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PubMed2004

Do alternative names block young and older adults' retrieval of proper names?

This study evaluates whether tip of the tongue experiences (TOTs) are caused by a more accessible word which blocks retrieval of the target word, especially for older adults. In a "competitor priming" paradigm, young and older adults produced the name of a famous character (e.g., Eliza Doolittle) in response to a question and subsequently named a picture of a famous actor or actress depicting this character (e.g., Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle). Older adults produced more TOTs than young adults, but prior production of a related character name did not affect TOTs, although it did reduce incorrect responses. There were no age differences in knowledge of films and TV and thus the age-related increase in TOTs is not because older adults have more relevant knowledge. The findings are compatible with models in which alternate words are a consequence not a cause of TOT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: is it because names are unique?

Burton & Bruce (1992), and Cohen (1990a), offer alternative accounts of the differences in 'normal' and neurologically impaired subjects' abilities to recall people's names and other pieces of biographical information. Cohen claims that the principal difference between names and other biographical information is in their relative meaningfulness, while Burton & Bruce argue that uniqueness is the crucial variable. As yet existing empirical evidence cannot be explained within the framework of either of these accounts, although the Burton & Bruce (1992) proposal has the advantage of being implemented as an interactive activation model. This paper describes the case of a patient who, following a stroke, retained the ability to access 'unique' semantic information for familiar people she is no longer able to name. It is argued that this pattern of performance provides difficulties for the Burton & Bruce model. However, it can be accounted for by Cohen's account, and a modified version of Burton & Bruce's model (Bruce, Burton & Walker, 1994).

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Picture-naming norms for Canadian French: name agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, and age of acquisition.

The present study provides Canadian French normative data for 388 line drawings from the European Picture Pool for Oral Naming (Protocole européen de dénomination orale d'images; PEDOI; Kremin et al., 2003). One hundred eighty subjects were equally distributed for age group (18-39,40-59, 60-85), educational level (low, high), and sex. They rated pictures of objects on age of acquisition, name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Syllable length and word frequency were also taken into account. The present study suggests that age of acquisition and name agreement show significant age-related differences. These results show that unequivocal interpretation of age-related differences can be made when age-appropriate norms are used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Rapid automatized naming in children referred for evaluation of heterogeneous learning problems: how specific are naming speed deficits to reading disability?

Because the Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) test reliably predicts reading skill, it is typically viewed as a diagnostic indicator of risk for reading disability (RD). Since most of the work on naming speed has been undertaken within the framework of reading research, however, the extent to which poor RAN is specifically associated with RD or with learning impairment (LI) in general is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that slow naming speed is specific to RD. Participants were 188 children (ages 7 to 11) referred for evaluation of learning problems. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the utility of the RAN task for classifying children in diagnostic groups. RAN was an excellent tool for detecting risk for learning problems in general, but it was much less effective at distinguishing LI children with and without RD from each other.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Revised Salmonella nomenclature: designation of Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 sp. nov., nom. rev. as the neotype species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 (approved lists 1980), rejection of the name Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 (approved lists 1980), and conservation of the name Salmonella typhi (Schroeter 1886) Warren and Scott 1930 (approved lists 1980). Request for an opinion.

The Request for an Opinion by Le Minor and Popoff 1987, proposing designation of 'Salmonella enterica' (ex Kauffman and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 as the type and only species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 (Approved Lists 1980), has not been positively decided upon by the Judicial Commission. However, many bacteriologists use the name 'Salmonella enterica'. To avoid further confusion, it is requested to reject the name Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 (Approved Lists 1980), to recognize the species Salmonella enterica, to conserve the name Salmonella typhi (Schroeter 1886) Warren and Scott 1930 (Approved Lists 1980), and to emend the genus Salmonella with the establishment of a neotype species, Salmonella enterica.

Salmonella↗
PubMed2007

Proposal to replace the illegitimate genus name Schineria Toth et al. 2001 with the genus name Ignatzschineria gen. nov. and to replace the illegitimate combination Schineria larvae Toth et al. 2001 with Ignatzschineria larvae comb. nov.

