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PubMed1982

[Influence of prenatal applicated centrophenoxine on the postnatal increase in weight of the Wistar rats (author's transl)].

It is found in the literature, that Centrophenoxine, an ester of Dimethylaminoethanol and p-Chlorphenoxyacetate, has a great influence on the increase in weight of embryos of Wistar-rats. In the light of the present researches on animals it is tested, if this adequate substance transformation effect of Centrophenoxine has a long lasting influence on the postnatal life, whereby the weight is considered as a parameter. Centrophenoxine was applied on the animals under test from 11-14 d post coitum that is during the time of embryogenesis. The test lasted over 5 generations. The animals were divided into 2 groups: In the first group Centrophenoxine was given to the first generation and the second to fifth generation of animals were paired each other; while in the other group each generation received this Centrophenoxine at the same time before birth. The weights of the young animals were taken at definite intervals and compared with that of the untreated control-animals as well as among themselves. The weight differences in the individual weighting times between the control and test groups were inconsiderable and were significant only in few cases. The results showed that Centrophenoxine applied prenatal has lost its weight increasing influence in the postnatal life. The reasons are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Use of multivitamin/mineral prenatal supplements: influence on the outcome of pregnancy.

The objective of this study was to examine the association of prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplement use during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy by low income, urban women in the Camden Study (1985-1995, n = 1,430) and preterm delivery (< 37 completed weeks) and infant low birth weight (< 2,500 g). Prenatal supplement use was corroborated by assay of circulating micronutrients at entry to care (no differences) and week 28 gestation (increased concentrations of folate and ferritin for supplement users). Compared with women who entered care during the first or second trimester but did not use prenatal supplements, supplement use starting in the first or second trimester was associated with approximately a twofold reduction in risk of preterm delivery. After controlling for potential confounding variables, risk of very preterm delivery (< 33 weeks' gestation) was reduced more than fourfold for first trimester users and approximately twofold when use dated from the second trimester. Infant low birth weight and very low birth weight (< 1,500 g) risks were also reduced. Risk of low birth weight was reduced approximately twofold with supplement use during the first and second trimester. Diminution in risk was greater for very low birth weight infants, amounting to a sevenfold reduction in risk of very low birth weight with first trimester supplementation and a greater than sixfold reduction when supplement use started in the second trimester. Thus, in low income, urban women, use of prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplements may have the potential to diminish infant morbidity and mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The influence of prenatal or neonatal administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on pituitary prolactin secretion and normal and neoplastic mammary growth in adult mice.

In view of the clinical use of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) during pregnancy, longterm effects of perinatal exposure to this drug on pituitary prolactin secretion and mammary tumorigenesis were studied experimentally using a high mammary tumor strain of SHN female mice. Pregnant mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of 0.3 mg CB-154 for 4 days from day 12 to day 15 of pregnancy (prenatal treatment). Another group of mice received daily dose of 0.06 mg CB-154 for the first 5 days of postnatal life (neonatal treatment). Either prenatal or neonatal treatment with CB-154 resulted in little alteration of the pattern of estrous cycle, ovarian structure and pituitary and plasma levels of prolactin. There was no difference between the control and mice treated neonatally with CB-154 in mammary tumorigenesis. On the other hand, somewhat delayed mammary tumor appearance was observed in mice treated prenatally with CB-154. These findings postulate that there is little deleterious influence of perinatal exposure to CB-154 on pituitary-ovary-mammary gland systems at advanced ages.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A window for the study of prenatal sex hormone influences on postnatal development.

In humans, the influence of prenatal sex hormones on the fetal brain and subsequent postnatal development has had limited study because of the apparent inaccessibility of hormone levels in normal fetuses. We propose that amniotic fluid obtained via midtrimester amniocentesis can be assayed for fetal hormone levels during the period thought to be important for sexual differentiation of the brain. Amniotic fluid samples from midgestation (N = 70) were assayed for levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and significant sex differences were observed (ps less than .001), with some degree of overlap between the sexes. The possibility of applying hormone levels obtained from amniotic fluid to the study of postnatal development is discussed.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed2003

The influence of prenatal tactile and vestibular stimulation on auditory and visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail: A matter of timing.

