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PubMed2002

Changes in urinary zinc and copper with strenuous physical exercise.

BACKGROUND: Air rescue trainees in the Japan Air Self Defense Force participate in a curriculum that includes 24 wk of strenuous physical training. The trace minerals zinc and copper are directly involved in many physiologic processes that are altered by physical exercise of this sort. It has also been demonstrated that urinary excretion of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) increases during both mental work and physical exercise. HYPOTHESIS: Air rescue trainees will exhibit changes in trace mineral excretion and catecholamine levels that vary with the type of training undertaken. METHODS: The levels of urinary zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), noradrenaline (NAd), and adrenaline (Ad) were determined in 11 air rescue trainees before and after daily training sessions for consecutive 3- or 4-d periods during four phases of the curriculum, as follows: control (Cont), classroom instruction without physical exercise; preliminary (Prelim), daily exercise sessions for increased physical strength; basic (Basic), a combination of lectures and demanding physical exercise; and simulated mountain rescue (Sim). RESULTS: The mean urinary concentrations of Zn and Cu increased significantly after sessions with physical exercise (Prelim, Basic, and Sim), but remained unchanged for Cont. The NAd levels also increased significantly after training with physical exercise. In contrast, Ad levels increased significantly after sessions in all phases, both with and without physical exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary levels of Zn, Cu, NAd, and Ad rose with strenuous exertion, whereas only Ad responded to both physical and mental tasking.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Health-related quality of life and sickness absence in community nursing home employees: randomized controlled trial of physical exercise.

BACKGROUND: It is a common belief that physical exercise at the workplace decreases subjective health complaints and reduces sickness absence, but this is not supported by previous randomized studies. AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise at the workplace. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-nine employees in a community-based nursing home for the elderly were randomized into physical exercise or control groups. A weekly exercise class consisting of light aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening and stretching was held for a 6-month period. The control group was told to continue their ordinary activity. The main outcome measures were aerobic fitness (UKK, walking test), health-related quality of life (COOP/WONCA) and sickness absence. Blinded assessments were carried out at baseline and following the 6-month intervention. Complete sickness absence data were collected from a community register for two comparable 7-month periods. RESULTS: The average number of exercise sessions was 12 (0-26). Self-reported physical activity increased in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Aerobic fitness improved in both groups (P < 0.01). Mean sickness absence increased from 6.8 to 15.6 days in the exercise group and from 10.4 to 14.5 in the control group. No differences between groups were found for aerobic fitness, health-related quality of life or sickness absence. CONCLUSION: The intervention neither improved health-related quality of life nor reduced sickness absence.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to physical exercise.

The effect of physical exercise on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was studied in 10 healthy young volunteers. The subjects were exercised on a bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. Blood samples were drawn at rest, at maximal load and in the following resting period. ANP concentrations were measured by radio-immunoassay. The level of ANP rose from 6.7 +/- 0.5 at rest to 33.2 +/- 7.0 pmol/l (mean +/- SEM) (p less than 0.05) at maximal load and returned to normal after 45 min. It was not possible to demonstrate a correlation between a change in ANP concentration and changes in pulse rate, blood pressure, maximal physical load, volume of urine, the amount of urine sodium, urine potassium or urine creatinine during the exercise load.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Control of physical exercise of rats in a swimming basin.

To study the mutual interaction between physical exercise and antioxidant systems in rats, we selected swimming as a model for exercise performance. Swimming belongs to the natural behavior of a rat, which under proper experimental conditions, primarily involves physical exercise with little emotional arousal. Therefore, we developed a swimming basin in which the intensity of exercise was manipulated by swimming speed and swimming duration. A laser beam interruption system enables recording of swimming patterns. For comparison we also used the basin to induce emotional arousal. Hereto the basin was transformed into a maze, in which unexpected blockade of a learned swimming route induced a panic-like emotional reaction. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase decreased in rat plasma after emotional arousal, not after physical exercise. Depletion of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver by diethyl maleate led to decrease of swimming performance. Noradrenaline but not adrenaline plasma levels increased in response to physical exercise. After emotional arousal the ratio noradrenaline/adrenaline did not change. In contrast, lactate only increased in response to emotional arousal. Plasma levels of glucose increased after both stress situations. Beta-adrenoceptor function, determined in the heart and in erythrocytes, only changed after physical exercise. The sensitivity to the beta-agonist (-)isoprenaline in the right atrium decreased and a downregulation of the beta-adrenoceptor density was observed in the erythrocyte.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The group psychotherapy and home-based physical exercise (group-hope) trial in cancer survivors: physical fitness and quality of life outcomes.

