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PubMed1978

An investigation of the reliability of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, Children's Form.

Presents data on the retest and split-half reliability of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, Children's Form, for two groups of subjects (aged 10-11 and 12-13 years, respectively), each group tested twice at an interval of three months. It was found that the retest reliability for all scoring categories (except O-D) were statistically significant (.01 or .05 level). GCR proved stable for the younger group (r = .53) but not for the older group. The difference here may be due to the less comfortable retest conditions prevailing for the older subjects. Reliability by retest was consistently higher than by the less appropriate split-half method, but the latter proved, nevertheless, to be in the main favorable.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Guide to research on the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, 1934-1974.

Research on and with the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustation (P-F) Study and its precursors, 1934-1974, is presented. Investigations with the original versions of the P-F in English and the parallel, standardized versions in Europe, Asia and the Americas are covered. More than 500 articles and books are organized by topic in a Citation Index giving authors and dates. The available references for a given topic can then be readily located. The major topics include basic (construct) research, reliability, validity, and pragmatic applications. These applications pertain to developmental and individual differences, clinical disorders, antisocial behavior, personnel selection, counseling and therapy, educational and school psychology, cultural and socioeconomic differences, and experimental psychodynamics.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

[Naikan therapy for prolonged depression: psychological changes and long-term efficacy of intensive Naikan therapy].

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have shown that a considerable number of patients with prolonged depression are refractory to drug therapy or supportive psychotherapy. A few studies have shown the short-term effectiveness of intensive Naikan therapy for prolonged depression, but the long-term effects have not been reported. For other psychotherapies also, few studies have demonstrated their long-term effectiveness for prolonged depression. The purpose of the present study was to assess the long-term efficacy of intensive Naikan therapy for patients with prolonged depression and to investigate the factors contributing to its efficacy. METHOD: At Tottori University Hospital, 23 inpatients with prolonged depression were treated with intensive Naikan therapy. The age, sex, age at onset, number of depressive episodes, duration of the present episode, diagnosis and family history were investigated. The Tokyo University Egogram (TEG), Yatabe-Guiltora personality inventory (YG test) and Rosenzweig picture-frustration (PF) study were conducted before and after intensive Naikan therapy to investigate psychological changes. The long-term efficacy (average: 24.5 +/- 10.6 months) of intensive Naikan therapy for prolonged depression was assessed with Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF). "Improvement" was defined as a post-therapy GAF score of 61 or higher. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) was applied to confirm the GAF results. Whether the patient achieved awareness of other's viewpoint, awareness of egocentricity, feeling of love, breaking out from self and sense of fulfillment after intensive Naikan therapy was investigated. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (65.2%) showed improvement in GAF and HAM-D (improved group) and eight patients showed no improvement (non-improved group). The average GAF score changed from 46.1 (before Naikan therapy) to 81.8 (at outcome assessment) in the improved group and from 45.3 to 52.8 in the non-improved group. The improved group had significantly shorter average duration of the present depressive episode and significantly less depressive episodes compared to the non-improved group. Only the improved group showed significantly lower scores on the critical parent (CP) scale of TEG, cyclic tendency (C) on the YG test and extraggression (E-A) in PF study. In the improved group, significantly more patients achieved deep insight (Naikan); and significantly more patients achieved awareness of other's viewpoint, awareness of egocentricity, feeling of love, breaking out from self and sense of fulfillment after intensive Naikan therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that intensive Naikan therapy for prolonged depression was equally as effective as Morita therapy, interpersonal therapy or group psychotherapy, and the effects of intensive Naikan therapy continued for a long term. Attainment of deep Naikan brought psychological changes in patients showing improvement, motivating them to continue Naikan therapy in daily life. We consider that this is the key factor that maintains the long-term efficacy of intensive Naikan therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Intensive Naikan therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder: clinical outcomes and background].

