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PubMed2006

From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood: a path mediated by immature defense mechanisms and self-esteem.

The present study examined the course traveled from childhood emotional abuse to adulthood psychopathology. One hundred ninety-six undergraduate students age 20 to 45 (M = 27; SD = 8.17), answered self-report questionnaires assessing emotional abuse in childhood (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), parental attitudes (Parental Bonding Instrument), psychopathological symptomatology (Brief Symptom Inventory), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and defense mechanism organization (Defense Style Questionnaire). Results indicated that reported psychopathological symptomatology highly exceeded the Israeli norm. Structure Equation Modeling provided a statistically significant explanation (52%) of the target variable of psychopathological symptomatology. According to the path model, emotional abuse in childhood and perceptions of controlling and noncaring parents had an indirect effect on the psychopathology. This was mediated by immature defenses and low self-esteem. We conclude that the manifest psychopathology among adults who suffered emotional abuse in childhood is produced by the detrimental effect of abuse on personality, and takes the form of immature defense organization and damaged self-representation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Dimensions of behavior problems among Oglala Sioux adolescents.

A factor analytic study of the Quay-Peterson (1967) Behavior Problem Checklist among American Indians indicated cross-cultural factor similarity for conduct problems. Personality problems and inadequacy-immaturity did not replicate across cultures. Results are discussed in the context of Sioux culture.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1981

Factors of problem behavior in visually impaired children.

The Behavior Problem Checklist was completed by teachers of 104 students in a residential school for the visually impaired. Four separate factor analyses were performed. Additional analyses were conducted to determine the effect on the factor structure of sex, race, and age. Three factors that correspond to dimensions found in earlier research and previously labeled conduct disorder, personality problem, and inadequacy-immaturity were found. Overall, the visually impaired children tended to have problem behavior patterns similar to other populations, and these patterns were largely independent of the visual handicap.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Five cases of neonaticide in Quebec].

A neonaticide is the homicide of an infant that occurs during the first 24 hours after birth. This homicide is almost exclusively done by the mother. According to previous data, the parent who commits such homicide is a single woman, who usually conceals her pregnancy and delivers secretly either at home or in the workplace and panics at this very moment. Five vignettes are selected from the files of the Quebec Coroner. The cases are presented in order to verify if these women represent a homogeneous group, as research of the last thirty years has demonstrated. According to data for the period between 1986 and 1994, the deceased newborns are boys, and the teenage mothers have personalities that are characterized by immaturity. In this group, denial of pregnancy is a temporary state that may vary in depth among individuals. Moreover, they did not want to be pregnant. One older group of women experience separation anxiety at the time of commiting the neonaticide. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed in link with these two sub-groups.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1990

The evolution of mental disturbances in the concentration camp syndrome (KZ-syndrom).

As a result of long-term clinical research on former prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps, I analyzed the evolution of the clinical and psychopathological pattern of the KZ-syndrome. One can differentiate the following characteristic phases: psychosomatic inanition, latency of disease, personality and adaptation disturbances, a pseudo-neurotic and depressive phase, premature aging, and an organic phase. The stigma of KZ-syndrome is present in a second generation in different forms: personality disturbances, emotional and/or social immaturity, social disadaptation, higher frequency of neurotic states, divorce, alcoholism, and suicide. The camp stress has left in human nature traces so painful that they cannot disappear when the generation of former prisoners is gone.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Addiction in adolescents.

Some symptoms seen in adolescents with the disease of chemical dependence are similar to those seen in adults. Because of their age, lack of personality development, dependent family role, immaturity, and acting out of age-related behavioral tendencies, however, symptoms specific to this population occur. These may become exacerbated and telescope--intensify and shorten--the progression of the disease. A plan to solve the problem of adolescent chemical dependence must focus on education, demonstration, cooperation, prevention, intervention, habilitation, treatment, and recovery. The phenomenon of denial in a chemically dependent adolescent yields a more complex delusional system that dictates age-specific intervention approaches. Habilitation is necessary for successful adolescent treatment and recovery because what is needed is an initial process of learning, not relearning or rehabilitation. If specific adolescent issues are addressed through comprehensive, multimodality treatment approaches, then treatment and recovery outcomes for chemically dependent adolescents and their families are substantially improved. Primary care physicians must be alert to the possibility of drug use in their young patients and aware of treatment options.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Hyperactive individuals as young adults: current and longitudinal electroencephalographic evaluation and its relation to outcome.

