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PubMed1988

Olfactory dysfunction in parkinsonism: a general deficit unrelated to neurologic signs, disease stage, or disease duration.

To explore the nature of the olfactory dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), 81 PD patients who scored well on a cognitive screening test were administered the 40-odorant University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; 38 were additionally given a forced-choice phenylethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test. Clinical ratings of 11 neurologic symptoms (three bilateral) were obtained at the time of testing, and odor identification was retested in 24 patients at intervals ranging from 5 to 39 months. Relative to matched controls, the PD patients exhibited consistent and marked decrements on both types of olfactory tests (ps less than 0.0001). The odor identification deficit was not restricted to any subset of odorants and did not evidence longitudinal change. A factor analysis of the intercorrelations among the variables yielded six easily interpretable factors: general motor, oral motor, olfactory function, cognitive function, tremor, and gender. Olfactory test scores were independent of all other measures, including disease stage and duration. Seventy-two percent of the PD patients were unaware of a smell disorder before testing; those who were aware had significantly lower test scores. A statistical comparison of PD patients' olfactory test scores to those obtained from Alzheimer's disease patients found the olfactory disorders of these diseases to be indistinguishable. The data support the hypothesis that the olfactory deficit of PD is a general and stable one which likely occurs early in the disease process.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Right-nostril advantage for discrimination of odors.

Olfactory discrimination was tested with eight pairs of odors presented to each nostril of each subject. Ninety-nine subjects were tested; there were equal numbers of left- and right-handers, as well as both sexes. Detection thresholds for phenylethyl alcohol were measured separately in each nostril using a forced-choice staircase procedure. In addition, a verbal dichotic listening test known to be sensitive to language lateralization was administered. Results indicated that discrimination performance was significantly better when the stimuli were presented to the right nostril than when they were presented to the left, but no differences between the nostrils in detection thresholds were found. The right-nostril advantage did not vary as a function of sex or handedness, and did not bear any relation to language lateralization as measured via dichotic listening. The asymmetry for olfactory discrimination replicates an earlier study and is interpreted in terms of a possible specialization of function within the right cerebral hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Olfactory event-related potentials to isoamyl acetate in congenital anosmia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the olfactory origin of the event-related potential (OEP) by evaluating OEP and standardized psychophysical measures in patients with congenital anosmia. METHODS: Olfactory function was evaluated by OEP and standardized psychophysical measures including smell identification test and odor detection threshold tests for 3 chemosensory stimulants: phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), isoamyl acetate (IAA), and chloracetyl phenone (CAP) in 9 subjects with isolated congenital anosmia and 9 age- and gender-matched normosmic controls. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the smell identification test score (P < 0.001) and odor detection thresholds for PEA and IAA (P < 0.001) between the anosmic and normosmic subjects. Detection thresholds for CAP, a trigeminal stimulant, did not differ between the 2 groups. In the control subjects, OEP to IAA was characterized by 4 reproducible components (P1, N1, P2 and N2). In the subjects with congenital anosmia, no reproducible evoked potential components were identified in response to IAA. No reproducible evoked potential components were seen in response to the air control stimulus in either the anosmic or normosmic groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that OEP provide a specific and objective measure of olfactory function.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Some proposals for anaerobic primary culture from the supply side].

Many researchers paid attention to Bacteroides fragilis group chiefly for the past this 20 years. Most of B. fragilis groups encountered in clinical specimens possesses beta-lac- tamase. However recently, many researchers report that beta-lactamase-producing anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli except for B. fragilis groups are often encountered in clinical specimens. These strains belonging to Prevotella spp. or Fusobacterium spp. These organisms are often coexist with streptococci such as "S. milleri" group in specimens. Because these facts are very important in chemotherapy, such as beta-lactamase producers must be detected securely. For such a specimen, selective media that phenylethyl alcohol or gentamicin was added is not suitable. On the other hand, paromomycin vancomycin Brucella HK agar is suitable selective medium for not only these organisms but also for B. fragilis. Therefore, paromomycin vancomycin Brucella HK agar is recommended as the first choice of selective agar to use together with non-selective agar at present.

Agar↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Technology of eye drops containing aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.--Liliaceae) and eye drops containing both aloe and neomycin sulphate.

