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PubMed1986

[Practical and psychological problems in invalidation evaluation].

Practical and psychological problems to give opinions of invalid were discussed and the defects of the practice in the neurologic and psychiatric branch of science are shown. The declaration of psychiatric findings is called to special attention.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2003

The practice of psychology in rural communities: potential ethical dilemmas.

The practice of psychology in rural areas offers unique challenges for psychologists as they try to provide optimal care, often with a minimum of resources. Psychologists are frequently required to be creative and flexible in order to provide effective services to a wide range of clients. However, these unique challenges often confront psychologists with ethical dilemmas and problems for which their urban-based training has not prepared them. The author examines how certain characteristics of rural communities may lead to specific ethical dilemmas. By being a part of a small community, psychologists will inevitably face multiple relationship dilemmas. Confidentiality is harder to maintain in a small town, particularly with its informal information-sharing network. To provide services to meet community needs, with a limited number of referral options, psychologists typically need to be generalists. This may lead to concerns about scope of practice, training, and experience with diverse populations. Psychologists also face other competency issues, such as a lack of supervision and consultation resources. Other concerns addressed include the psychologist's personal life, and the blurring of professional and personal roles. Suggestions are made for coping with each of these ethical issues, although more quantitative research and discussion are needed on the practice of psychology in rural areas.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2001

[The parental practice of psychological violence: a threat to mental health].

This literature review documents the risk associated with psychologically violent parental practices for the well-being and future mental health of youth, with regard to 3 aspects: the prevalence of parental practices of this kind, their etiological specificities in spite of their co-occurrence with other forms of maltreatment, and their potential detrimental impact on young victims. Summing up current knowledge about psychological violence, this analysis points out possible means of intervention in terms of prevention, screening, and support. However, it also calls for caution regarding the use of more intrusive modes of intervention, such as child protection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

What have surveys taught us about the teaching and practice of psychological assessment?

In efforts to gather information about training in and the practice of psychological assessment, numerous surveys of practicing psychologists, training program directors, and internship training directors have been conducted. In this article, I briefly review all survey studies about psychological assessment that have appeared in the last 30 years (1960 through early 1990). The major findings of all the surveys are summarized in 14 points, and discussion of several of the points is provided. Of most significance, the surveys collectively attest to (a) the remarkable stability of psychologists' assessment practices over the past 3 decades; (b) the ever-consistent, ever-continuing significance of the assessment role in psychological training and practice; and (c) the resilient, enduring nature of projective techniques in psychodiagnostic assessment.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2000

Examination for professional practice in psychology subtest scores of professional and traditional clinical psychology program graduates.

Professional school clinical psychology graduates not only exhibit inferior performance on the research subtest of the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP; D. I. Templer & M. E. Tomeo, 1998), but they also perform less well on the four more professionally oriented subtests: diagnosis, intervention, professional/ethical/legal issues, and application to social systems. Graduates of free-standing professional schools exhibited performances inferior to those of graduates of non-free-standing professional schools on the diagnosis, intervention, and professional/ethical/legal subtests.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2005

Religious practice and psychological distress: the importance of gender, ethnicity and immigrant status.

The present study examined the relationship between religious practice and psychological distress in a culturally diverse urban population to explore how religious affiliation, gender, ethnicity, and immigrant status affect this relationship. Data were drawn from a study of health care utilization in Montreal. A stratified community sample of 1485 yielded four religious groups: Protestant (n = 205), Catholic (813), Jewish (201), and Buddhist (150), and a group with no declared religion (116). The sample was composed of five ethnocultural groups: Anglophone Canadian-born, Francophone Canadian-born, Afro-Caribbean, Vietnamese, and Filipino immigrants. Psychological distress was assessed with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Religious involvement was measured with three items: 1) declared religion; 2) frequency of attendance at religious meetings; and 3) frequency of religious rituals performed at home. Multiple regression models examined the relationship of religious practice to distress, controlling for sociodemographic variables including ethnicity. Overall, attendance at religious services was associated with a lower GHQ score. Attendance at religious services also was inversely related to psychological distress for females, Protestants, Catholics, Filipinos, and Afro-Caribbeans; but not for males, Buddhists or Jews. Religious practice at home was not associated with level of distress for any group. The 'no declared religion' group had the highest mean GHQ score of all the groups. Results confirm the association between attendance at religious services and lower levels of distress, but reveal ethnospecific and gender effects indicating the need to understand the impact of religious practice on mental health in social and cultural context.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Psychological measures: practical issues in observational studies and clinical monitoring.