Physical exercise has been shown to enhance quality of life (QOL) in cancer survivors using pretest-posttest designs and compared to usual care (i.e. no intervention). In the present study, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine if exercise could improve QOL in cancer survivors beyond the known benefits of group psychotherapy (GP). We matched 22 GP classes (N=108) on content and then randomly assigned 11 (n=48) to GP alone and 11 (n=60) to GP plus home-based, moderate-intensity exercise (GP+EX). Participants completed a physical fitness test and QOL measures (e.g. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scales) at the beginning and end of GP classes (about 10 weeks). We had excellent recruitment (81%), retention (89%), and adherence (84%) rates and a modest contamination (22%) rate. Using intention-to-treat repeated measures analyses of variance, we found significant Time by Condition interactions for functional well-being, fatigue, and sum of skinfolds. We also found borderline significant interactions for physical well-being, satisfaction with life, and flexibility. All interactions favored the GP+EX condition. We conclude that a home-based, moderate intensity exercise program may im-prove QOL in cancer survivors beyond the benefits of GP, particularly in relation to physical and functional well-being.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Ophthalmic artery flow velocity after physical exercise in healthy men.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on blood flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery of healthy men. Color Doppler imaging, which permits rapid noninvasive imaging of the ophthalmic artery, was performed in 11 healthy male adult volunteers to compare pre- and post-exercise measurements of blood flow velocity. After submaximal physical exercise, systolic blood flow velocity (Vmax) and time-averaged blood flow velocity (Vmean) increased significantly, but returned to pre-exercise levels 5-10 minutes after the completion of physical exercise. There were no significant changes in minimum end-diastolic blood flow velocity (Vmin), resistance index (RI) or pulsatility index (PI). The RI and PI parameters are considered to reflect vascular resistance. Our results indicate that submaximal physical exercise increased the blood flow velocity, but did not alter the resistance index of the ophthalmic artery.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of mild aerobic physical exercise on membrane fluidity of erythrocytes in essential hypertension.

1. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of aerobic physical exercise on membrane function in mild essential hypertension. 2. Hypertensive patients were divided into an exercise group (n = 8) and a non-exercise (control) group (n = 8). Physical exercise within the intensity of the anaerobic threshold level was performed twice a week for 6 months. Membrane fluidity of erythrocytes was examined by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and spin-labelling methods before and after the trial period in both groups. 3. After physical exercise, blood pressure decreased significantly. 4. Compared with the non-exercise group, in the exercise group both the order parameter (S) and the peak height ratio (ho/h-1) in the EPR spectra of erythrocytes were significantly reduced (S, 0.717 +/- 0.004 vs 0.691 +/- 0.008, respectively (n = 8), P < 0.05; ho/h-1, 5.38 +/- 0.06 vs 4.89 +/- 0.06, respectively (n = 8), P < 0.05). These findings indicated that exercise increased membrane fluidity and improved the membrane microviscosity of erythrocytes. 5. There was no direct correlation between blood pressure reduction and the exercise-induced increase in membrane fluidity of erythrocytes. 6. In the non-exercise (control) group, blood pressure and membrane fluidity were not changed after a 6 month follow-up period. 7. The results show that aerobic physical exercise increased erythrocyte membrane fluidity and improved the rigidity of cell membranes in hypertensive patients. The improvement of rheological properties of erythrocytes may explain, in part, the cellular mechanisms for the beneficial effects of physical exercise in hypertension.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effects of light physical exercise on sleep regulation in rats.

