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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production in endothelial cells following exposure to organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles and urban fine particles.

Endothelial cells play important roles in anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. Recent studies suggest that increases in ambient particulate matter (PM) levels have been associated with an increase in mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases. We examined the production of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and factors related to the fibrinolytic function by rat heart microvessel endothelial cells exposed to organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles (OE-DEP) and urban fine particles (OE-UFP) to investigate the direct effects of these soluble organic fractions in these PM on the fibrinolytic function of endothelial cells. The cell monolayer exposed to 10 microg/ml OE-DEP produced a larger amount of HO-1 than cells exposed to 10 microg/ml OE-UFP. OE-DEP and OE-UFP exposure reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production by the cells but did not affect the production of thrombomodulin, tissue-type plasminogen activator, or urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Increased PAI-1 synthesis in response to treatment with 1.0 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha or 0.5 ng/ml transforming growth factor-beta1 was reduced by OE-DEP exposure. Suppression of PAI-1 production by OE-DEP exposure was mediated through oxidative stress and was independent of HO-1 activity. These results suggest that exposure to the soluble organic fraction of PM and DEP induced oxidative stress and reduced the PAI-1 production of endothelial cells.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Stabilisation of [131I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine at room temperature as organic extract in ethyl acetate/chloroform.

A method of purification of [131I]mIBG (diagnostic dose) by solvent extraction and possibility of its stabilisation by storage in ethyl acetate and chloroform at up to 40 degrees C for not less than 14 days is described. In order to further enhance the utility of this finding, the organic extract was dispensed into vials and dried. Vials containing such dried residue of [131I]mIBG stored at up to 40 degrees C was also found to be stable for at least 10 days. The final product reconstituted as aqueous solution resulted in 90% recovery with 99% radiochemical purity as assessed by previously reported methods, as well as a relatively more rapid paper chromatography method standardised by us. These interesting findings promise simpler and economic packaging besides transport of diagnostic doses of [131I]mIBG.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed2006

Organic extracts of urban aerosol (< or =PM2.5) enhance rBet v 1-induced upregulation of CD63 in basophils from birch pollen-allergic individuals.

Epidemiological studies have linked the high prevalence rates of IgE-mediated allergic diseases to an increase in exposure to traffic-related air pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). There is growing experimental evidence that organic compounds of DEPs, predominantly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), participate in the development and maintenance of allergic airway diseases. In this study we investigated the impact of organic extracts of urban aerosol (AERex) containing various PAH concentrations on the activation of human basophils. Whole blood samples from six birch pollen-allergic and five control subjects were repeatedly incubated in the presence of AERex with or without recombinant Bet v 1 (rBet v 1). Basophils were analyzed for CD63 expression as a measure of basophil activation by using multiparameter flow cytometry. Basophils, when exposed in vitro to AERex and rBet v 1, expressed CD63 significantly more than with antigen activation alone. AERex synergized with rBet v 1 in a dose-dependent manner, but did not activate basophils from nonallergic donors. AERex effect on CD63 upregulation was found in blood samples of all patients and did not occur in the absence of rBet v 1. Strongest basophil activation was monitored upon stimulation with AERex comprising the highest PAH content. The capability of AERex to increase activation of basophils from birch pollen-allergic subjects at ambient concentrations suggests an important role of organic compounds of airborne particles in the aggravation of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. This could be a new aspect of regulation of unspecific promoting stimuli in clinical manifestation of allergic inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Purification and stabilization of 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO: role of organic extractants.

99mTc-d,l-HMPAO, an important SPECT agent for imaging cerebral perfusion, suffers from the disadvantage of an inherent instability and its shelf life has been reported to be 30 min. The latter is a harsh constraint and not compatible with Centralized Radiopharmacy procedures. During the attempts to improve upon the stability of 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO, preservation of product as an organic extract into suitable solvents like diethylether, ethylacetate, methylethylketone, chloroform was tried out. Chloroform extraction (yield: >90%) resulted in a product having stability not less than 5 hours. Gentle drying of the chloroform extract and reconstitution in normal saline resulted in quantitative recovery of 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO with acceptable radiochemical purity (>90%). This finding is thus of much significance, especially in the context of centralized large hospital radiopharmacy setting, by rendering convenience and flexibility in scheduling patients.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed2006

Changes in the chemical composition of water-extractable organic matter during composting: distribution between stable and labile organic matter pools.