The fact that the sensory systems do not become functional at the same time during prenatal development raises the question of how experience in a given modality can influence functioning in other sensory modalities. The present study exposed groups of bobwhite quail embryos to augmented tactile and vestibular stimulation at times that either coincided with or followed the period of onset of function in the later-developing auditory and visual modalities. Differences in the timing of augmented prenatal stimulation led to different patterns of subsequent auditory and visual responsiveness following hatching. No effect on normal visual responsiveness to species-typical maternal cues was found when exposure to tactile and vestibular stimulation coincided with the emergence of visual function (Days 14-19), but when exposure took place after the onset of visual functioning (Days 17-22), chicks displayed enhanced responsiveness to the same maternal visual cues. When augmented tactile and vestibular stimulation coincided with the onset of auditory function (Days 9-14), embryos subsequently failed to learn a species-typical maternal call prior to hatching. However, when given exposure to the same type and amount of augmented stimulation following the onset of auditory function (Days 14-19), embryos did learn the maternal call. These findings demonstrate that augmented stimulation to earlier-emerging sensory modalities can either facilitate or interfere with perceptual responsiveness in later-developing modalities, depending on when that stimulation takes place.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Does prenatal screening influence anxiety levels of pregnant women? A longitudinal randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Questions addressed are: (1) Does offering prenatal screening increase anxiety? (2) Does receiving a negative screening result make women less anxious and does a positive screening result make women more anxious? (3) What are the long-term consequences on anxiety of offering screening and receiving a screening result? METHODS: Women were offered prenatal screening or no screening in a randomised controlled trial. State anxiety (STAI) and child-related anxiety (PRAQ-R) were measured. Questionnaires were filled in before prenatal screening was offered (T1), after the offer (T2), after the test result (T3), and in the third trimester of pregnancy (T4). RESULTS: Child-related anxiety levels were higher in women who chose to be screened compared to women who declined screening. Offering prenatal screening did not lead to increased anxiety levels. General anxiety increased in positively screened women, but decreased later in pregnancy. Women who were negatively screened or declined screening scored lower than the control group. CONCLUSION: For most women, offering prenatal screening and receiving the test result do not adversely affect anxiety. Giving pregnant women a choice to have prenatal screening done seems to have a small favourable effect on general feelings of anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Posterior urethral valves. Does prenatal diagnosis influence prognosis?

Forty-eight boys with posterior urethral valves were reviewed to assess the impact on prognosis of prenatal ultrasonography, which had been the method of diagnosis in 17 of them; the remaining 31 presented postnatally. Renal function before treatment was mildly to moderately impaired in 59% of those presenting prenatally, 42% presenting before 3 months of age and 25% of those first presenting when older than 3 months. All but one of the infants diagnosed prenatally had clinical signs and/or elevated serum creatinine in the early neonatal period. Eight had associated maternal oligohydramnios, of whom 6 presented prenatally and 2 postnatally: this factor was associated with a poor prognosis, with renal impairment persisting in 6 of these patients after treatment. Renal function did not relate consistently to the presence or otherwise of vesicoureteric reflux (unilateral or bilateral). Twelve of the patients who presented postnatally had normal fetal ultrasonography late in pregnancy, of whom 11 had upper tract dilatation when investigated. Six of these patients who currently have impaired renal function did not have maternal oligohydramnios, and it is argued that antenatal detection of the condition would have been beneficial in less than 20% of patients presenting postnatally with posterior urethral valves.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Opposing influences of prenatal and postnatal growth on the timing of menarche.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Menarche is a milestone of reproductive development, and its timing may be differentially influenced by the growth conditions before birth and those between birth and puberty. The present study explored the relationships among menarcheal timing and markers of prenatal and midchildhood growth in healthy Australian girls. SETTING, DESIGN, AND PATIENTS: A total of 156 girls aged 8 yr from a birth cohort of full-term babies had height, weight, and waist circumference measured. One hundred three girls had dual x-ray absorptiometry performed and blood analyzed for insulin, leptin, IGF-I, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. Girls were followed up at age 15 yr and their age of menarche was recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures included age of menarche; birth weight and birth length; height, weight, waist circumference, and body composition by dual x-ray absorptiometry; and plasma insulin, leptin, IGF-I, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate at age 8 yr. RESULTS: Girls with earlier menarche were light and long at birth and had higher total and central adiposity and IGF-I and estradiol levels in midchildhood, compared with those with later menarche. Age of menarche was best predicted by combining size at birth and body mass index z score at age 8 yr (r2 = 0.12; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The timing of menarche appears to be influenced in opposing directions by pre- and postnatal growth. Menarche was found to occur earlier in girls who were long and light at birth and who had a higher fat mass and circulating IGF-I in childhood. These findings may partly explain ethnic differences and secular trends in the age of menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal influence of prenatal cocaine exposure on child language functioning.