PURPOSE: Acute physical exercise is known to enhance slow-wave sleep (SWS) and reduce paradoxical sleep (PS) in humans. In this study, we examined the effects of moderate physical exercise on sleep in rats. METHOD: Young adult Wistar rats underwent a 4-h baseline electroencephalographic (EEG) recording session. The following day, they were induced to walk (0.8 m x min(-1)) or run (4 m x min(-1)) for 45 min in a rota-rod treadmill. Active control rats (ACR) were placed on the locked rota-rod for 45 min, whereas passive control rats (PCR) remained in their home cages. They were then left free to sleep for 4 h during which EEG activity was recorded. Rectal temperature (Tre) was monitored before and after exercise in ACR, walking and running rats (WR and RR, respectively) and at 45 min intervals in PCR. RESULTS: WR were able to walk for 45 min consecutively whereas in RR performances differed. Posttraining Tre was unchanged in ACR, PCR, and WR and resulted about 1.8 degrees C above baseline in RR. In both WR and RR after exercise i) length of SWS and PS, ii) intensity of SWS (spectral power density in 1-4 Hz range), and iii) propensity for falling asleep were enhanced. Interestingly, there was a more conspicuous increment in PS than SWS. In ACR and PCR there were no changes in sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the complexity of sleep regulation, the interaction of several factors might underlie the observed increment in SWS and PS. Nevertheless, it is interesting that light physical exercise favors sleep and above all a harmonic enhancement of both sleep phases.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Dextrofenfluramine, but not 8-OH-DPAT affects the decrease in food consumed by rats submitted to physical exercise.

The effects of physical exercise (1 hr of treadmill running) on nocturnal food consumption were investigated in trained rats. On the basis of previous reports which indicated that exercise increases central 5-HT synthesis, we also measured the consequences of 5-HT (indirect or direct) agonist administration. Noncumulative food intake data revealed that exercise diminished food consumption during the late postexercise periods whereas that of the first 4 hr of analysis remained unaltered. Treatment with dextrofenfluramine (d-FEN) at the end of the exercise session promoted hypophagia in both groups of rats; however, the anorexigenic effect of the 5-HT releaser and 5-HT uptake inhibitor d-FEN was found to be more pronounced in the runners. Lastly, an attempt was made to modify the feeding consequences of exercise by administering at the end of running an orexigenic compound, namely the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). At the two doses used, 8-OH-DPAT proved to be inactive on the respective amounts of food consumed by the controls and the runners. The data obtained herein suggest that (a) moderate exercise promotes late hypophagia, (b) 8-OH-DPAT is devoid of hyperphagic property when administered at the onset of the dark cycle, i.e., when the rats normally begin their gross daily food intake. The data obtained from the d-FEN study suggest that exercise-induced alterations in central serotonergic system could participate in the consequences of exercise on feeding behavior.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗

PubMed2025

Effect of Physical Exercise on Telomere Length: Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Telomere length (TL) is a marker of cellular health and aging. Physical exercise has been associated with longer telomeres and, therefore, healthier aging. However, results supporting such effects vary across studies. Our aim was to synthesize existing evidence on the effect of different modalities and durations of physical exercise on TL. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the needs and expectations of individuals with physical disabilities and their interventionists for the use of a virtual reality physical activity platform in a community organization. METHODS: We performed an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Data sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. We selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of physical exercise on TL. RESULTS: Our literature search retrieved 12 eligible systematic reviews, 5 of which included meta-analyses. We identified 22 distinct primary studies to estimate the overall effect size of physical exercise on TL. The overall effect size was 0.28 (95% CI 0.118-0.439), with a heterogeneity test value Q of 43.08 (P=.003) and I² coefficient of 51%. The number of weeks of intervention explained part of this heterogeneity (Q_B=8.25; P=.004), with higher effect sizes found in studies with an intervention of less than 30 weeks. Exercise modality explained additional heterogeneity within this subgroup (Q_B=10.28, P=.02). The effect sizes were small for aerobic exercise and endurance training, and moderate for high-intensity interval training. CONCLUSIONS: Our umbrella review and meta-analysis detected a small-moderate positive effect of physical exercise on TL, which seems to be influenced by the duration and type of physical exercise. High quality studies looking into the impact of standardized, evidence-based physical exercise programs on TL are still warranted.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Changes in the concentrations of urinary proteins after physical exercise.