Aerobic decomposition and stabilization of organic matter during the composting of waste materials is primarily due to the biochemical transformation of water-soluble compounds in the liquid phase by the microbial biomass. For this reason water-soluble organic matter represents the most active fraction of compost, both biologically and chemically, and thus should directly reflect the biochemical alteration of organic matter. This work aims to elucidate the microbial-mediated processes responsible for the distribution of soluble organic matter between stable and labile pools with composting time. Accordingly, chemical analysis as well as UV absorption, and 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy of samples collected during the industrial composting of urban waste revealed microbial induced transformation of water-extractable organic matter over time. The chemical composition changed from labile, hydrophilic, plant-derived organic compounds in the beginning to predominately stable, hydrophobic moieties comprising lignin-derived phenols and microbially-derived carbohydrates at later stages of composting.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed2003

Oxidative-stress potency of organic extracts of diesel exhaust and urban fine particles in rat heart microvessel endothelial cells.

Exposure to fine particulate materials is associated with an increase in mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases. Particles deposited in the lung may affect the vascular system both directly (leaching of soluble components from particles) and indirectly (via cytokines and mediators). The present study addressed cytotoxicity and oxidative stress potency of organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles (OE-DEP) and urban fine particles (OE-UFP) in rat heart microvessel endothelial (RHMVE) cells. The LC(50) values of OE-DEP and OE-UFP were calculated to be 17 and 34 microg/ml, respectively, suggesting that OE-DEP was more cytotoxic than OE-UFP. The viability of OE-DEP- and OE-UFP-exposed cells was ameliorated by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The cell monolayer was exposed to 0 (control), 1, 3, and 10 microg/ml OE-DEP for 6 h and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thioredoxin peroxidase 2 (TRPO), glutathione S-transferase P subunit (GST-P), and NADPH dehydrogenase (NADPHD) were quantitated by northern analysis. All those mRNA levels increased dose-dependently with OE-DEP and HO-1 mRNA showed the most marked response to OE-DEP. mRNA levels of those antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) in OE-DEP-exposed cells were higher than those of OE-UFP-exposed cells as compared at the same concentration. The transcription levels of HO-1 and HSP72 in OE-DEP- and OE-UFP-exposed cells were also reduced by NAC. Those results suggest that the organic fraction of particulate materials in the urban air has a potency to cause oxidative stress to endothelial cells and may be implicated in cardiovascular diseases through functional changes of endothelial cells.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1998

Green fluorescent protein purification by organic extraction.

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is widely used as an excellent reporter molecule in biochemistry and cell biology. Some biochemical and immunological assays require high-purity GFP. However, the majority of current procedures for GFP purification include multiple time-consuming chromatography steps with a low yield of the desired product or require tag-containing proteins. An alternative method is described for the GFP purification without affinity extensions using organic extraction yielding a highly homogeneous protein indistinguishable in spectroscopic properties from that purified by previous methods.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed1976

Neurohemal organ extracts effect the ventilation oscillator in crustaceans.

Extracts of the pericardial organs of crabs injected into intact animals cause an increase in the frequency of scaphognathite beating. The active factor is not dopamine of 5-hydroxytryptamine, which are present in pericardial organs; it is probably a peptide. The factor may represent a hormonal mechanism of coordinating heart rate and ventilation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oil-in-water emulsions as suitable working media for the direct polarographic determination of aziprotryne and desmetryne from its organic extracts in water samples.

