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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in individuals occupationally exposed to polyvinyl chloride modified with plasticizers].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health state of a random group of subjects occupationally exposed to polyvinyl chloride. The emphasis was put on the hepatic functional tests in comparison with acetaminophen pharmacokinetics. Forty two males were assigned to two groups: the control group free from occupational exposure and the group exposed to polyvinyl chloride. The latter one was divided into two subgroups according to the length of exposure. The following examinations were carried out in all subjects: subjective and physical examinations, basic laboratory and functional hepatic tests, radioisotope examinations of the liver and spleen, and acetaminophen pharmacokinetics was analysed as well. Acetaminophen was administered intragastrically in a single dose of 1.0 g. Blood was collected within 24 hrs after drug administration. The method of Routh et al. was used for determination of paracetamol concentration. A two-compartment open model for extravascular administration was used for calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The results suggest that polyvinyl chloride leads to an accelerated acetaminophen biotransformation, regardless of the length of occupational exposure. There was no correlation between changes in paracetamol metabolism and standard functional hepatic tests. The acetaminophen test can be useful in detecting alterations in the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes, a symptom of early occupational exposure to chemical compounds with potential hepatoxic properties.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1996

Loss of quinidine gluconate injection in a polyvinyl chloride infusion system.

The effect of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) i.v. administration system on the availability of quinidine gluconate was studied. Quinidine gluconate diluted in 5% dextrose injection was administered intravenously to five healthy volunteers via conventional PVC infusion sets, and the subjects received oral quinidine sulfate two days later. The mean +/- S.D. oral bioavailability of quinidine was, unexpectedly, greater than 100% (147 +/- 44%). To test the possibility that this occurred because of reduced delivery of i.v. quinidine, the percentage of drug delivered via two systems was evaluated in simulation studies, one involving a conventional PVC administration set and the other a glass syringe attached to shorter PVC tubing and a winged i.v. catheter. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed a 5-7% reduction in absorbance associated with loss of quinidine in the PVC infusion bag and a further 34-38% reduction in absorbance attributable to quinidine loss in the PVC tubing. However, with the winged i.v. catheter system the loss was reduced to less than 3%. More than 40% of a dose of quinidine gluconate was lost when the drug was administered with a conventional PVC i.v. administration set. Drug loss was reduced by using a winged i.v. catheter and shorter tubing.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

Clinical response to intravenous nitroglycerin infused through polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride tubing.

The effects of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) administration sets on the clinical response to i.v. nitroglycerin were studied. Patients with ischemic heart disease were randomly assigned to receive nitroglycerin solution through either a polyethylene administration set or a PVC set. The rate of the infusion was 5-10 micrograms/min initially and was adjusted upward by 5-10 micrograms/min every 5-10 minutes until anginal symptoms were relieved or an adverse effect limited further increases. The data collected included patient demographics, the indication for nitroglycerin, nitroglycerin dosages, the initial dosage-adjustment time (the time necessary to reach the initial effective dosage), the number of dosage adjustments and the indications for them, the duration of the infusion, the time of tubing changes, the total dose of nitroglycerin, the amounts of sublingual nitroglycerin and i.v. morphine used, and the occurrence of various clinical events. There were 78 courses of therapy in the PVC group and 62 in the polyethylene group. The two groups were comparable in all respects except gender. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the primary study variables. Patients who received i.v. nitroglycerin through a PVC administration set had the same clinical response as patients given the drug through a polyethylene set.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Plasticizers increase adhesion of the deteriogenic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans to polyvinyl chloride.

Initial adhesion of fungi to plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) may determine subsequent colonization and biodeterioration processes. The deteriogenic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was used to investigate the physicochemical nature of adhesion to both unplasticized PVC (uPVC) and pPVC containing the plasticizers dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dioctyl adipate (DOA). A quantitative adhesion assay using image analysis identified fundamental differences in the mechanism of adhesion of A. pullulans blastospores to these substrata. Adhesion to pPVC was greater than that to uPVC by a maximum of 280% after a 4-h incubation with 10(8) blastospores ml(-1). That plasticizers enhance adhesion to PVC was confirmed by incorporating a dispersion of both DOA and DOP into the blastospore suspension. Adhesion to uPVC was increased by up to 308% in the presence of the dispersed plasticizers. Hydrophobic interactions were found to dominate adhesion to uPVC because (i) a strong positive correlation was observed between substratum hydrophobicity (measured by using a dynamic contact angle analyzer) and adhesion to a range of unplasticized polymers including uPVC, and (ii) neither the pH nor the electrolyte concentration of the suspension buffer, both of which influence electrostatic interactions, affected adhesion to uPVC. In contrast, adhesion to pPVC is principally controlled by electrostatic interactions. Enhanced adhesion to pPVC occurred despite a relative reduction of 13 degrees in the water contact angle of pPVC compared to that of uPVC. Furthermore, adhesion to pPVC was strongly dependent on both the pH and electrolyte concentration of the suspension medium, reaching maximum levels at pH 8 and with an electrolyte concentration of 10 mM NaCl. Plasticization with DOP and DOA therefore increases adhesion of A. pullulans blastospores to pPVC through an interaction mediated by electrostatic forces.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1989

Migration of plastic additives from soft polyvinyl chloride bags into normal saline and glucose infusions.