In a 10-year follow-up study electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 31 hyperactive and 27 matched control subjects of mean ages 19.17 and 18.59 years respectively showed no significant differences in any of the features assessed. Sequential EEGs, available for only the hyperactive subjects, suggested that a much greater proportion were normal at the 10-year follow-up assessment than at the 5-year follow-up assessment and that the normalization tended to take place mainly in the second 5-year period. This supports the hypothesis that EEG abnormalities of hyperactive persons are those of an immature pattern that tends to normalize with age. Correlation between EEG findings at the 10-year follow-up assessment and global outcome measures was not significant. Initial and 5-year EEGs also failed to predict global outcome at the 10-year follow-up assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Predicting personality disorder traits with the Defense Style Questionnaire in a normal sample.

This research examined the efficacy of the 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), measuring mature, neurotic and immature defense styles, to predict DSM-III-R personality disorders. The Coolidge Axis II Inventory, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II, and the MMPI personality disorder scales were used to measure 11 personality disorders in a nonclinical sample. The results show that most personality disorders are positively associated with the highly maladaptive immature defense style, and negatively associated with the mature defense style. Multiple regression analyses reveal that the combined variance accounted for by the defense styles range from 12% to 42% on the CATI, 3% to 42% on the MCMI-II, and 2% to 32% on the MMPI-PD. However, specific personality disorders cannot be predicted with the defense styles on any measure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Sexual child abuse. 221 persons charged with sexual abuse of children examined by forensic psychiatrists].

The number of police reports of sexual abuse of children below the age of 14 increased fourfold from 1980 to 1991. Half of the charges were dismissed by the police. 20% of the charged, predominantly males, were examined by forensic psychiatrists. Mean age of the examined was 32 years, and close to 50% were unmarried. 40% had alcohol and/or drug addiction problems. One third had been sentenced by a court before, and 20% had experienced previous court reactions for sexual abuse or deviant behaviour. 7% were diagnosed as psychotic and 80% were considered to have personality disorders. In 10% of the cases no psychiatric diagnosis was made. Dynamic factors behind the abuse are discussed. Most of the abusers are psychosexually immature as part of a more comprehensive personality disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Psychoaffective immaturity in psychiatric disorders.

This study investigated the prevalence of psychoaffective immaturity and tested the hypothesis that it associated with bad prognosis. For 135 psychiatric patients meeting criteria for personality, neurotic, affective, substance use, or psychotic disorders emotional immaturity was rated using the 1985 diagnostic criteria of Doutheau, Dubertret, Moutin, and Barrois. 58 subjects (42.96%, 95% Confidence Interval: 34.61-51.31) were classified as immature. Scores of the Nonimmature and Immature groups were compared for the Beck Depression Inventory and the Professional and Social Functioning Assessment Scale. Scores were, respectively, significantly higher and lower in those patients classified as Immature than those who were classified Nonimmature. When depression was controlled by a covariance analysis, the mean difference on the Professional and Social Functioning Assessment Scale remained significant. It appears that psychoaffective immaturity is a factor associated with severity of psychiatric disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A pilot study of defenses in adults with personality disorders entering psychotherapy.

This study examined defensive functioning in adults entering open-ended dynamic psychotherapy and determined whether defenses predict retention at 1 year. Beginning at about the fifth session, 14 adults with personality and or depressive disorders entering open-ended dynamic psychotherapy had five therapy sessions audiotaped. The sessions were rated according to the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales, quantitative method. Interrater reliability of overall defensive functioning (ODF) and the number of defenses used per session were intraclass R = .85 and .83, respectively, whereas that of seven defense levels yielded a median of .625 (range .52 to .80). Stability of ODF across the five sessions was intraclass R = .48. The 11 subjects with personality disorders (PDs) used predominantly lower immature (49.3%) and neurotic (40.8%) level defenses. Subjects with borderline PD had significantly lower ODF than those with other PD types. Higher ODF was associated with remaining in treatment at 1 year, although this was confounded with a higher frequency of weekly sessions. Quantitative assessment of defenses demonstrated fair to excellent reliability and indicated that in the short term approximately half of defensive functioning reflects a stable repertoire, whereas the remaining variation may be due to occasion and error. PDs and especially BPD are characterized by a predominance of lower defenses. Higher defensive functioning was associated with twice-weekly sessions and retention in therapy at 1 year. In therapy, adjusting technique to the patient's defenses may improve retention and outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Psychopathological study of parents who abuse their children].