The electroanalytical behavior of the reduction of the herbicides aziprotryne (2-azido-4-isopropylamino-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine) and desmetryne (4-isopropylamino-6-methylamino-2-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine) in oil-in-water emulsions is reported. This medium allows the differential pulse polarographic determination of these s-triazines directly from their sample extracts in an appropriate organic solvent. Sodium pentanesulfonate was chosen as the most suitable surfactant to be used as emulsifying agent, whereas ethyl acetate was selected as the organic solvent to form the emulsions. The peak current was maximum in a 0.3 mol L(-1) HClO4 medium of the continuous aqueous phase for aziprotryne, and at pH 3.0 for desmetryne, and the potential became more negative as the pH increased for both herbicides. The limiting current is diffusion controlled and the electrode process is irreversible. Four electrons are involved in the overall electrochemical reduction process as determined by controlled potential coulometry, whereas the alpha n(a) values suggested that two electrons are involved in the rate-determining step. Using differential pulse polarography, aziprotryne and desmetryne can be determined in the emulsified medium over the concentration ranges 1.0 x 10(-7)-1.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1), with limits of detection of 4.5 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) and 6.6 x 10(-8) mol L(-1), respectively. The method was applied to the determination of aziprotryne and desmetryne in spiked irrigation water. At concentration levels of 6.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) aziprotryne and 4.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) desmetryne, recoveries of 94 +/- 3% and 94 +/- 4%, respectively, were obtained after preconcentration on Sep-Pack C18 cartridges. Finally, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) has been used for treatment of the polarographic data obtained from mixtures of aziprotryne, desmetryne and simazine in oil-in-water emulsions. The size of the calibration set was of 29 samples by ninety two current measurements at different potentials. Prediction of the herbicides concentration within the range 1.0 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) was possible.

Calibration↗
PubMed2002

Optimization of expression and the purification by organic extraction of the integral membrane protein EmrE.

EmrE is a member of the small multidrug resistance family of proteins and functions as a efflux transporter of lipophilic cations. This integral membrane protein is composed of 110 amino acids and is very hydrophobic with small loops exposed to the aqueous environment. This protein has been purified in a variety of ways including extraction with chloroform:methanol mixtures. This study explored culture growth and induction conditions, the parameters of organic solvent extraction, running conditions of a lipophilic column for lipid removal, as well as solubilization conditions. Optimal expression and purification protocols are crucial to the characterization goals of this protein. The experiments presented here led to an improvement in the yield of pure EmrE obtained by organic solvent extraction methods at a level of 0.9+/-0.2mg/L of culture. This is on the order of a 60% improvement over previous reports.

Antiporters↗
PubMed1984

On the use of organic extraction in the spin-trapping technique as applied to biological systems.

A back-extraction methodology is presented which involves extraction of a spin adduct from an organic medium into an aqueous medium where its spectral parameters are well established. This technique should prove very useful in properly identifying spin adducts formed in organic media. Some of the hazards of extracting spin adducts into organic solvents for study are pointed out.

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidant activity of organic extracts from aqueous infusions of sage.

The antioxidant activity of aqueous infusions of sage emerges from specific components present in that herb. In an attempt to investigate the chemical nature and properties of these components, four organic solvent extracts from aqueous infusions of sage were examined. HPLC analyses of these extracts led to the separation of a number of components, of which four were identified and quantified through the use of standard compounds of known chromatographic HPLC profiles. These compounds are the diterpenes carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol and the hydroxycinnamic acid caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were determined in the four organic solvent extracts and the left-over aqueous fraction. Both polyphenolic and nonpolyphenolic substances present in the extracts arise as significant contributors to the observed antioxidant activity of the derived extracts and thus sage itself. In this sense, they reflect the antioxidant potential of the aqueous infusions of sage toward reactive oxygen species generated through variable mechanisms of iron-promoted oxidative processes.

Abietanes↗
PubMed2000

Bidder's organ extract induced anaphylaxis in experimental animals.

Bidder's organ (BO, a vestigeal organ), present in toad Bufo melanostictus (Schenider), is a characteristic feature of all male bufo. Its possible anaphylactic properties are investigated on experimental animals. BO extract produced both in vivo and in vitro anaphylactic reaction in guineapig. Dyspnoea and bronchoconstriction was a major cause of anaphylactic death. Blood histamine level was significantly increased in the anaphylactic animals. BO extract significantly released histamine from chopped lung preparation, an action antagonised by disodium chromoglycate. BO extract degranulated peritoneal mast cell in vitro. Passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions were enhanced by BO extract and were significantly inhibited by disodium chromoglycate. Anaphylotoxin (identity not known) present in bidder's organ is probably involved in toad defence.