The present study estimates the longitudinal effects of in utero cocaine exposure on language functioning at 3, 5 and 7 years of age in an urban sample of 443 full-term children (236 cocaine-exposed and 207 noncocaine-exposed) participating in the Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study. The sample was enrolled prospectively at birth, with documentation of prenatal drug exposure status through maternal interview and urine and meconium toxicology assays. Language functioning was measured at ages 3 and 5 years using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool (CELF-P) and at age 7 years using the Core Language Domain of the NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment. Longitudinal Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Estimating Equations (GLM/GEE) analyses revealed an association between prenatal cocaine exposure and deficits in total language functioning after statistically controlling for child sex, visit age, prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana and tobacco and over 20 additional medical and sociodemographic covariates drawn from potentially confounding influences assessed at birth and follow-up visits (D=-0.17; 95% CI=-0.32, -0.03; P=.019). The link from prenatal cocaine exposure to later language deficits does not appear to be mediated by cocaine-associated deficits in birth weight, length or head circumference. Overall, the evidence tends to support an inference of a stable cocaine-specific effect on indicators of language functioning during early childhood through age 7 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Influence of prenatal iron and zinc supplements on supplemental iron absorption, red blood cell iron incorporation, and iron status in pregnant Peruvian women.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that 60% of pregnant women worldwide are anemic. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the influence of iron status on iron absorption during pregnancy by measuring supplemental iron absorption, red blood cell iron incorporation, and iron status in pregnant women. DESIGN: Subjects were 45 pregnant Peruvian women (33+/-1 wk gestation), of whom 28 received daily prenatal supplements containing 60 mg Fe and 250 microg folate without (Fe group, n = 14) or with (Fe+Zn group, n = 14) 15 mg Zn, which were were consumed from week 10 to 24 of gestation until delivery. The remaining 17 women (control) received no prenatal supplementation. Iron status indicators and isotopes were measured in maternal blood collected 2 wk postdosing with oral (57Fe) and intravenous (58Fe) stable iron isotopes. RESULTS: Maternal serum ferritin and folate concentrations were significantly influenced by supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum iron was also significantly higher in the Fe than in the Fe+Zn (P < 0.03) or control (P < 0.001) groups. However, the supplemented groups had significantly lower serum zinc concentrations than the control group (8.4+/-2.3 and 10.9+/-1.8 micromol/L, respectively, P < 0.01). Although percentage iron absorption was inversely related to maternal serum ferritin concentrations (P = 0.036), this effect was limited and percentage iron absorption did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Because absorption of nonheme iron was not substantially greater in pregnant women with depleted iron reserves, prenatal iron supplementation is important for meeting iron requirements during pregnancy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Influence of prenatal photoperiods on postnatal reproductive responses to daily infusions of melatonin in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

Prepubertal reproductive development in juvenile male Siberian hamsters can be strongly influenced by photoperiod information received during gestation. Information transmitted from the mother hamster to her fetuses appears to modify the photoperiodic mechanism of the developing hamsters so that they may respond differently to certain intermediate day lengths [i.e. 14 h of light and 10 h of darkness/day (14L)] experienced after birth depending on whether gestation occurred in longer or shorter day lengths. In adult and juvenile hamsters, the duration of the nocturnal elevation of pineal and serum melatonin (MEL) is an important component of the photoperiodic system coding for day length. In the present study, we investigated whether the photoperiod in effect during gestation could influence the responsiveness of developing male hamsters to daily MEL infusions of fixed durations administered after weaning. The results indicated that hamsters gestated under 16L or 10L did not differ from each other with respect to testicular growth in response to any of the fixed duration MEL infusions. Thus, target tissue responsiveness to fixed duration MEL infusions (over a range of 6-10 h) was the same regardless of the gestation photoperiod to which the animals had been exposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Prenatal factors and adult mental and physical health.

