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Results for “Neuroimmunomodulation”

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PubMedDate not supplied

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation.

This review outlines the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the nervous and immune systems of the host in response to an immune challenge. The main focus is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, which we recently described as a novel function of the efferent vagus nerve. This pathway plays a critical role in controlling the inflammatory response through interaction with peripheral a7 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on macrophages. We describe the modulation of systemic and local inflammation by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and its function as an interface between the brain and the immune system. The clinical implications of this novel mechanism also are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Significance of initial emotional state for neuroimmunomodulation under conditions of activation or blockade of 5-HT1A receptors].

Selective agonist of 5-HT1A receptors--8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg) induced a suppression of the immune reaction in aggressive male CBA mice immunized with SRBC (5 x 10(8)). In submissive mice with 10-day defeat experience in confrontation tests, the activation of 5-HT1A receptors with 8-OH-DPAT did not alter the immune response, whereas the application of selective antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors WAY-100635 increased the immune reaction only in submissive mice. It is concluded that activation or blockade of 5-HT1A receptors produced different effects on the immune function of CBA mice depending on the initial emotional state which is known to be provided in aggressive and submissive animals by different activities of the brain neurotransmitter systems including the 5-HTergic system.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1991

Role of thymic hormones in neuroimmunomodulation. Their use in patients with phobic disorders.

Many evidences support the existence of a bilateral connection between the thymic gland and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). In this respect, neurohormones such as the adrenal corticotropin hormone and glucocorticoids cause thymic involution, while the growth hormone and the prolactin upregulate thymic functions. On the other hand, a thymic hormone, the thymosin fraction 5, activates the HPAA, thus closing-up the regulatory loop between immune system and nervous system. In this review, a clinical trial with two thymic hormones (Timostimolina and Thymopentin) in agoraphobic patients with phagocytic dysfunctions is reported. Results obtained indicate that both substances lead to a partial and temporary immunological recovery, since a further depression of phagocytic activities occurs in coincidence with panic attack. The use of alternative immunomodulators in these patients is discussed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1989

An overview of neuroimmunomodulation and a possible correlation with musculoskeletal system function.

There is an increasing body of evidence that the nervous system is capable of modulating the immune response. Receptors for neuromodulators and neurohormones have been found on human T lymphocytes. Activation of these receptors can be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the neuroactive substance. The immune system may be able to communicate with the nervous system using neuromodulators and neurohormones secreted by lymphocytes. Sympathetic innervation of lymphoid tissues is not restricted to blood vessels and smooth muscle, but directly supplies lymphocytes and blood precursor cells. It is theorized that spinal fixations may adversely affect the immune response through somatosympathetic reflexes. Spinal manipulation can correct the spinal fixations and may eliminate the adverse affects of somatosympathetic reflexes.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Neuroimmunomodulation: neural anatomical basis for impairment and facilitation.

Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of specific limbic nuclei show alterations in lymphoid cell number and in lymphocyte activation induced in vitro by concanavalin A (Con A). The number of splenocytes decreases after lesioning in the anterior hypothalamus (p less than 0.001), ventromedial hypothalamus (p less than .0.2), and mamillary bodies (p less than. 0.001). The number of thymocytes decreases after lesioning of the anterior hypothalamus (p less than 0.001) and increases after hippocampal lesioning (p less than 0.001). Spleen cell responsiveness to con A decreases subsequent to lesioning of the anterior hypothalamus, whereas reactivity was enhanced after lesion placement in the mamillary bodies (p less than 0.002), hippocampus (p less than 0.001), and amygdaloid complex (p less than 0.001). Thymocyte mitogen reactivity is increased by lesions of the hippocampus (p less than 0.001) and amygdaloid complex (p less than 0.001). These effects manifest themselves maximally 4 days after lesioning, with a return to normal by day 14. These preliminary data indicated that quantitative and qualitative lymphocyte functions are altered by ablation of selected brain nuclei, thereby suggesting the presence of neural modulation of immune function.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2004

Innervation of immune cells: evidence for neuroimmunomodulation in the liver.

Recent studies have demonstrated a pronounced influence by the autonomic nervous system on immune-mediated experimental hepatitis in the mouse. Adrenergic sympathetic neurons alleviate while capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic primary afferent neurons aggravate liver injury. This was evidenced by recording morphological and functional parameters upon chemical sympathectomy and application of beta-adrenergic agonists, and capsaicin depletion of afferents, neurokinin receptor antagonists, and application of exogenous substance P, respectively. These phenomena are most likely based on close anatomical relationships between nerve fibers and various immune cells in the liver. Modulation of autonomic nervous system functions may open novel therapeutic strategies in immune and inflammatory liver diseases.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1987

Psychoneuroimmunology: interactions between central nervous system and immune system.