OBJECT: Intensive Naikan therapy (INT) is used to treat irrational recognition, and to develop awareness of others and self-reflection. Several reports have also shown that INT is effective for treating anxiety disorders. The purpose of the present systematic study was to investigate the factors contributing to the efficacy and clinical outcomes of INT by assessing the background, psychological evolution, and treatment required after such therapy. METHOD: Twenty-eight anxiety disorder inpatients at Tottori University Hospital, 15 with general anxiety disorders (GAD) and 13 with panic disorders (PD), were treated with INT. Age, sex, duration of the present anxiety episode, and diagnosis were investigated. The Tokyo University Egogram (TEG), Yatabe-Guilford personality inventory (YG test) and Rosenzweig picture frustration (PF) study were conducted before and after INT to investigate psychological changes. The long-term efficacy of INT for PD and GAD was assessed with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Whether the patients achieved awareness of others, awareness of egocentricity, feelings of love, and self reflection after INT were investigated. RESULTS: 1) All patients showed improved GAF; the average GAF score increased from 51 +/- 8 (before Naikan therapy) to 83.2 +/- 15 (after therapy). The clinical outcomes of INT were as follows: 17 patients showed extremely effective results (60.7%), 6 were effective (21.4%), 3 were slightly effective (10.7%), and 2 were unchanged (7.1%). Overall, 23 patients (82.1%) showed remarkable improvements as a result of INT (improved group) and 5 showed no remarkable improvements (not improved group). 2) The improved group included significantly more patients with obsessive tendencies or nervous personalities such as a premorbid personality. In addition, significantly more of the patients in this group underwent daily INT and improved more rapidly in the short-term. 3) According to the STAI (state trait anxiety inventory), both state-(S-anxiety), and trait-anxiety (T-anxiety) significantly decreased after INT. The PD group showed significantly reduced S and T-anxiety, but the GAD group only showed significantly reduced T-anxiety. The adult (A) and free child (FC) TEG scales significantly increased, and according to YG, nervousness (N) and depression (D) significantly decreased while general activity (G) and social extraversion (S) significantly increased. Furthermore, according to the PF study, extraggression (E -A) after INT significantly decreased and imaggression (I-A) significantly increased. In the improved group, significantly more patients became more aware of their partners (Naikan) and achieved an objective outlook, awareness of egocentricity, feelings of love and self-reflection after INT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that INT for PD and GAD is extremely effective, and a very important form of psychotherapy. Attainment of self-reflection caused psychological changes that motivated the patients to continue Naikan therapy daily. We consider this a key factor in maintaining the efficacy of INT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Behavior of delinquents in social conflict situations. A study using the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test (PFT)].

35 delinquents with chronic dissocial developments and 35 neurotics (of equal sex and age) have been investigated with the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test (PFT). The results show a number of significant differences: The dissocial personalities are characterized by a denial of their strong latent guilt-feelings. They experience frustrations generally as a blame and try to remove the unbearable conflicts as soon as possible, especially by developing great activity. A modification of the evaluation of the PFT (differentiation between ego- and super-ego-blocking items) leads to the result that only the test-situations where the subjects are confronted with own fault and blame (super-ego-blocking) show clear differences between neurotics and delinquents. Clusteranalysis with super-ego-reactions to super-ego-blocking items show a great homogenity of the delinquent subjects. The other clusteranalyses lead to 2 subgroups which are interpreted as 2 ways of the delinquents to handle their strong latent guilt-feelings: the subjects of one subgroup show a defiant denial of guilt-feelings with a latent passive resignation; the subjects of the other subgroup emphasize the guilt-feelings, but are unable to take full responsibility, and they show a strong tendency to become active in order to get rid of the guilt-feelings.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Hostility, aggression, and anxiety levels of divorce and nondivorce children as manifested in their responses to projective tests.