Samples of soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fluid bags containing normal saline and glucose 50 mg/ml were analyzed for plastic additives. The bags were shaken for 24 hours before analysis. The PVC plastic materials contained di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, epoxidized vegetable oils and stearates as the main additives. The same components were found in the solutions. Mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was detected only in the solutions.

Diethylhexyl Phthalate↗
PubMed1979

Human red blood cells with normal or improved oxygen transport function prepared and frozen in the primary polyvinyl chloride plastic blood collection container.

This is a report a a new system for freezing human red blood cells in the same polyvinyl chloride plastic container in which the blood is collected and separated into components. This polyvinyl chloride plastic collection bag with integrally attached transfer packs for blood collection, component separation, red blood cell biochemical modification, freezing, storage, and post-thaw dilution before washing, represents a major advancement in the freeze-preservation process. The label with the donor's blood type and identification number affixed to the bag at the time of collection remains in place throughout the freezing and thawing process. The transfused red blood cells are of superior quality, and the processing cost is less than with other methods of freeze-preservation. There is a lower risk of contamination with these red blood cells because manipulation of the product is kept at a minimum. "Rejuvenation", a bioengineering process by which outdated red blood cells can be salvaged, can be incorporated into the preservation process using one of the attached transfer packs of the primary collection bag. This process has been introduced as a possible means of alleviating the dramatic blood shortages which occur periodically. Red blood cells may also be "rejuvenated" after storage in the liquid state to increase their 2,3 DPG and ATP levels to 150 to 200% of normal, and these red blood cells with improved oxygen transport function have been administered to anemic patients with and without cardiopulmonary insufficiency, patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and treatment with hypothermia during cardiac surgery, and in instances where nonhemolytic transfusion reactions might be expected.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

[Determination of dibutyltin compounds in polyvinyl chloride resin by capillary gas chromatography].

Dibutyltin compounds (DBTC) in polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC) were examined by capillary gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector (FPD). DBTC was extracted with a carbon tetrachloride-methanol (2:1) mixture under reflux. The extract was mixed with a hydrobromic acid solution. Dibutyltin dibromide was converted to dibutyldipentyltin (DBDPeT) by the Grignard reaction with pentylmagnessium bromide and then subjected to gas chromatography. A linear correlation between the amount of tin and peak height was observed in the range of 7.8 to 250 pg of tin on log-log paper. Recoveries of DBTC added to PVC were 92.6-108.1%. The results show that this procedure is more useful and sensitive (the detection limit is 3-4 pg, as tin) than previous methods reported.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1975

Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride production workers.

A protocol for systematic testing of all employees of a chemical plant is presented. This factory manufactures polyvinyl chloride compounds and resins, ABS compounds and resins, and synthetic rubber. The results were reviewed, which led to the discovery of 2 additional cases of angiosarcoma and 11 cases of portal fibrosis. Two of the 11 cases were found to have developed in employees other than polyvinyl chloride production workers.

Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury↗
PubMed1981

Insulin adsorption to polyolefin infusion bottles and polyvinyl chloride administration sets.

The availability of various dosages of insulin from a new collapsible polyolefin bottle fitted with a conventional polyvinyl chloride administration set was studied. Intravenous solutions containing various dosages of insulin (20, 40, 70, and 100 units), to which 125I-labeled insulin was added, were prepared. Solutions were mixed and delivered at a maintained flow rate of 125 ml/hour. Effluents were collected at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and then at hourly intervals up to seven hours. One-milliliter samples were drawn from the end of the administration set at the end of each interval, and the level of radioactivity in the sample was measured. Greater percentages of binding occurred at the lower levels of insulin added. Saturation limits of 7.8, 2.7, and 5.4 units were found for the system, administration set, and bottle, respectively. Adsorption values for this bottle were less than that found in another study for polyvinyl chloride.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1983

Lidocaine stability in cardioplegic solution stored in glass bottles and polyvinyl chloride bags.

