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PubMed2002

Veterinary oncological pathology--current and future perspectives.

Recent years have seen an explosion in the techniques available for detailed analysis of histopathological samples allowing improvements to be made in terms of both accuracy of diagnosis and, in certain instances, providing important prognostic information. The two broad areas where most interest has focused are in the investigation of cellular proteins/protein products by immunohistochemistry and the analysis of genes and transcripts using a range of molecular techniques. The numbers of reagents available for immunohistochemical applications in veterinary species are steadily increasing although still lag significantly behind the human diagnostic field in this respect. Molecular techniques currently in use include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridisation (ISH). More recent advances in terms of molecular analysis include the techniques of microarray, laser capture microdissection and proteomics which allow analysis of the genetic and protein repertoire of individual cell populations. This technology is extremely powerful with the potential to provide vast amounts of data. This review focuses on these techniques as they apply to the detailed analysis of tumours.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

High levels of endorphin and related pathologies of veterinary concern. A review.

The authors report information about endogenous opioid peptides (EOP), receptors, antagonists and their interference with pain, stress, endocrine and immune system. A relationship between EOP and calcium homeostasis, both at extracellular and intracellular level, has been observed. In vitro, beta-endorphin exerts different actions through calcium channel functionality in epithelial cells. In rat aorta and cerebral cortex: beta-endorphin or Naloxone alternatively influence oocyte maturation through the mu-receptor gene expression and intracellular calcium concentration in granulosa and cumulus cells. Calcium channel block is removed by administrating Naloxone and calcium. In vivo, Naloxone and calcium removes EOP induced apoptosis in granulosa cells; is the most safe therapy in cow's milk fever; allow to remove ovarian follicular cysts. A negative influence of opioids on immune response after vaccination was established; EOP-related metabolic problems in post-partum cows. Abnormal intestinal motility, in which a Ca++ influence is well known, can be removed by Naloxone and calcium administration. Calcium-related function and neuromodulation must be re-evaluated since high level of EOP are involved in many pathologies through their influence on calcium activity. The use of calcium salts and Naloxone offers a safe and supplementary therapeutical possibility, active in any condition of altered endogenous opioids.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Clinical pathology in veterinary geriatrics.

Alterations in an individual analyte rarely provide an indication of the initiating circumstances that caused the abnormality. It is obvious from the previous discussion that multiple organs or organ systems can cause abnormal results in the same analyte. This fact underscores the importance of evaluating a biochemical profile in an integrated fashion, relating abnormalities of a particular analyte with the rest of the profile as well as with the signalment, history, and physical findings in the patient. Furthermore, assessment of abnormalities should be approached with some degree of skepticism because they may not be indicative of an actual disease.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Osler's pathology.

Sir William Osler, one of the giants of clinical medicine, had his initial training as a pathologist. He was one of the physicians responsible for the impact that autopsies have had on medicine. He also contributed to the development of laboratory medicine. Osler made significant discoveries in anatomic pathology and hematology. His expertise was restricted not just to human pathology, but also to veterinary pathology. His mentors played a fundamental role in his achievements in academics.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of plasma/serum urea and creatinine concentrations in the dog: a 5-year retrospective study in a commercial veterinary clinical pathology laboratory.

Serum/plasma urea (S/P-urea) and creatinine (S/P-creatinine) concentrations are routinely assayed as indirect markers of glomerular filtration rate and have been reported to be highly correlated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the two analytes in a large number of unselected samples submitted to a commercial laboratory. In 4799 pairs of results, the correlation was high (r = 0.795) and was not affected by sex or age. The relationship between the two analytes was best represented by a second-order polynomial equation. However, the dispersion of results was large and there was a high percentage of cases (27.5%) where S/P-urea was increased and S/P-creatinine normal (< or =120 micromol/l for this laboratory), while there was a low percentage of cases where S/P-creatinine (1.6%) was increased and S/P-urea normal (< or =8 mmol/l for this laboratory). The discrepancy between increases in S/P-urea and S/P-creatinine might not only reflect a high incidence of non-renal factors of variation for S/P-urea but also an effect of the size or muscle mass of the dogs on the limit of decision for S/P-creatinine. In dogs with normal S/P-urea, there was a significant effect of the size on the 0.975 quantile of S/P-creatinine, ranging from 106 micromol/l in very small dogs to 133 micromol/l in large and very large dogs. This study shows that isolated increases in S/P-urea could be misleading for the diagnosis of renal diseases and that the reference intervals of S/P-creatinine should be re-evaluated according to breed or muscle mass of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epulides in the dog: a review.