Psychological measures are important because they can influence the expression of pain and physical function in patients with arthritis. A number of instruments are now available that measure psychological distress and how we as individuals manage stress. These instruments have undergone extensive validation, although more work is required to evaluate the performance of these instruments measuring change over time. One way to interpret psychological measures and to evaluate how they change over time is to use normative comparisons that are conditional on time and other relevant covariates, using statistical methods such as quantile regression. Such methods have been used to interpret the developmental, educational, and physical growth of children. We can use similar methods to interpret observational studies and to guide decisions within the context of clinical practice.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1998

The impact of "managed care" on the practice of psychological testing: preliminary findings.

Although the impact of managed care constraints on assessment practices has received recent attention, a review of the literature found no data-based articles that address this issue. We report survey data on 137 members of the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology (Council for the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology, 1996) on current testing practices. The majority (72%) reported that their use of tests has changed in the last 5 years due to managed care directives. These clinicians are doing less testing overall and restrict their pool of assessment instruments. The Rorschach inkblot technique (Rorschach, 1942), the Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943), and the Wechsler Intelligence scales (Matarazzo, 1972) were the instruments most noted for disuse. Apparently, practitioners are relying more on short, brief self-report measures that tap targeted symptoms or problem areas, and less on tests that demand considerable clinicians' time. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.

Cost Control↗
PubMed2002

[Neurobiological aspects of psychotherapy theory and practice].

Psychological processes of learning may lead to biological changes in brain synapses, as was shown by Eric Kandel, Nobel laureate for 2000. Factors connected with learning (for instance, psychotherapeutic procedures) can modify the expression of genes occurring in brain cells. Current neurobiological research make it possible to explain some theoretical concepts and mechanisms of action of psychotherapy on the ground of basic medical sciences. Experimental and clinical studies point to a prominent role for early untoward life experiences in brain development and vulnerability for psychiatric disturbances. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated the existence of unconscious processes in both cognitive and emotional functions. In several studies, changes in brain function or in the biology of whole organism were measured, under the influence of psychotherapy. It was found that in such illnesses as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder, similar changes in brain functions, as measured with neuroimaging methods, were observed either after pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy. The attempts have been also made to interpret psychotherapeutic mechanisms in the light of current concepts of memory processes, functioning of brain circuits or neurobiological theories of character and temperament.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Regulations governing the out-of-state practice of psychology: implications for forensic neuropsychologists.

Many states allow psychologists licensed in other jurisdictions to practice temporarily without obtaining a full license. However, both the restrictions of practice and the procedures required before practice is allowed vary extensively among states. This article examines the regulations of U.S. and Canadian territories governing temporary practice of nonresident psychologists. Current licensing laws were obtained from each state's respective psychological board or related Web sites from May to July 2004. Results highlighted vast regulatory and procedural differences for temporary practice among jurisdictions. Due to the degree of variability in each jurisdiction's regulations governing, caution must be taken so that psychologists comply with up-to-date guidelines before practicing outside of the regions in which they are licensed. The out-of-state psychologist must contact the appropriate state or provincial licensing board for guidelines and pertinent regulation.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed2000

Is the practice of psychological therapists evidence-based?

An interview-based survey of evidence-based practice (EBP) and the research, continuing professional development (CPD) and audit activity that support it was conducted in the North East of England amongst a representative sample of NHS clinical psychologists and counsellors (n = 30). It profiled their participation in EBP activities over the past year and their intentions for the next year. The findings suggest that the sample had used guidelines and protocols on 56 per cent of occasions, had on average drawn on research, CPD and audit approximately half of the time, but had been only minimally influenced by research, CPD or audit. It is concluded that EBP has occurred in all defined areas and that the conditions for an increased degree of EBP are promising.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A positive association between physical health practices and psychological well-being.

The association between psychological well-being (PWB) and health practices (HP) has not been explored. PWB is associated with age, income, education, and physical health. Physical health has been shown to relate to seven HP: sleep, physical exercise, breakfast, snacking, relative body weight, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between PWB and these seven physical health practices. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional health survey of 6320 persons. PWB was measured as an overall score, with positive feelings and negative feelings as subscores. Each of the three PWB measures was related to favorable health practices. The clinical significance of this relationship remains to be determined. In addition, PWB was noted to improve with age. Although one cannot infer causal relations from cross-sectional data, physical health practices may be important mediators of the mind-body interaction.

Adult↗