OBJECTIVE: To review research on prenatal influences on adult mental and physical health and draw implications for future directions in psychiatric research. METHOD: Schizophrenia is selected as an example from mental health and cardiovascular disease as an example from physical health. For each of these disorders, empirical findings on prenatal influences are reviewed, and the methods used to demonstrate them are critiqued. RESULTS: Research on prenatal antecedents of these conditions has proceeded in parallel: intriguing findings have related fetal growth restriction or fetal insult to adult health; similar types of causal pathways have been proposed to explain the relationships; and research has been plagued by similar limitations, including lack of precise prenatal exposure data and difficulty of controlling confounding. The prevailing view of disease causation, which is not well-suited to investigation of prenatal antecedents, impedes research in both fields. Yet, there has been little interchange between researchers in the 2 fields. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a causal paradigm that could serve as a guide for future investigations on the prenatal antecedents of adult health and promote interchange between research on mental and physical health. The paradigm reflects current thinking in epidemiology by encompassing not only risk factors as traditionally conceived but also causal chains over time and causal influences at multiple levels of organization. Implications for the design of new research are illustrated with reference to an ongoing study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Opposing influences of prenatal and postnatal weight gain on adrenarche in normal boys and girls.

Associations between low birth weight and higher adrenal androgen secretion before puberty have yet only been reported in case-control studies in girls. We examined the influence of birth weight and early postnatal weight gain on overnight-fasting adrenal androgen and cortisol levels in 770 children from a large normal United Kingdom birth cohort at age 8 yr. In univariate analyses, adrenal androgen levels were inversely related to birth weight sd score in each sex [dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in boys: regression coefficient (B) = -2.5 microg/dl/SD; 95% confidence interval (CI), -4.7 to -0.2; in girls: B = -3.8 microg/dl/SD; 95% CI, -6.2 to -1.4; androstenedione in boys: B = -0.15 nmol/liter/sd, 95% CI, -0.25 to -0.6; in girls: B = -0.13 nmol/liter/SD; 95% CI, -0.24 to -0.02). In multivariate analyses, both lower birth weight and larger current body weight predicted higher adrenal androgen levels (P < 0.005 for all comparisons). Allowing for current weight, children who showed rapid postnatal weight gain between 0 and 3 yr had higher dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P = 0.002) and androstenedione (P = 0.004) levels at 8 yr. In contrast, cortisol levels were unrelated to birth weight or current body size. In summary, the relationship between lower birth weight and higher childhood adrenal androgen levels was continuous throughout the range of normal birth weights, and was similar in boys and girls. Adrenal androgen levels were highest in small infants who gained weight rapidly during early childhood. We suggest that higher adrenal androgen secretion could contribute to links between early growth and adult disease risks, possibly by enhancing insulin resistance and central fat deposition.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of prenatal exposure to cimetidine and alcohol on selected morphological parameters of sexual differentiation: a preliminary report.

Pregnant rats were administered ethanol, cimetidine or a combination of both drugs from day 14 of gestation until parturition. Ano-genital (AG) distance measured at birth was significantly reduced in males exposed to cimetidine, but not in males or females exposed to alcohol. AG distance in males exposed to both ethanol and cimetidine also was not reduced, indicating a possible protective influence of ethanol against this effect of cimetidine. Birthweights in both sexes were reduced by prenatal ethanol exposure, both alone and with cimetidine exposure. Prenatal cimetidine exposure, both alone and in combination with ethanol significantly reduced seminal vesicle weights of adult males. However, no long-term effects of ethanol or cimetidine were observed on adrenal, testicular or ovarian weights. These results indicate that when fetal alcohol exposure is restricted to the critical prenatal period for hormonal actions on sexual differentiation, testosterone levels are maintained at an adequate level for normal morphological development of the genitalia.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2005

Prenatal stress influences 8-OH-DPAT modulated startle responding and [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding in rats.