This article is based on a review of the literature and the study of pathology sections obtained from various veterinary pathology laboratories. Epulis is a non-specific, clinical designation for a localized, exophytic growth on the gingiva. Four reactive epulides occur in human beings, namely focal fibrous hyperplasia (fibrous epulis), pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma (giant cell epulis), and peripheral ossifying fibroma (calcifying fibrous epulis). The first three also occur in dogs but only focal fibrous hyperplasia appears to be common. The peripheral ossifying fibroma has not yet been reported in dogs. Odontogenic tumors occurring on the gingiva (i.e., as epulides) are referred to as peripheral odontogenic tumors. Three types have been reported in dogs. One, the common fibromatous epulis, is equivalent to the rare peripheral odontogenic fibroma in human beings. Another, the acanthomatous epulis, appears to be a form of ameloblastoma but differs from the peripheral ameloblastoma in human beings in that it invades bone; its biological behavior is therefore that of the human intraosseous ameloblastoma. The third, a rare lesion, has been referred to in the veterinary literature as a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, although it is not the canine counterpart of the human CEOT. The term, amyloid-producing odontogenic tumor, has been suggested as being appropriate for this lesion.

Ameloblastoma↗
PubMed1991

[Comparative pathology; territory with many streams].

Normal and abnormal situations in the reptilian ovary are reviewed. The normal development of the ovary is mainly governed by the temperature and variations in length of daylight. Vitellogenesis, (the production of yolk) takes place in the liver and is regulated by oestrogens. Under an abnormal light regimen, for instance 12 hours of light--12 hours of darkness, erratic vitellogenesis may occur. Atresia or resorption of follicles may occur at all stages of their development. The pathology of the process of resorption is characterised by the invasion of blood vessels and phagocytosis of yolk by macrophages. Pseudopregnancy is referred to for the first time. An important pathological aspect is the sterile inflammation of the ovary, which is fairly common in reptiles. The pathogenesis most probably is a trauma or some other defect of the egg membrane, resulting in leakage of vitelline into the surrounding fatty tissues. This contact gives rise to a chronic granulomatous inflammation. Comparative pathology covers a very wide field. In the Department of Special Animal Pathology, the specialization known in other areas of the veterinary profession, is directed towards a concentration of staff members on certain groups of animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles and laboratory animals respectively. At thesis was advanced, stating that a problem-solving attitude of the students cannot be solely attained by participation of veterinary students in fundamental research. The department of veterinary pathology is devoted to a problem-solving mode of education of students.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A history of the Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, between 1891-1921.

As part of a continuing historical study of the evolution of the discipline of veterinary pathology in North America, this paper relates the role played by the Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), formerly a unit of the United States Department of Agriculture. The work of this division of the BAI during its first three decades is examined with respect to its leadership, activities and attainments, and these are compared with similar activities in veterinary colleges and state experiment stations in the United States and in foreign veterinary colleges and research establishments. The Pathological Division devoted a good deal of its efforts to the production of biologic prophylactic products, with resounding success in controlling blackleg and other diseases. Its other activities were in laboratory diagnostic work and in research into animal diseases. The picture that emerges in those spheres is of an organizational unit that despite its name, made little use of the approaches and methods of pathology, but rather availed itself of the tools of microbiology whether or not these were appropriate. In so doing, it lagged considerably behind the comparable institutions both in the United States and abroad.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of Eimeria species in cattle in Kenya.

A total of 620 bovine faecal samples collected from unselected animals brought for post-mortem to the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology or from animals in the Kabete (Kenya) practice area of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined to determine the types and prevalence of Eimeria spp. present. Coccidian oocytes were detected in 67.4% of the samples and eight different species of Eimeria were recognized. The species detected (and their prevalence) were E. bovis (79.0%), E. zuernii (60.2%), E. ellipsoidalis (26.1), E. cylindrica (13.4%), E. auburnensis (28.4%), E. alabamensis (10.3%), E. subspherica (5.0%) and E. wyomingensis (6.1%). E. bovis and E. zuernii led to few cases of clinical coccidiosis and the greatest number of E. bovis in one of the samples from the clinical cases was 30,600 oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG). Age and seasonal variation appeared to have an influence on the intensity of infection.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Escherichia coli producing CNF1 and CNF2 cytotoxins in animals with different disorders.

Two DNA probes were used for the detection of CNF1- and CNF2-positive E coli strains in a collection of 553 E coli isolates from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, cats and poultry. CNF-positive E coli were frequently associated with septicaemia in cattle, dogs, and cats, with diarrhoea in calves, cats and dogs, and with abortion in bovine and porcine species. CNF2-positive strains were observed among adult healthy cattle. They were also found in cases of pneumonia, metritis, mastitis in cattle and in 1 case of metritis of a mare. The physiopathology induced by CNF-positive E coli strains remains to be elucidated. However, the impact of CNF strains on veterinary pathology is clear and the diagnosis of CNF-producing E coli should become routine in veterinary practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Pathological changes of the endocrine pancreas in dogs and cats in comparison with clinical data].