Psychoneuroimmunology, a rapidly developing field, has to do with the complex bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system and the immune system. Neuroendocrine influences modulate immune function, and there is feedback from the immune system to the brain. CNS-immune interaction appears to play a role in psychosocial influences on immunologically resisted and mediated diseases. With the growing evidence now at hand, over 30 "postulates" can be proposed for specific implications of CNS-immune interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Neuroimmunomodulation with enkephalins: enhancement of human natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro.

To further define the effects of enkephalins on immune function, the effect of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin on natural killer cell (NK) activity in isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated. Incubation of lymphocytes with either enkephalin resulted in significant increases in natural killer cell activity. At effector:target cell ratios of 11:1 methionine-enkephalin significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced NK activity at dilutions of 10(-6), 10(-8), 10(-10), and 10(-14) mg/ml, while leucine-enkephalin significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced NK activity at dilutions of 10(-4), 10(-6), 10(-8), 10(-10), and 10(-14) mg/ml. Cells from individuals with low NK activity showed greater percentage increases in NK activity following enkephalin than did cells from individuals with high NK activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Brown adipose tissue. Its in vivo immunology and involvement in neuroimmunomodulation.

The material presented here summarizes the bulk of the presently available immunologic data bearing upon the in vivo relationship between brown adipose tissue and the immune system. The experiments were carried out in rats adipectomized (by surgical excision of the interscapular brown adipose tissue at birth), thymectomized (by neonatal removal of the thymus), adipectomized and thymectomized, and corresponding sham-operated controls. The following immune phenomena were studied: antibody production to soluble and corpuscular antigens; Arthus and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to bovine serum albumin; rejection of allogeneic skin and thyroid grafts; lymph node enlargement in a host-versus-graft reaction; experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and thyroiditis; immune response in normal animals treated with extracts from brown adipose tissue; allergic encephalomyelitis in thymoadipectomized animals; plaque-forming cell response and hemagglutinating antibody titers in animals injected with met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin; and survival rate of adipectomized mice inoculated with Sarcoma-I cells. The results indicated that the cell-mediated immune reactions were potentiated in adipectomized rats. Antibody production was not significantly changed by neonatal adipectomy. Adipectomized mice, inoculated with Sa-I tumor cells, survived longer than controls, thus indicating that adipectomy made possible the recognition of discrete histocompatible differences between Sa-I cells and A/JAX mice. Adipectomy increased the ability of rats to develop autoimmune diseases. Saline extracts from brown adipose tissue of newborn rats suppressed hypersensitivity skin reactions in normal adult rats. Thymoadipectomized rats showed an almost normal ability to develop allergic encephalomyelitis, a finding that suggested that the potentiating influence of adipectomy on encephalomyelitis was neutralized by thymectomy. It appears that brown adipose tissue functions as a natural antagonist of the thymus. Enkephalins were found to be more effective immunosuppressors in adipectomized than in normal animals. The last finding establishes a functional link between brown adipose tissue and neuropeptides. It seems that the potentiation of immune response in adipectomized animals is effected by altered release of yet unidentified mediators and modulators. The evidence indicates that brown adipose tissue, in which neurohumoral activity occurs, may be an important component of an integrated immunoneuroendocrine system.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1987

Relaxation, imagery, and neuroimmunomodulation.

Thirty undergraduates screened for high absorption ability were randomly assigned to three conditions. The first condition consisted of relaxation alone (progressive muscle relaxation and focused breathing). The second one combined this same relaxation training with mental imagery of the immune system. The third condition served as an alertness or mild arousal control; in a vigilance task subjects discriminated between tones presented in variable inter-trial intervals. Subjects reported trial levels of tension and daily stress. Before and after the protocols, which lasted about 1 hour, salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), cortisol and catecholamines (saliva and plasma), mood states, and power motivation were assessed. Afterwards, subjects doing relaxation alone and with imagery had a higher level of SIgA than did the vigilance task control group, with a large effect size. When the influence of plasma cortisol was controlled, this immune effect size increased by half, mainly by doubling the SIgA level after relaxation alone. SIgA was significantly and negatively correlated with saliva norepinephrine. The saliva and plasma levels for the neuroendocrine variables appear to be independent. Yet some saliva measures (e.g., epinephrine) did correspond highly with other plasma measures (e.g., norepinephrine).

Epinephrine↗