Eye drops made of aloe are a sterile, aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill., containing necessary additives and neomycin sulphate. The aim of the studies was to establish the technology of eye drops containing biologically active aloe substances and those containing both chemical constituents of aloe and neomycin sulphate. Within the studies, the formulary content and the way of preparing eye drops were determined, criteria were defined and methods of qualitative assessment of drops were proposed. On the basis of the proposed analytical methods, the physicochemical and microbiological stability of the eye drops stored at a temperature of 20-25 degrees C was studied. As the criteria of qualitative assessment of the eye drops, the following analyses were considered: sterility, appearance of the eye drops (clarity), pH, osmotic pressure, density, viscosity, TLC analysis, content of aloenin and aloin, studies of anti-microbial activity of neomycin in the drops, and preservative efficiency of thiomersal in the eye drops. The studies showed that the additives such as: sodium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine diacetate and digluconate, phenylmercuric borate and Nipagins M and P could not be used to prepare the eye drops because they were involved in pharmaceutical interactions with chemical constituents of aloe in the eye drops. The eye drops containing: aqueous extract of fresh leaves of aloe, boric acid, thiomersal, sodium pyrosulphite, disodium EDTA, beta-phenylethyl alcohol and neomycin sulphate, both freshly prepared and after two years of storage, met the requirements of the Polish Pharmacopoeia (PPh V) mentioned in the monograph Guttae ophthalmicae. They were sterile, clear, their osmotic pressure approximated the osmotic pressure of lacrimal fluid and they were characterized by appropriate pH. Aloenin in the drops was much more stable than aloin. Neomycin after two years of storage retained almost 98% of its starting antimicrobial activity which allows the conclusion that the biologically active aloe substances did not decrease the stability of neomycin in the drops. The preservation assay showed that thiomersal, both in the freshly prepared drops and after two years of storage, maintained antimicrobial activity, which was in accordance with PPh V.

Aloe↗
PubMed2003

Phytochemical studies of Rehmannia glutinosa rhizomes.

2,4-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-6H-pyran-3-one (1), a hitherto unknown natural product, and the calcium salt of rehmapicroside (2) have been isolated from rhizomes of the Vietnamese variety of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch together with a series of known compounds: norcarotenoids (3-5), 2-formyl-5-hydroxy-methylfurane (6), the iridoid rehmaglutin D (7), iridoid glycosides (8-12) and phenylethyl alcohol glycosides (13-17). Their structures were determined by mass and NMR spectroscopy.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physicochemical and microbiological properties of eye drops containing cefuroxime.

The purpose of the studies was to examine the influence of the additives and storage temperature on physicochemical properties and on the antimicrobial activity of cefuroxime in the eye drops. The eye drops were 1% sterile aqueous solutions of cefuroxime in citrate buffer of pH 6.15-6.20, preserved with 0.002% thiomersal or 0.001% phenylmercuric borate with 0.4% beta-phenylethyl alcohol. Viscosity of the eye drops was increased using polyvinyl alcohol. The drops, protected from light, were stored at the temperature of 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C. As the criteria of the qualitative assessment of freshly prepared eye drops and during their storage, the following properties were considered: organoleptic analysis (color, clarity, and smell), sterility, pH, osmotic pressure, density, and viscosity, antimicrobial activity of cefuroxime and preservation efficiency of thiomersal and phenylmercuric borate in the eye drops. The storage temperature had a significant influence on the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotic in the eye drops. The antimicrobial activity of cefuroxime in the drops stored for 30 days at the temperature of 4 degrees C did not decrease. Thiomersal at the concentration over 0.003%, 0.005% benzalkonium chloride and 0.01% chlorhexidine diacetate were not compatible with cefuroxime in the drops.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1982

Identification of the signal peptidase cleavage site in Bacillus licheniformis prepenicillinase.

The DNA sequence of the entire gene for penicillinase of Bacillus licheniforms 749 has recently been determined (Neugebauer, K., Sprengel, R., and Schaller, H. (1981) Nucleic Acid Res. 9, 2577-2588). Here we show that a primary translation product (Mr 35,000) can be synthesized in vitro by translation of B. licheniformis mRNA in a EScherichia coli cell-free system, or in vivo, after phenylethyl alcohol treatment of B. licheniformis. The partial NH2-terminal sequence of the in vivo synthesized primary translation product, termed prepenicillinase, was in agreement with the NH2-terminal sequence deduced from the DNA sequence. Furthermore, when a B. licheniformis membrane fraction plus the nonionic detergent Nikkol were present in the in vitro translation system, prepenicillinase was proteolytically processed to a polypeptide (Mr 31,250) that comigrated electrophoretically with the membrane-bound form of this enzyme. The partial NH2-terminal sequence of this processed form showed that it had lost 26 NH2-terminal residues present in prepenicillinase. We propose that the observed cleavage was due to membrane-associated and detergent-activated signal peptidase and consequently, that the 26-residue-long extension of nascent prepenicillinase functions in translocation across the prokaryotic plasma membrane. Based on our partial protein sequence data and the DNA sequence data, the signal peptidase-processed penicillinase starts with a Cys residue. Cotranslational and post-translational modifications of this NH2-terminal Cys, similar to those observed in the E. coli lipoprotein, might be the only means by which penicillinase can be anchored to the outer leaflet of the B. licheniformis plasma membrane.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

[A simple and rapid method capable of detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by single culture on an agar plate].