The effects of parental divorce on the levels of aggression, hostility, and anxiety in children, as measured by the Rorschach test, together with the type and direction of aggression, as measured by the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, were studied. The Rorschach and the Rosenzweig P-F study were administered to a nonclinical sample of 108 Swedish children ranging in age from 10 to 12 years old. The subjects constituted a divorce and a nondivorce group of 27 girls and 27 boys each. Children of divorced parents (hereafter referred to as divorce children, divorce boys, or divorce girls) showed significantly higher levels of hostility, aggression, and anxiety than children of married parents (hereafter referred to as nondivorce children, nondivorce boys, nondivorce girls). There were significant differences found in the type and direction of aggression between divorce girls and boys. Divorce boys showed more extraggression and ego defensive reactions, whereas divorce girls tended to evade aggression. The differences between divorce and nondivorce groups and the diversity of reactions between divorce boys and girls are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

String picture for a model of frustrated quantum magnets and dimers.

We study the effect of quantum dynamics on geometrically frustrated magnets for a transverse field Ising model at finite temperatures. We develop a microscopic derivation of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson action for this model and show that it can be interpreted as the free energy of a 3D elastic lattice of noncrossing strings. As a first application, we quantitatively predict the phase diagram and correlations, confirming excellently a key prediction of recent simulations about the existence of unusual phase transitions and an ordered phase. We discuss the implications of our string picture for the understanding of the effect of quenched disorder in such quantum frustrated systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

The effect of humor on aggression catharsis in the classroom.

Two studies were designed to measure the cathartic effects of humor on aggressive responses. In the first study, two versions (easy and difficult) of Raven's intelligence test were administered to two groups of high school students. Only the easy version could be solved in the alloted time. Rosenzweig's (1951) Picture Frustration test was then administered and the students' aggressive responses were scored. Results showed that those who did not solve the problems had significantly higher scores on aggressivity than did the others. The second study, using four different groups, was planned according to a modified Solomon design. Two of the four groups of students completed the difficult part of the Raven test, and then two video-tapes were presented: a humorous one to two groups and a neutral one to the others. Finally, the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration test was administered to all four groups. An analysis of variance computed on the aggressivity scores showed one significant difference: frustrated students who viewed the humorous videotape had lower scores than those viewing the neutral one.

Abreaction↗
PubMed2003

Frustrated spin model as a hard-sphere liquid.

We show that one-dimensional topological objects (kinks) are natural degrees of freedom for an antiferromagnetic Ising model on a triangular lattice. Its ground states and the coexistence of spin ordering with an extensive zero-temperature entropy can easily be understood in terms of kinks forming a hard-sphere liquid. Using this picture we explain effects of quantum spin dynamics on that frustrated model, which we also study numerically.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frustration and body image in children with and without congenital cardiopathy].

The aim of the present study was to determine the existence of differences on the type of response to frustration and disintegration of body image among children with congenital heart diseases (hospitalized and out patients) with or without symptomatology and children without heart disease. The study was performed in the outpatient clinic and the pediatric cardiology ward of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez". Two tests were used: The Rosenzweig picture frustration test for children (PFT) and the human figure drawing (HFD) of Elizabeth Koppitz. No differences were found regarding the type of response to frustration, differences between groups were present in only two emotional items of the HFD. We conclude that children with congenital heart disease have special capabilities that enable them to respond to illness in adaptative ways.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

[The results of a study of frustration and depression in older primiparae].

On the basis of an experimental group of 40 elder nulliparous women (ENP) (over 35 years of age) and a control group of 70 nulliparous women, aged up to 30 years of age, and examined at the chair of obstetrics and gynecology in the town of Pleven, the authors investigated the psychic state of women under the conditions of frustration and searched for hidden or manifest depression. Picture-frustration test of C. Rosenzweig and self-evaluating scale of A. K. Beck for disclosure of depression were used for the purpose of the study. It was established that in the experimental group of women there was diminished reaction to frustrating events and increased exactingness to oneself and to the others for liquidation of frustration. Correlation between elevated autoaggression and light and moderate degree of depression in 20% of ENP was found. ENP are determined as a risk group from a psychological point of view on the basis of the obtained results. This is of interest in determining the prophylactic and therapeutic approach for formation of the most correct regimen (programme) for the protection of pregnancy.

Adult↗