The prokaryotic, generic name Schineria Tóth et al. 2001 is illegitimate owing to the prior existence of the name Schineria for a genus within the Diptera [Principle 2, Rule 51b(4) of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision)]. Therefore, a new genus name, Ignatzschineria gen. nov., is proposed for this taxon. As a result, a new combination is required for the type species, Ignatzschineria larvae comb. nov., to replace the illegitimate combination Schineria larvae Tóth et al. 2001.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lexical properties of the Boston Naming Test stimuli: age differences in word naming and lexical decision latency.

Two experiments examined the lexical properties of the word representations of the Boston Naming Test (BNT; Kaplan, Goodglass, & Weintraub, 1983) stimuli and whether these properties differentially influenced performance of young and older adults in a speeded word naming task and a lexical decision task. The lexical properties of the word representations examined were familiarity, number of letters, frequency of the word's occurrence, and number of syllables. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the process of lexical access was similar in young and older adults and provided the first examination of lexical properties of the BNT stimuli in a speeded naming situation. The purpose of Experiment 2 was to reexamine the questions raised in Experiment 1 using a lexical decision task. The results of the analysis in Experiment 2 indicated that age was a significant predictor of performance on the lexical decision task. None of the other predictors contributed significantly to the regression equation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Keep 'Gestalt' in the name of the test: the curious name permutations of the Bender-Gestalt Test.

The Bender-Gestalt Test is often referred to in the literature by several different names, or just as the Bender Test, without the term Gestalt. As a consequence, the figures of the test are frequently called Bender figures or Bender designs, terms which are unjustified and misleading because the figures have been taken from Wertheimer's classical study of Gestalt laws. In this article, I trace the beginnings of the name of the test and its curious permutations, and I advocate the retention of the term Gestalt in the name of the test for logical and historical reasons.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Naming pictures at no cost: asymmetries in picture and word conditional naming.

We report a striking finding about naming and categorization of pictures and reading aloud and categorization of words. The categorization of a word before reading it aloud leads to an increase in response time as compared with the condition in which naming is not conditional on the categorization of the word. Quite differently, no cost is associated with the conditional naming of pictures. Results are discussed in terms of multiple procedures operating on pictorial and verbal stimuli to retrieve phonological forms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Playing biology's name game: identifying protein names in scientific text.

A growing body of work is devoted to the extraction of protein or gene interaction information from the scientific literature. Yet, the basis for most extraction algorithms, i.e. the specific and sensitive recognition of protein and gene names and their numerous synonyms, has not been adequately addressed. Here we describe the construction of a comprehensive general purpose name dictionary and an accompanying automatic curation procedure based on a simple token model of protein names. We designed an efficient search algorithm to analyze all abstracts in MEDLINE in a reasonable amount of time on standard computers. The parameters of our method are optimized using machine learning techniques. Used in conjunction, these ingredients lead to good search performance. A supplementary web page is available at http://cartan.gmd.de/ProMiner/.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

What is in a name? Professionals and service users' opinions of the Hebrew terms used to name psychiatric disorders and disability.

OBJECTIVES: Stigma constitutes the hidden burden of mental disorders. Its ubiquitous presence may be reinforced by iatrogenic factors, such as the terms used to name mental disorders and disability. This preliminary study examines opinions with regard to the use of these terms in Hebrew. METHODS: Two samples of convenience, mental health professionals (n=330) and service users (n=75), were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire about their respective acceptance of the current term in use to name psychiatric disorders and disability, as well as their preference for alternative terms that may carry a lesser degree of stigma. The distribution of responses was compared within and between these two groups. RESULTS: There was consensus in both groups that a substantial proportion of service users reject the current term used to name mental disorder, mahalat nefesh (disease of the soul). Mental health professionals had a statistically significant acceptance of this term compared to service users. The term hafra'a nafshit (disorder of the soul) was reported to carry a lesser degree of stigma. No specific term was selected by more than a third of the respondents to best define disability resulting from a psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSION: A case for study and possible subsequent action was established by this pilot inquiry.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Valid publication of the genus name Thermodesulfobacterium and the species names Thermodesulfobacterium commune (Zeikus et al. 1983) and Thermodesulfobacterium thermophilum (ex Desulfovibrio thermophilus Rozanova and Khudyakova 1974). Opinion 71.

The Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes decided that the date of valid publication of the genus name Thermodesulfobacterium and of the species names Thermodesulfobacterium commune and Thermodesulfobacterium thermophilum is 1995. Thermodesulfobacterium mobile Rozanova and Pivovarova 1988 is an illegitimate, later synonym of thermophilum.

Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria↗
PubMed1980

Measurement of strong and weak drug habits: associations to stages of addiction, steps in drug-taking, and drug effects in response to opiate names and nonopiate names.

Confirmed opiate addicts (N = 78) were asked to associate three opiate names (heroin, morphine, and methadone) and six nonopiate names [pentobarbital, alcohol, Benzedrine, "goofballs" (barbiturates), cocaine, and "reefers" (marijuana)] to stages of addiction, steps in drug taking, and drug effects. It was believed that associations to opiates would represent a strong habit since most of the subjects had been addicted ("hooked") on one or more opiates and that associations to nonopiates would indicate a weak habit as most of the subjects had never been "hooked" on nonopiates. Weak and strong habits were alike in that , regardless of the drug, associations to "high" were given. Beyond this similarity, the patterns of associations were qualitatively and quantitatively different. For example, a strong habit was characterized by associations to advanced stages of addiction ("hooked" and "kicking a habit"), to steps in drug-taking ("preparing" and "fixing a shot"), and to drug effects (to "nod" or "scratch"). A weak habit was marked by associations to intermediate stages of addiction such as "chipping" (occasional use of drugs), as well as to beginning stages of addiction and to beginning steps in drug-taking, such as to "hustle."

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Good names. Market research reveals semantic differences in common health care names.

Using a research technique that combines a quantitative method adapted from linguistic science and conventional qualitative methods, the authors explore consumers' understanding of key terms--"primary care" vs. "family care," "hospital" vs. "medical center," and "aesthetic" vs. "cosmetic"--used in names for health care services. Their results reveal semantic differences that clearly point to names that optimally position these medical services in the local and regional marketplace.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

Logical observation identifier names and codes (LOINC) database: a public use set of codes and names for electronic reporting of clinical laboratory test results.

Many laboratories use electronic message standards to transmit results to their clients. If all laboratories used the same "universal" set of test identifiers, electronic transmission of results would be greatly simplified. The Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) database aims to be such a code system, covering at least 98% of the average laboratory's tests. The LOINC database should be of interest to hospitals, clinical laboratories, doctors' offices, state health departments, governmental healthcare providers, third-party payors, organizations involved in clinical trials, and quality assurance and utilization reviewers. The fifth release of the LOINC database, containing codes, names, and synonyms for approximately 6300 test observations, is now available on the Internet for public use. Here we describe the LOINC database, the methods used to produce it, and how it may be obtained.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed2003

Keeping lists and naming names: habitual patient files for suspected nontherapeutic drug-seeking patients.

Emergency departments commonly keep files of patients who are suspected of frequently visiting them and fabricating symptoms to obtain prescription drugs, usually opioids, for nontherapeutic purposes. Such files have previously been given names such as "frequent flyer file," "repeater log," "kook-book," "problem patient file," "patient alert list," or "special needs file." Little has been written about the ethical, legal, and regulatory considerations that should be taken into account when establishing, maintaining, and using such files. This article explores these issues. The term "habitual patient files" is proposed because it is descriptive without being judgmental.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2005

Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation.

Normative data for older African Americans are presented for several clinical neuropsychological measures, including Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. Age-adjusted norms were derived from a sample of 309 cognitively normal, community-dwelling individuals, aged 56 through 94, participating in Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies (MOAANS). Years of education were modelled on age-scaled scores to derive regression Equations that may be applied for further demographic correction. These data should enhance interpretation of individual test performances and facilitate analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in older African American patients who present for dementia evaluations.

Black or African American↗