The influence of physical exercise on the urinary excretion of proteins was examined in 17 male high school baseball players. Their urine was collected before and after exercise to determine the concentrations of total protein, albumin, beta 2-microglobulin and creatinine along with the activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30). Concentrations of total protein, albumin, beta 2-microglobulin and creatinine increased significantly (p less than 0.01) after exercise, while N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity did not increase. Similar results were obtained when the concentrations of these urinary components were calculated on the basis of a urinary density of 1.024, and when they were expressed relative to the amount of creatinine. Positive correlations were seen among total protein, albumin, beta 2-microglobulin and creatinine concentrations, but not between the beta 2-microglobulin concentration and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity. Isoenzyme activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in the urine were determined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates. After exercise, the A-form increased slightly, and the B-form decreased slightly, but these changes were not statistically significant.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1996

Temporary threshold shift induced by physical exercise.

Several studies have demonstrated how physical exercise can increase noise-induced temporary threshold shifts (TTS), but until now no evidence of TTS exclusively attributable to physical activity has yet been reported. In this study the hearing pure-tone thresholds of 10 subjects were evaluated at rest and at three designated times following the end of a work load corresponding to 50% and 80% of the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max). The results obtained demonstrate a definite effect of physical exercise on the hearing threshold at 6000 and 8000 Hz and that the higher the frequency, the greater the chance of detecting a TTS. Evaluation of the variations in some physiologic parameters (VO2 max, blood lactate and blood pressure) could not statistically correlate the same with TTS. The physiopathologic mechanisms responsible for TTS are still unknown and require further studies which should make allowances for the deferred effects of metabolic variations on the cochlear function.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Physical exercise decreases neuronal activity in the posterior hypothalamic area of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Recently, physical exercise has been shown to significantly alter neurochemistry and neuronal function and to increase neurogenesis in discrete brain regions. Although we have documented that physical exercise leads to molecular changes in the posterior hypothalamic area (PHA), the impact on neuronal activity is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neuronal activity in the PHA is altered by physical exercise. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were allowed free access to running wheels for a period of 10 wk (exercised group) or no wheel access at all (nonexercised group). Single-unit extracellular recordings were made in anesthetized in vivo whole animal preparations or in vitro brain slice preparations. The spontaneous firing rates of PHA neurons in exercised SHR in vivo were significantly lower (8.5 +/- 1.6 Hz, n = 31 neurons) compared with that of nonexercised SHR in vivo (13.7 +/- 1.8 Hz, n = 38 neurons; P < 0.05). In addition, PHA neurons that possessed a cardiac-related rhythm in exercised SHR fired significantly lower (6.0 +/- 1.8 Hz, n = 11 neurons) compared with nonexercised SHR (12.1 +/- 2.4 Hz, n = 18 neurons; P < 0.05). Similarly, the spontaneous in vitro firing rates of PHA neurons from exercised SHR were significantly lower (3.5 +/- 0.3 Hz, n = 67 neurons) compared with those of nonexercised SHR (5.6 +/- 0.5 Hz, n = 58 neurons; P < 0.001). Both the in vivo and in vitro findings support the hypothesis that physical exercise can lower spontaneous activity of neurons in a cardiovascular regulatory region of the brain. Thus physical exercise may alter central neural control of cardiovascular function by inducing lasting changes in neuronal activity.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1987

[The effect of physical exercise in experimental osteoporosis rats].

