpha 2[I] chain of type I precollagen (10-day flight) mRNA levels were decreased in long-bone and calvarial periosteum after spaceflight. These results indicate that the effects of spaceflight on the musculoskeletal system include decreased expression of some muscle- and bone-specific genes as well as decreased bone formation. Interestingly, detectable reductions in gene expression for bone matrix proteins preceded histological evidence for decreased bone formation.

Actins↗
PubMed1995

Effect of push handle height on net moments and forces on the musculoskeletal system during standardized wheelchair pushing tasks.

The aim of this investigation was to analyze the external forces and biomechanical loading on the musculoskeletal system during wheelchair pushing, in relation to different push handle heights. In addition, recommendations for wheelchair pushing in accordance with push handle height are made. Eight young, female subjects carried out three different wheelchair transport tasks at five different push handle heights in a standardized laboratory setting. Five pushing heights were selected as a percentage of the subjects shoulder height (61, 69.5, 78, 86.5 and 95%). All three wheelchair transport tasks investigated required higher pushing handles in order to minimise net shoulder moments and external vertical forces on the hands. When pushing a wheelchair on to a pavement, net moments around wrists, elbows, shoulders compression and shear forces at L5-S1 and external vertical forces were lower using higher pushing heights. When low pushing handles are used, elderly female attendants are at risk of L5-S1 low back pain when lifting and pushing the wheelchair on to a pavement. A recommendation is made to reconsider height and position of the pushing handles of attendant propelled wheelchairs. For the investigated tasks, a pushing height of 86.5% (1.191 +/- 0.034 m) was most favourable.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system in children: imaging with CT, sonography, and MR.

We reviewed the applications of CT, sonography, and MR imaging in diseases of the musculoskeletal system in children. Unique advantages of each technique are discussed, and common disease entities and practical applications of the three imaging methods are stressed. Evaluation of congenital dysplasia of the hip, hip effusion, and soft-tissue foreign bodies with sonography are emphasized. The role of CT in imaging patients with congenital dysplasia of the hip, tarsal coalition, osteomyelitis, and benign and malignant bone tumors is stressed. Common applications of MR that are emphasized include imaging of osteomyelitis, musculoskeletal tumors, normal bone marrow, and avascular necrosis. Innovations are briefly discussed, including evaluation of dermatomyositis with MR and imaging sternoclavicular dislocation, congenital vertical talus, and fractures and dislocations with sonography.

Child↗
PubMed1978

Computed tomography of tumors of the musculoskeletal system in children. Clinical applications.

Studies indicate that computed tomography (CT) has several important clinical applications in the evaluation of tumors of the musculoskeletal system. These include (a) diagnosis of lesions involving difficult areas such as the sacrum and ilium, (b) demonstration of soft-tissue components of bone tumors or primary soft-tissue masses, (c) assessment of bone-marrow involvement, and (d) follow-up after irradiation or chemotherapy. Several selected pediatric cases are described in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Induction of relative growth changes in the musculoskeletal system of the sheep by limb immobilisation.

The function of the limbs of the sheep was modified to study growth changes in the musculoskeletal system. Seven lambs treated with one hindlimb bound to the body, with the hip fully flexed and the stifle and hock fully extended, were reared from the day after birth to about three months old, together with two untreated controls. The effects of this functional alteration were measured by dissecting and weighing components of the whole carcase, by histometry and electron microscopy of the semitendinosus muscles, and by measurements and ashing of the femurs and tibias. With the particular exception of the hip bone and the muscles extending the hip on the bound side, muscles and bones tended to be heavier on the contralateral side in the hindlimb and on the ipsilateral side in the forelimb. The semitendinosus muscle of the bound limb weighed nearly twice as much as that of the controls. The increase in mass was due to a proportionate enlargement of all the muscle components studied. There was, however, a significant increase in the number of myosine adenosine triphosphatase low reacting fibres, as a percentage of the regional fibre population, in the deeper part of the muscle. It was concluded that the enlargement of the semitendinosus muscle was due to stretch and that the histochemical changes were due to chronic nervous stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Musculoskeletal system of the neck of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and the Malayan bear (Helarctos malayanus).

The gross anatomical study was undertaken in the musculoskeletal system of the neck of the polar bear, and the findings were compared with those of the Malayan bear. The Musculus splenius and the M. trapezius were well-developed in the polar bear. The long neck of the polar bear consisted mainly of the M. splenius with the M. biventer cervicis and the M. complexus lying tightly underneath. The cervical vertebrae possessed huge ventral tubercle in the ventral part of the transverse process in the polar bear. These morphological characteristics suggest that the polar bear may rotate and bend the skull and the long cervical vertebrae. We postulate that the polar bear has evolved the high-mobility long neck to adapt for swimming. Unlike the polar bear, the Malayan bear has not specialized in the neck structure.

Animals↗