A novel simple agar plate capable of detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by single culture was developed. The agar plate included 1) mannitol and a pH indicator, and 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphoric acid, both for identification of Staphylococcus aureus by its ability to digest mannitol and produce phosphatase; detection of the former by change in color of pH indicator and the latter by fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone, 2) oxacillin at a minimum concentration just to eliminate methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and 3) phenylethyl alcohol to inhibit growth of most gram negative rods. The method was simple, sensitive, time-saving, and quite effective in the identification of MRSA directly from clinical specimens. Neither false positive nor false negative results were observed by the present method.

Agar↗
PubMed1998

Semiquantitative bacteriology of closed odontogenic abscesses.

Pus samples from twenty-three dentoalveolar abscesses were collected by needle aspiration and examined by direct inoculation technique using 6 different aerobic and anaerobic agar plates. For aerobic culture, sheep blood agar and chocolate agar (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan) were used. For anaerobic culture, four different media, 1) brucella HK agar with hemolyzed rabbit blood and defibrillated sheep blood, 2) paramomycin-vancomycin brucella HK agar with hemolyzed rabbit blood, 3) phenylethyl alcohol brucella HK agar with hemolyzed rabbit blood, 4) bacteroides bile esculin agar (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan) were prepared in an anaerobic jar prior to inoculation. The aerobic agar plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C, and the anaerobic plates at least 48 h at 37 degrees C in anaerobic jars. From 23 closed odontogenic abscess samples, a total of 112 bacterial strains were isolated; 81 strains (72.3%) were strict anaerobes, and 31 strains (27.7%) were aerobes. The mean number of bacterial strains per positive sample was 4.86. Oral Streptococci, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus and Veillonella were common isolates. The combination of Oral Streptococci and Prevotella was found in 11 patients (47.8%), and that of Prevotella and Peptostreptococcus in 12 patients (52.2%). The present study demonstrated that closed odontogenic abscesses are polymicrobial infections by aerobes and anaerobes. Application of a direct inoculation technique for bacterial culture made it possible to isolate more anaerobes than our commonly used technique using transport medium and to delineate the semiquantitative bacteriology of closed odontogenic abscess.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Glycosidic aroma precursors of 2-phenylethyl and benzyl alcohols from Jasminum sambac flowers.

Benzyl 6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (beta-primeveroside) (1), 2-phenylethyl beta-primeveroside (2), and 2-phenylethyl 6-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (beta-rutinoside) (3) were isolated as aroma precursors of benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol from flower buds of Jasminum sambac Ait. The isolation was guided by an enzymatic hydrolysis and GC and GC-MS analyses.

Benzyl Alcohol↗
PubMed2005

[Chemical components of volatiles form withered black poplar leaves with different physiological age].

By the methods of steam distillation and GC-MS, this paper analyzed the chemical components of the volatiles from withered black poplar leaves. The main components of the volatiles from young leaves were(Z)-3-hexenol (44.81% ),4-methyl-1-pentanol (21.85%) and 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (15.19%), those from matured leaves were(Z)-3-hexenol (28.71%) and 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (10.35%), while in the volatiles from senescent leaves, the main components were 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (28.81%) and benzyl alcohol (15.06%). The (Z)-3-hexenol content in the volatiles was evidently decreased with increasing leaf age, while the species and contents of aromatic compounds were in adverse.

Benzyl Alcohol↗
PubMed1978

On the synthesis of serine and homoserine samples asymmetrically labelled with tritium and deuterium in the hydroxymethylene group.

(1R) [1-3H, 2H1] 3-Phenylpropanol, the key intermediate in the synthesis of (4R) [4-3H, 2H1] D,L-homoserine and of the (4S)-isomer, is obtained from (1S) [1-2H1] 3-phenylpropanol and (1RS) [1-3H] ethanol upon incubation with yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+; under similar conditions 2-phenylethanol undergoes very small exchange with [1-2H2] ethanol.

1-Propanol↗