The present study was to investigate some aspects of the 5-HT1A receptor system in adult-aged rats (50-60 days) that were either exposed to prenatal stress (PS) or not exposed to prenatal stress (CON). In the first series of experiments, rats were pretreated with vehicle, the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT or the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY-100635 and exposed to 120 acoustic startle stimuli (95 dB) using a 30 s inter-trial interval. 8-OH-DPAT produced a dose-dependent increase in acoustic startle responding in CON and PS rats, with the PS rats exhibiting greater responding than CON rats. WAY-100635 depressed startle amplitudes only in the CON group. Finally, radioligand binding studies using [3H]-8-OH-DPAT indicated a significant decrease in receptor density in hippocampal homogenates from PS rats but no difference in [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding from homogenates of the amygdala. Our results are consistent with earlier reports indicating that prenatal stress alters the serotonergic system. Specifically, our results indicate that gestational exposure to chronic mild stress enhances startle amplitudes following 8-OH-DPAT administration, prevents the depression in startle amplitudes following WAY-100635 administration and reduces [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding in hippocampal preparations.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1995

Influence of prenatal and postnatal photoperiods on postnatal testis development in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

In Siberian hamsters, juvenile testicular development is regulated to a large extent by photoperiod. Mother hamsters are able to pass photoperiodic information to their male fetuses, and this information can influence their postnatal gonadal development. In this study, we investigated the effects of gestation in long (16L:8D) and short (10L:14D) day lengths on the rates of juvenile testicular growth in several different postnatal photoperiods. On the day of parturition, parents and young from each gestation photoperiod were raised in 14L:10D through Day 13 of life and then were exposed to one of six photoperiods--16L:8D, 15L:9D, 14L:10D, 13L:11D, 12L:12D, or 10L:14D--until Day 32 of age. The data indicated that 15L and 14L are the minimal day lengths required to prevent complete inhibition of testis growth in long (16L) and short day (10L)-gestated hamsters, respectively. These results support earlier findings suggesting that gestation photoperiod can influence the rate of reproductive development in a certain range of "intermediate" postnatal day lengths (14L to 15L), but that gestation photoperiod does not alter the pattern of testis development in hamsters exposed to other (i.e., longer or shorter) postnatal photoperiods. Thus, both the absolute length and the direction of change of photoperiods experienced in early life can influence prepubertal testis growth.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Does prenatal diagnosis influence the morbidity associated with left in situ nonfunctioning or poorly functioning renal moiety after endoscopic puncture of ureterocele?

PURPOSE: We compared long-term morbidity associated with left in situ nonfunctioning or poorly functioning renal moiety of a duplex system in children with prenatal vs postnatal diagnosis of ureterocele who underwent endoscopic puncture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 children underwent primary endoscopic puncture of duplex system ureterocele. Of the cases 35 (73%) were diagnosed prenatally (group 1) and 13 (27%) postnatally (group 2). Median age at time of puncture was 4 months in group 1 and 3.5 years in group 2. A total of 20 patients in group 1 (57%) and 8 in group 2 (62%) presented with intravesical ureterocele, while 15 in group 1 (43%) and 5 in group 2 (38%) had ectopic ureterocele. A total of 20 children in group 1 (57%) and 7 in group 2 (54%) had a nonfunctioning renal moiety, and 15 in group 1 (43%) and 6 in group 2 (46%) had a poorly functioning ureterocele moiety. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was present in 23 children in group 1 (66%) comprising 30 renal refluxing units (RRUs), and in 12 in group 2 (92%) comprising 14 RRUs. Median followup was 9 years (range 1 to 15) for both groups. RESULTS: Preoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) was common in group 2 (92%) vs group 1 (20%). No patient in group 1 had development of UTI after puncture, while 23% of the children in group 2 presented with UTI. Four children (2 from each group) with ectopic ureterocele required secondary puncture resulting in satisfactory drainage. A total of 14 RRUs (47%) showed spontaneous resolution of VUR in group 1 compared to 3 (21%) in group 2. Four RRUs (13%) required endoscopic correction due to high grade VUR in group 1. Two RRUs (17%) were treated with endoscopic correction and 2 (17%) with ureteral reimplantation due to UTI in group 2. Only 1 patient in group 1 underwent nephrectomy due to nonfunctioning kidney, while 2 patients in group 2 required partial nephrectomy due to UTI. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal that prenatal diagnosis of duplex system ureterocele is associated with fewer UTIs, and early endoscopic management may decrease UTI and the need for additional surgery. Nonfunctioning or poorly functioning renal moieties left in situ following successful endoscopic decompression of ureterocele are not associated with additional morbidity and do not require partial nephrectomy in the majority of the cases.

Age Factors↗