In a retrospective study concerning the functional morphology of the endocrine pancreas the files of the Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University of Munich, of the last 12 years were reviewed. Cases of diabetes mellitus as well as developmental disorders and tumors of the endocrine pancreas were examined by routine histological and immunohistological methods. Cases are discussed together with clinical data and the relevant literature. The forms of diabetes mellitus were categorized according to the classification used in human pathology.

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗
PubMed2026

Emerging tick-borne viral diseases in East Asia: pathology-driven insights into pathogenesis and disease causality.

SUMMARYTick-borne viral infections have emerged as a significant and growing public health concern. In East Asia, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has served as a prototypical disease in which pathological analyses have substantially advanced the understanding of disease pathogenesis. SFTS is characterized by profound immune dysregulation driven by viral tropism for plasmablast-lineage B cells, leading to cytokine storm and hemophagocytic syndrome. Complementary analyses of human clinical specimens and experimental animal models, including cats and ferrets, have provided critical insights into the immunopathogenesis of SFTS. The recent identification of additional tick-borne viruses, including Oz virus (OZV), Yezo virus (YEZV), and Alongshan virus (ALSV), has further expanded the spectrum of emerging infections in this region. Notably, pathological investigation of a fatal human case of OZV infection demonstrated direct viral localization within cardiomyocytes, establishing a causal link between infection and fulminant myocarditis and highlighting a distinct organ-specific pathogenic mechanism. Despite the advances in genomic technologies that enable rapid detection of novel viruses, establishing causal relationships between viral presence and disease remains a major challenge. Tissue-based pathological approaches, particularly in situ localization of viral components, are, therefore, essential for defining disease mechanisms and confirming etiological roles. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of tick-borne viral infections in East Asia, with particular emphasis on Japan, integrating pathological, virological, and clinical perspectives. It also identifies key knowledge gaps and underscores the importance of a synergistic One Health framework that incorporates both human and veterinary pathology to advance the understanding and control of these emerging diseases.

One Health↗
PubMed2003

[Uncommon mycobacterial infections in domestic and zoo animals: four cases with special emphasis on pathology].

Infections caused by classical tubercle bacilli are rare during the last years. Nevertheless, diseases caused by other mycobacteria have to be considered clinically and in diagnostic pathology especially in cases of immunosuppression and due to their potential zoonosis risk. An infection by mycobacteria was diagnosed in four animals (Mayotte Maki, Blue-headed Parrot, Patagonian sealion, Beagle) necropsied between 1995 and 2002 in the Institute of Veterinary-Pathology of the University of Leipzig. The Maki, the blue-headed parrot and the dog showed a disseminated character of the disease caused by Mycobacterium genavense (monkey and bird) resp. Mycobacterium avium (dog), while an open chronical tuberculosis of the lungs due to a pathogenic member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was observed in the seal. All these bacteria are potential causes of zoonoses. So, if granulomatous or disseminated histiocytic alterations are detected in diagnostic pathology, mycobacterial infections should always be included in differential diagnoses and require careful aetiological investigations by histopathological and bacteriological methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cytology and histopathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the histopathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome. DESIGN: Histological examination of biopsy specimens taken from dogs with leproid granuloma syndrome. Biopsies were acquired from four veterinary pathology practices after initial examination showed acid-fast bacilli or lesions suggestive of a mycobacterial aetiology. Tissue from 30 cases formed part of a retrospective survey while a further 7 cases were obtained prospectively. PROCEDURE: Tissue samples were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen stains. Slides were evaluated for the type of inflammatory response and the number of bacteria. In a few cases smears made from crush preparations and needle aspirates were stained with DiffQuik and acid-fast stains. RESULTS: The common cytological feature seen in DiffQuik stained smears was numerous, often spindle-shaped, macrophages with variable numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells and lower numbers of neutrophils. Usually few to moderate numbers of medium length bacilli were detected within macrophages or extracellularly. Histologically, lesions were chiefly pyogranulomatous within the subcutis and dermis. Pyogranulomas were composed chiefly of epithelioid macrophages and neutrophils but plasma cells and small lymphocytes were scattered throughout the lesions in which giant cells were seen. Lesions were pyogranulomatous in 36 cases and granulomatous with small suppurative foci in one. The numbers of acid-fast bacilli present were very low to low in 22 cases, moderate in 6 and regionally numerous to numerous in 9. Bacteria were pleomorphic, ranging from long, slender filaments in parallel sheaves to short and variably-beaded bacilli or highly beaded to coccoid organisms. The morphology was more uniform in DiffQuik stained smears than in fixed tissue sections. CONCLUSION: The pathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome is highly uniform and is suggestive of saprophytic mycobacterial involvement. The morphological diversity of acid-fast bacilli probably results from differences in staining characteristics rather than indicating different species of Mycobacterium. While approximately half of the cases had only few organisms present, the veterinary practitioner using a Romanovsky stain such as DiffQuik on aspirated material might expect to obtain a rapid diagnosis in many cases. This would allow differentiation of the syndrome from neoplastic and other diseases of the skin and direct appropriate treatment at the initial presentation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Metabolic control through L calcium channel, PKC and opioid receptors modulation by an association of naloxone and calcium salts.