The stability of lidocaine hydrochloride in buffered cardioplegic solutions stored in glass and polyvinyl chloride bags was studied. Concentrations of lidocaine (incorporated as the hydrochloride salt) were measured in buffered cardioplegic solutions containing potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, dextrose, and sodium chloride. Solutions were stored at 22 +/- 2 degrees C and 4 degrees C in glass bottles and 500-ml and 250-ml polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers; some 250-ml PVC bags were underfilled to study the effects of varying surface area-volume ratios. Lidocaine concentrations were measured using a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT, Syva Corporation) on days 0, 1, 2, 7, and 21. Lidocaine concentrations decreased significantly in all PVC bags stored at 22 degrees C and in underfilled PVC bags stored at 4 degrees C. Lidocaine loss in PVC bags appeared to result from sorption. It is concluded that lidocaine is stable in cardioplegic solutions when these are refrigerated and stored in glass containers or filled large-volume PVC bags for 21 days.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed1989

Mixed connective tissue disease after exposure to polyvinyl chloride.

We present 4 patients fulfilling criteria for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) with anti-RNP antibodies, who had been previously exposed, in 4 different professions, to polyvinyl chloride. This presentation is clinically and serologically different from the classical polyvinyl chloride disease in which no such antibody can be found. Already observed in patients after cosmetic surgery, MCTD could also be a result of toxic exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Microbial treatment of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride with isolated bacteria.

In this study, we investigated the use of microbes to degrade and remove bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer and a suspected endocrine disruptor, exuding from polyvinyl chloride. Four species of bacteria that utilize DEHP as their sole carbon source were isolated from garden soil, one of which, strain NK0301, was markedly more efficient than the others in degrading DEHP and was chosen for further studies. Strain NK0301 was a coryneform bacterium (1.5x1.0 microm) identified as Mycobacterium sp. from its 16S rDNA sequencing homology. It readily degraded DEHP to two major products determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to be 2-ethylhexanol and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Other phthalate esters, suspected of being endocrine disruptors, were also tested and all except two could be utilized by strain NK0301 as their sole source of carbon. When strain NK0301 was cultivated on polyvinyl chloride sheets containing DEHP as the plasticizer, it removed up to 90% of DEHP in 3 d. Following this treatment, the polyvinyl chloride sheets did not exude DEHP to artificial saliva.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1989

Acute health effects among firefighters exposed to a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire.

Firefighters are frequently being called on to fight fires that are chemical in nature. In the aftermath of a chemical fire in Plainfield, New Jersey on March 20-21, 1985, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study which surveyed 80 firefighters exposed to burning polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as well as 15 nonexposed firefighter subjects. By means of an 81-item symptom checklist, exposed firefighters reported more frequent and severe symptoms at 5-6 weeks post incident. This was true for a total symptomatology score as well as 19 individual items. Some of the items with an elevated risk were consistent with exposure to hydrogen chloride, the main pyrolysis product of polyvinyl chloride. Other items with an elevated risk appeared to be related to smoke inhalation while others seemed psychosocial in nature. Analyses conducted within the exposed firefighter group showed that fighting the fire the first day, being a truckman, and residence within 1 mile (1.6 km) of the firehouse were significant risk factors for high total symptom scores. These risk factors may have been associated with level or duration of exposure to the toxic substances produced during the fire.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

[Cytotoxicity study of heparin coated polyvinyl chloride material].

In this study, heparin ionically coated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material was prepared by heparin-benzalkonium chloride complex (Group A), heparin-benzalkonium bromide complex (Group B) and heparin-polyethyleneimine compound (Group C). Cytotoxicity evaluation was conducted by direct cell contact evaluation and MTT colorimetry method. The results showed Group A and Group B caused L-929 cells to die out while Group C showed good compatibility with cells. The OD levels of Group A and B were lower than that of the Group C in MTT test. Method A and method B of heparin coating had remarkable cytotoxicity, while method C had little cytotoxicity and could be further studied for clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Optical fibre chemical sensor for trace vanadium(V) determination based on newly synthesized palm based fatty hydroxamic acid immobilized in polyvinyl chloride membrane.

Fatty hydroxamic acid (FHA) immobilized in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been studied as a sensor element of an optical fibre chemical sensor for V(V). By using this instrument, V(V) in solution has been determined in the log concentration range of 0-2.5 (i.e. 1.0-300 mg/L). The detection limit was 1.0 mg/L. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of the method for the reproducibility study at V(V) concentration of 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L were calculated to be 2.9% and 2.0%, respectively. Interference from foreign ions was also studied at 1:1 mole ratio of V(V):foreign ions. It was found that, Fe(III) ion interfered most in the determination of vanadium(V). Excellent agreement with ICP-AES method was achieved when the proposed method was applied towards determination of V(V).

Arecaceae↗