After recalling the studies of French authors, especially those of P. Parisot and L. Caussade at the Congress of Legal Medicine in Nancy (1929), and more recent, those of the Nancy school, and, in Paris, those of P. Straus and A. Wolf, of L. Kreisler and P. Straus, the author studies Anglo-Saxon research on subject, particularly that undertaken in the U.S.A. The study by Steele and Pollock on the psychology of parents of battered children has shown anomalies with an infantile characteristic in the psychology of some parents (apparently having no problems and living in easy circumstances, but demanding of their children a constant reassurance which the latter are unable to give, hence a permanent frustration leading to agressivity and actual tormenting. Eight observations are presented, covering the whole range of clinical forms observed with parents of battered children: psychopathic personality with perverse sado-masochism, affective immaturation with decompensation during pregnancy, lack of psycho-affective balance with aggression upon some of the children (target-children), a need for domination in the form of tyrannical matriarchate, nevropathy with aggressive perfectionism, and finally subnormal personality with nevropathy, the latter categories leaving a hop for a possibility of attaining transformation through analytical psychotherapy, such as practised by the author in one of his cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Child abuse treatment failures reveal need for redefinition of the problem.

This article seeks to prove that current modalities for treating child abuse are not solving the problem because many high risk and abusive families do not get help, and because these identified families represent only a small part of the population at risk for child abuse. The paper presents statistics obtained by the Cleveland Parenting Program for the Prevention of Child Abuse on the numbers of high risk parents who refuse treatment, and others who fail to profit when therapy is undertaken: sociopathic/addictive, grossly immature or infantile, and mildly retarded/infantile personalities. Psychotic, moderately or severely retarded, and hard core premeditated abusers were also considered untreatable with the Parenting Program modality. The article goes on to delineate a larger population that is at risk of child abuse because of the parents' early experiences of violence as well as other emotional and educational deprivations. The article concludes with the argument that primary prevention of child abuse can really only be addressed effectively in the context of programs designed to help both groups: people identified as being at risk, and the larger, unidentified, at risk population.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Features of psychic infantilism as a risk factor for the development of psychopathy].

The characteristics of psychic infantilism and its role in delinquent deviations of the behaviour were studied in 96 patients with borderline disturbances under conditions of day-time hospitalization. Immaturity and incomplete formation of the personality as well as various levels of psychic infantilism were shown to play a definite role in behavioural deviations of patients with borderline disturbances. A definite relationship was found between the compensation of psychic infantilism features and a decrease in the level of delinquent manifestations. Readaptation stages were identified in the treatment of patients with manifestations of partial infantilism, which helped to achieve a positive clinical time-course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Forensic psychiatry in Norway. A review of the period 1980-93].

2,533 persons charged for serious criminal offences during the years 1980-93 were submitted for forensic psychiatric examination. The purpose of the examinations was to decide whether the person, because of his or her mental state at the time of the offence, was liable or not to prosecution. The three most common criminal offences were murder, arson resulting in potential murder and serious cases of sexual offence like paedophilia. There was a sharp increase in the number of forensically examined persons from 1980 to 1993. This reflects the increasing crime rates in Norway, particularly as regards sexual delinquency and violence. A majority of the clients had severe chronic drinking and/or drug problems. 27% of the females and 19% of the males were psychotic, mainly schizophrenic, at the time of the offence. 50-60% had serious personality disorders, mainly of antisocial and immature nature. All forensic reports are monitored by the Forensic Psychiatric Commission in order to secure the quality of forensic assessments. 85% of the reports were accepted. In a few cases the psychiatrists were asked to reconsider either parts of or the entire conclusion.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The personality characteristics of patients with duodenal peptic ulcer].

Using MMPI test, 196 patients with duodenal ulcer were studied for their personal traits. The patients' personality was characterized by a high level of anxiety, mental tension, emotional immaturity, affective rigidity, suppressed aggression. The most apparent in the young adults were deviations from the norm of psychopathic nature; as patients grew older, their illness of longer duration, their personal profile tended to be dominated by a problem of suppressed aggression and emotional immaturity, with hypochondriac and depressive tendencies to be on the increase. The personal traits did not appear to be dependent upon severity of the disease course or much affected by the treatments administered that incorporated tranquilizers, antidepressants and a novel synthetic opioid hexapeptide dalargin.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Defense styles, personality traits, and psychopathological symptoms in nonclinical adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between defense styles, personality traits, and psychopathological symptoms in nonclinical youths. A large sample of adolescents (n = 437) completed the Defense Style Questionnaire for Adolescents, the Junior version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and a scale measuring symptoms of DSM-defined disorders. Results showed that there were clear relationships between personality traits (neuroticism and psychoticism) and defense styles (neurotic and immature defense) on the one hand and psychopathological symptoms on the other hand. Most importantly, regression analyses indicated that personality traits and defense styles both accounted for unique proportions of the variance in psychopathological symptoms.

Adolescent↗