beta-endorphins (beta-ends) are released from the anterior pituitary and from lymphocytes directly into inflamed tissue in response to stress and pain. At the site of inflammation and trauma, the link of beta- ends to opioid receptors hyperpolarizes nerve terminal, by blocking L-calcium gated channels, induces modifications of receptor stereoisomerism and alters the bond-energy. Opioids increase potassium and decrease calcium and sodium currents through interactions with G-protein. In some pathologies, it has been found a loss of desensitization and down regulation of opioid receptors by means of Ca++ blocking that, in turn, inhibits PKC-activation. The physiopathological mechanism dependent on the high concentration of linked opioids affects cellular level of Ca++, ATP and NADH. This biochemical reaction exerts deep influence on energetic cell status and metabolism. In gram negative bacteria, expression of mu-receptors on cell surface has been observed, with a possibility to interfere with host cell metabolism. There are many human and veterinary pathologies in which the reported mechanisms are well known: polycystic ovary syndrome, gross cystic breast disease, milk fever, ruminal tympanites, pyometra, equine colic syndrome, ovarian follicular cyst in dairy cows, calcium deficit in post-partum cows, uterine involution in cows. Also incoming pathologies such as Electro-Magnetic-Field exposure may induce alteration of calcium channel activity through the same mechanism. On clinical bases, it has been pointed out that the therapeutic administration of an association of calcium salts and naloxone controls calcium turnover, pain and functional activity of endocrine glands, via down regulation/desensitization of opioid receptors, PKC stimulation and energy restoration.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1999

[Elephant herpes virus--a problem for breeding and housing of elephants].

Herpesvirus infections which take a fatal turn on African elephants as well as on Asian elephants seem to occur increasingly not only in the USA but also in European stocks. The endotheliotropic herpesvirus causes a rapidly progressing and severe disease which makes any therapeutical effort unsuccessful and finally results in death of the animal, especially in young Asian elephants. As all attempts to culture the virus failed up to now, molecular biological procedures have to be used more often for diagnostical purpose together with the common methods of pathology, virology, and electronmicroscopical evaluation. This is a report on the case of 'KIBA', an eleven year old male elephant at the Zoological Garden Berlin, infected with the endotheliotropic elephants herpesvirus. 'KIBA' was born at the Zoo in Houston, Texas, and raised within his herd. Upon arriving in Berlin in November 1997 he adapted to the new premises and climate and new social circumstances without any problems. In June 1998 he already serviced three females of his new herd several times. In August 1998 he died after passing a peracute progression of the disease after residenting in Berlin for only 9 months. The dissection of the animal revealed some evidence on an agent damaging the endothelium. Major signs indicating this agent were bleedings in several serous membranes, mucosa and on the the right atrium, as well as other parts of the myocardium. Furthermore there have been ulcerations at various localisations of the whole digestive tract. Slightly basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies have been found histologically in endothelial cells of different organ samples. An examination of altered organ-material by electronmicroscopy made some herpesvirus-like particles visible. A virological investigation first revealed evidence of giant cell formations with solitary basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in different cell cultures, however, without any distinct cytopathogenic effect. Supported by molecular biological procedures the infection of 'KIBA' could be verified as the elephants herpesvirus. By means of PCR and subsequent sequence analysis a DNA-sequence typical for the elephants herpesvirus could be obtained which showed an identity of 97% with the terminase sequence of the elephant herpesvirus described by American authors. The deduced amino acid-sequences were 100% identical. To the terminase of the human cytomegalovirus, the elephant sequence had an identity of 53% (similarity: 74%). Based on the cooperation of ILAT, Institute of Veterinary-Pathology/Free University Berlin, Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin, and Zoological Garden Berlin, the cause of 'KIBA's' death could be discovered immediately. Possible implications of this case especially on breeding and keeping elephants are discussed briefly.

Amino Acid Sequence↗