The effect of physical exercise on the growth of bones was studied. Male rats 8 weeks old were divided into 3 groups, a sedentary group and 2 exercise groups (RUN 1, RUN 2). Rats in the exercised groups were conditioned by a treadmill running program for 8 weeks (RUN 1, 1 hr X 1/day; RUN 2, 1 hr X 2/day). Animals in the RUN 2 group showed remarkably increased cortical thickness and density by the microdensitometry method and greater dry weight. Female rats in the similar running program showed the effective change in only RUN 1 group. To evaluate the protective effect of physical exercise on the loss of bone mass in experimental osteoporosis, 6 week old rats were bilaterally ovariectomized, fed a low Ca diet and exercised on a treadmill. Ovariectomized-exercised bones were higher in cortical thickness, density, area and dry weight than the ovariectomized-unexercised group. These results support the view that suitable physical exercise may be a valuable treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in human beings.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of heavy physical exercise and adaptogens on nitric oxide content in human saliva.

Since heavy physical exercise increases the content of nitric oxide and cortisol in blood and saliva, standardized extracts of the adaptogen herbal drugs Schizandra chinensis and Bryonia alba roots were applied to several groups of athletes in a placebo controlled double blind study. In the beginning of a test with athletes Schizandra chinensis and Bryonia alba extracts increased the concentration of NO and cortisol in blood plasma and saliva similar to athletes with heavy physical exercise. These results correlate with an increased physical performance in athletes taking adaptogens versus athletes taking placebo. In contrast after treatment with the adaptogen heavy physical exercise does not increase salivary NO and cortisol in athletes, whereas athletes treated with placebo heavy physical exercise increased salivary NO. These results show that the salivary NO test can be used both for evaluation of physical loading and stress protective effect of an adaptogen.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

[Change in some properties of soluble cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rat myocardium during physical exercise].

During 1.5- and 3-months physical exercise the activity of soluble 3':5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase of the rat increases 2.4- and 4.6-fold, respectively. The maximal activity of the enzymes from heart muscles of control and experimental animals is observed at the same concentration of 3':5'-AMP (10(-6) M) and pH (6.8-7.0). The degree of changes in V and apparent Km for ATP and histone H2b depend on the duration of physical exercise. The changes in the properties of soluble 3':5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase suggest the participation of the enzyme in adaptation to systematic muscular activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Modification of dental pain and cutaneous thermal sensitivity by physical exercise in man.

The effect of physical exercise on dental pain thresholds, the release of pituitary stress hormones and thermal sensitivity of skin was tested in healthy human subjects. Different levels of exercise (100-300 W) at different pedal frequencies were produced by a cycle ergometer. Thermal limen (the interval between warm and cool thresholds) determined from glabrous hand, hairy forearm and leg was used as a parameter of thermal sensitivity. In all subjects the heart rate and blood pressure were increased with increasing work load. Dental pain thresholds were elevated at high work loads with a concomitant activation of pituitary stress hormone (especially growth hormone) release. Thermal limens at all 3 sites were increased work load, too, independent of the pedal frequency. The increase of thermal limen was most marked in the leg and least in the glabrous hand. The results indicate that physical exercise produces a non-segmental, load-dependent decrease of pain and thermal sensitivity with a concomitant activation of pituitary stress mechanisms. The magnitude of modification varies with skin region. Activation of inhibitory mechanisms at spinal levels via muscle and proprioceptive afferents, in a way suggested by the gate control theory of pain mechanisms, seems to have only a minor, if any, contribution to the present findings, since a higher pedal frequency did not produce a more marked decrease of sensitivity.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1993

[Effect of gamma radiation on the concentration of pyruvate and lactate in erythrocytes of healthy men after submaximal physical exercise].

The aim of this work was to study the effect of gamma radiation and submaximal physical exercise on the concentration of final products of anaerobic glycolytic pathway in erythrocytes of healthy men. Twenty one men aged 20-22 were examined. They underwent physical exercise at doses of 2 w/kg body weight for 15 min. Erythrocytes were taken in the rest and after physical exercise and were exposed to gamma radiation (500 Gy doses) from 60Co source. The concentration of pyruvate was estimated by Fermognost tests and the concentration of lactate by Boehringer Mannheim tests. The submaximal physical exercise was found to cause a significantly increased concentration of pyruvate and lactate in the non-radiated and irradiated erythrocytes. Gamma radiation at 500 Gy dose was found to increase concentration of pyruvate in erythrocytes (in the rest and after physical exercise) with simultaneous decrease of lactate concentration.

Adult↗