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PubMedDate not supplied

Well-being changes in response to 30 years of regional integration in Maya populations from Yucatan, Mexico.

Infant mortality rate (IMR), overall frequency of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), sexual dimorphism in LEH, age of onset of LEH, and age at menarche were used as indicators to test the hypothesis that the origin and development of the tourist industry and increased state participation on Maya subsistence agriculturists in the early 1970s had improved the well-being of the Maya. Two historical moments where inferred from the data. The first was derived from cheap and effective immunization and sanitation campaigns that reduced IMR from 143.4/1,000 live births in the early 1960s to 97.4 in the early 1970s. State participation broke the undernutrition-disease cycle enough to reduce LEH frequencies significantly (from 71.9% in individuals born before 1971 to 51.5% in those born in 1971 or after, chi(2) = 55.72; 1 df; alpha = 0.00001) and to eliminate the sex difference in LEH expression (from a 14.8% LEH difference between men and women before 1971 [Male/Female Odds Radio = 0.45, alpha significant at 0.05] to a nonsignificant 2% difference). Improvement in overall living conditions reflected in a "modern stage" infant mortality regime and an almost disappearance of LEHs, resulted from gradual improvements in living conditions that did not become apparent until the 1980s. Trends in the age at menarche are not statistically significant, probably due to methodological limitations. However, if overall living conditions continue to improve or stay as they are today, accelerations in maturation should become noticeable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Heritability of 39 orthodontic cephalometric parameters on MZ, DZ twins and MN-paired singletons.

The twin method is one of the most effective methods available for investigating genetically determined variables in orthodontics, as well as in other medical fields, depending on the variance in the shape and the size of skull and teeth, both on genetic and environmental influences. The former have been extensively evaluated and, in particular, most of the facial and dental cephalometric parameters have shown high heritability, the vertical parameters have a higher genetic control compared with the horizontal ones. Nevertheless, most of the results provided by twin research have been considered arbitrary if directly transferred to a singleton population and in further studies, including extensive analysis of the parents, familial and nutritional habits have been recommended. In this study, heritability of 39 lateral orthodontic cephalometric parameters has been estimated by both statistical method of path analysis and Dahlberg' quotient in three orthodontic samples of young monozygotic and dizygotic twins and same-sex pairs of singletons living together, matched for sex and age, to evaluate genetic versus environmental factors affecting heritability of craniofacial features in the aim to obtain results not only statistically significant but also transferrable to a singleton population. Different inheritance trends, showing the highest concordance of values between monozygotic twin pairs when compared with dizygotic twin pairs or the same-sex singletons paired group, come from the 39 selected lateral cephalometric parameters, confirming the hypothesis that strong genetic control is exerted especially on the vertical ones. Heritability seems to have more influence on anterior vertical parameters than posterior. Mandibular structure seems to be more genetically determined than mandibular size. All five Ricketts' cephalometric typological parameters confirm high heritability coefficients, the same applies to the linear horizontal McNamara's measurement and lower incisor to A-Pg line. The two tested statistical methods showed relevant concordance of results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Hematological parameters in high altitude residents living at 4,355, 4,660, and 5,500 meters above sea level.

There have been a number of reports describing the hematological indicators of Andean residents living at altitudes above 4,000 m, but several confounding factors have made the published results difficult to interpret. To clear up the effect of hypoxia on hemoglobin concentration (Hb, g/dL), hematocrit (Hct, %) and red blood cell concentration (RBC, cells/microL), this publication describes and analyzes these variables in children, men, and women from three large and homogeneous populations living at 4,355 m (n = 151), 4,660 m (n = 400), and 5,500 m (n = 273) in the Southern Peruvian Andes. Hb, Hct, and RBC increase with age in men (p < 0.001), as well as in women (p < 0.001) at the three altitudes of the study. In children (boys and girls) living at 5,500, Hb increases 11% when compared with children living at 4,355 m, and in adults, Hb increases 9.6% when comparing the same altitudes. The maximum percentage increase in Hb with age was 5.6% at 5,500 m, in men and 3.2% at 4,355 m, in women. The average percentage of difference for the Hb concentration between adult men and women is 6.6% at 4,355 m, 9.8% at 4,660 m, and 11.6% at 5,500 m. The differences in Hb concentration between men and women can only be seen after puberty. Finally, Hb is higher in older than younger women, which confirms the role of menopause in the development of erythremia. The result of this analysis reinforces the notion that Hb and Hct seem to be stable and useful parameters for acclimatization only at moderate altitudes; with aging or with increasing altitude, they may become excessive and lose their efficiency to protect the venous oxygen pressure.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1976

Born to be poor: birthplace and number of brothers and sisters as factors in adult poverty.

Household heads who grew up as members of large families and/or as natives of small towns or rural areas tend to have less education and are more likely to be poor than those coming from small families and/or large cities. Data to support these conclusions have been drawn from two independent sources--a special Social Security Administration supplement to the April 1968 Current Population Survey and findings from the Retirement History Study conducted by the Social Security Administration.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1982

Families in Israel, 1981.

This article "presents data on families (households) in Israel for the year 1981. The data are based on the series of civilian Labour Force Surveys conducted since 1954, and relate to the characteristics of families in Israel with regard to size of family, population group, age, continent of birth, years of schooling, type of locality of residence and sex of head of family."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Families in Israel, 1979.

This publication "presents data on families (households) in Israel for the year 1979. The data are based on the series of civilian Labour Force Surveys conducted since 1954, and relate to the characteristics of families in Israel with regard to size of family, population group, age, continent of birth, years of schooling, type of locality of residence and sex of family head."

Asia↗
PubMed1981

Families in Israel, 1980.

This publication "presents data on families (households) in Israel for the year 1980. The data are based on the series of civilian Labour Force Surveys conducted since 1954, and relate to the characteristics of families in Israel with regard to size of family, population group, age, continent of birth, years of schooling, type of locality of residence and sex of family head."

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Place of residence and registration: problems and comparability in the classification of births].

In 1973, the classification method for births in Mexico was changed from place of registration to place of mother's residence. "The objective of this work is to analyze how the place of 'customary residence of the mother' has been registered and to determine if the change of classification has some effect [on] the comparability of the information about births in different states. The information analyzed is divided into two periods, according to the way in which it was obtained and processed and the institution responsible for its publication." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1993

[Enumeration from municipal population registers, January 1, 1992. Main results].

"On 1 January 1992 the Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics carried out an enumeration from computerized municipal population registers. For each inhabitant the following data were collected: municipality of residence; sex; year of birth; family status; family formation; address; nuclear family number; marital status; year of most recent change of marital status; nationality; country of birth; father's country of birth; mother's country of birth; [and] year of most recent settlement in the Netherlands." The focus is on changes in family composition. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