Anaphylatoxins↗
PubMed1981

Influence of organ extracts of Triatoma infestans on differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The influence that extracts of different T. infestans organs possess to induce Trypanosoma cruzi differentiation from epimastigotes to metacyclic forms in Grace's and modified Grace's media was analyzed. Growth of epimastigotes was adequate in Grace's medium when homogenates of stomach, testes, and ovaries from recently fed insects were added. Growth of epimastigotes was adequate when testes or ovaries obtained from recently fed triatomes were added to modified Grace's medium. Similar results were obtained in Grace's or modified Grace's media supplemented with stomach or intestinal homogenates obtained from "starved" triatomes. None of the above culture conditions induced differentiation of epimastigotes to the metacyclic stage. When extracts of intestine or stomach obtained from triatomes fed 24 to 48 hr previously were used to supplement the modified Grace's medium, growth and differentiation to the metacyclic stage was induced in a high percentage of the population. When extracts of intestine obtained from recently fed insects were used to supplement Grace's medium, differentiation and growth was an in modified Grace's medium. No important differences were observed if cultures were prepared at pH 6.4 or 7.0. The triatome food source did not seem to be important for the differentiation. The parasite population after differentiation to metacyclic type forms showed a higher degree of infectivity than the original population constituted mostly by epimastigotes. These studies suggest the importance of factors from the insect vector in differentiation of T. cruzi.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Non-target screening of extractable and non-extractable organic xenobiotics in riverine sediments of Ems and Mulde Rivers, Germany.

Subaquatic sediment samples derived form Elbe and Mulde Rivers, Germany, were analyzed for extractable and non-extractable anthropogenic organic compounds by a non-target screening approach. Applied methodologies were gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, dispersion extraction and degradation procedures, particularly alkaline and acidic hydrolysis, boron tribromide treatment, ruthenium tetroxide oxidation as well as pyrolysis and TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide)-thermochemolysis. Numerous compounds were identified, including halogenated benzenes, anisoles, styrenes, alkanes, diphenylmethane derivates, anilines, phenols and diphenyl ethers. The results were interpreted with respect to compound specific modes of incorporation as well as to potential sources (e.g. municipal, agricultural, industrial). Extractable and non-extractable fractions differed significantly with respect to their qualitative and quantitative composition. For example, quantities in the extractable and non-extractable fractions of chlorinated benzenes differed up to factor 50. Among other significant results, the investigation revealed hints for a dependence of the mode of incorporation of chlorinated benzenes on their substitution pattern.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1975

Cross-reactivity between organ extracts of gnotobiotic mice and enterobacterial common antigen.

Organs of gnotobiotic mice were assessed for an Ag (CRA) which cross-reacts with common enterobacterial Ag(CA). To this end, extracts of homogenates of spleens, livers, paired kidneys and colons were examined for their capacities to engender humoral and cellular events in rabbits. The immjnogenicity of CRA in the rabbit cannot be predicted on the basis of CA hemagglutinin-inhibition studies alone. According to this parameter, CRA was present in mouse spleens, livers and paired kidneys but absent in colons. However, the identical preparations, including colons, primed rabbits to engender specific CA hemaglutinins after a single administration of enterobacterial CA. Also, spleens of these same rabbits were colonized with rosette-forming cells against sheep red blood cells treated with various enterobacterial sources of CA. These findings may account, in part, for the apparent refractiveness or equivocal response mice have to administered CA and infectious challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The changes in aldolase isoenzyme pattern during development of the human kidney and small intestine--demonstrated in organ extracts and tissue sections.

Aldolases A, B and C were determined by immunotitration analysis in extracts of human kidney and small intestine and demonstrated immunohistochemically in tissue sections of the same organs at various stages of development. By both techniques a change of isoenzyme pattern during development of the kidney and the small intestine was observed, leading from the predominance of A-type towards the predominance of B-type aldolase. In the extracts of kidney and small intestine the specific activity of aldolase B--but not that of aldolase A--rises with age by about one order of magnitude. The histochemical investigation showed that the developmental change in aldolase pattern in the organ extracts is caused by the differentiation of proximal tubulus cells in the kidney and the differentiation of epithelial cells in the small intestine. Within these cells an increase in the concentration of aldolase B and a decrease in that of aldolase A takes place during development. The possible physiological role of this cellular change in aldolase isoenzyme pattern is discussed. Aldolase C was found only in low concentrations in fetal organs. Only in the kidney, a specific localization within the proximal tubules could be demonstrated.

Fetus↗