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PubMed1989

[The use of lekozim phonophoresis for the treatment of eye burns].

Experimental investigations concerning the influence of lecozyme phonophoresis on the development of a burn process in the eye have shown that lecozyme phonophoresis has a positive action on the development of a burn process, speeds up the stoppage of inflammatory signs, epithelialization and vascularization of the cornea, stimulates the formation of its less intensive opacifications. The most favourable term to use lecozyme phonophoresis is the second day after the moment of a burn trauma. To achieve a positive effect, 5 procedures are enough, while a longer course or treatment or later terms for its usage (7, 14, 21 days after burn) impairs the development of the burn process. The usage of lecozyme phonophoresis in two stages (5 sessions within the first day and 10 sessions after epithelialization of the cornea) allows to achieve the best results--stoppage of inflammatory signs, reduction of vascularization and opacifications of the cornea.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological findings in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Neurobehavioral functioning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were investigated in 25 patients with various Centers for Disease Control (CDC) stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and in a control group of seven normal subjects. Unequivocal slowing of information processing speed and cerebral atrophy were related to the stage of HIV infection, with patients in CDC group IV exhibiting the most abnormal findings. Slowing of response speed was directly related to the severity of cerebral atrophy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Neuropsychological assessment in MS: clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological relationships.

We assessed cognitive performance and its relationship with clinical and anatomic disease severity in MS with mild to moderate handicap; 34 definite MS and 18 healthy subjects matched for age and education were submitted to a neuropsychological test battery. Both groups were examined for anxiety. MS patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging examination. MS performed worse than controls on all WAIS-P subtests and had learning, short- and long-term verbal memory impairment. Cognitive deficits were not related to abnormal emotional states, but were found to be associated with attentional process and information-processing speed impairment. Cognitive impairment did not correlate with severity of physical disability. The most severe memory deficits were found in patients with extensive periventricular damage.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Categorization of disoriented faces in the cerebral hemispheres of normal and commissurotomized subjects.

We examined the capacity of the cerebral hemispheres to process faces that deviate from canonical perspective. In Experiment 1, normal Ss performed a gender categorization of faces presented at varying angular orientations in the left visual field (LVF) or right visual field (RVF). Orientation affected processing speed, more so in the RVF than in the LVF. The function relating reaction times to disorientation of the faces was approximately monotonic and reflected the increased difficulty in extracting relevant configurational information as the faces were rotated from canonical perspective. In Experiment 2, 3 commissurotomized Ss performed the same task. They responded above chance in the 2 visual fields, and the pattern of their results was similar to that obtained with the normal Ss, but the effect of disorientation was considerably more pronounced. It is suggested that the right hemisphere contribution becomes more critical the further the visual pattern departs from conventional view. Issues regarding the specification of processes correcting for disorientation and comparison of normal and commissurotomized Ss are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Automatic film processing: analysis of 9 years of observations.

A survey method known as the sensitometric technique for the evaluation of processing (STEP) has been used to monitor processing speed of over 2,000 automatic film processors in hospitals, private offices, and mammography facilities since 1981. Analysis of data obtained through this program revealed underprocessing at 33% (76 of 231) of observed hospitals in 1987, 7% (13 of 179) of mammography facilities in 1988, and 42% (101 of 241) of private practices in 1989. Underprocessing at mammography facilities decreased from 18% (25 of 139) in 1985, which was contrary to the trend in hospitals. The consequence of underprocessing is higher radiation exposure and a degradation in film contrast. Evaluation of automatic film processors is a necessary part of any comprehensive evaluation of a diagnostic radiography facility. The STEP procedure was designed only as a field survey test; to ensure optimal conditions for obtainment of diagnostic quality radiographs, facilities should perform quality assurance evaluations of their processing equipment and verify that processing recommendations of manufacturers are being followed.

Technology, Radiologic↗

PubMed1987

Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: a three-center study.

The majority of hospital admissions for head trauma are due to minor injuries; that is, no or only transient loss of consciousness without major complications and not requiring intracranial surgery. Despite the low mortality rate following minor head injury, there is controversy surrounding the extent of morbidity and the long-term sequelae. The authors postulated that consecutively admitted patients who fulfilled research diagnostic criteria for minor head injury and who were carefully screened for antecedent neuropsychiatric disorder and prior head injury would exhibit subacute cognitive and memory deficits that would resolve over a period of 1 to 3 months postinjury. To evaluate this hypothesis, the neurobehavioral functioning of 57 patients was compared within 1 week after minor head injury (baseline) and at 1 month postinjury with that of 56 selected control subjects at three medical centers. Quantified tests of memory, attention, and information-processing speed revealed that neurobehavioral impairment demonstrated at baseline by all means of measurement generally resolved during the first 3 months after minor head injury. Although nearly all patients initially reported cognitive problems, somatic complaints, and emotional malaise, these postconcussion symptoms had substantially resolved by the 3-month follow-up examination. The data suggest that a single uncomplicated minor head injury produces no permanent disabling neurobehavioral impairment in the great majority of patients who are free of preexisting neuropsychiatric disorder and substance abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Auditive and cognitive factors in speech perception by elderly listeners.

A key issue in research on speech perception in the elderly is whether the difficulties in understanding speech are caused by auditive and/or cognitive factors. Resolving this issue is not only scientific interest but has many practical, i.e. diagnostic and rehabilitative, implications as well. We developed a test battery comprising auditive (sensitivity, frequency selectivity and temporal resolution), cognitive (memory performance, processing speed and intellectual abilities), and speech perception tests (at the phoneme, spondee and sentence level). This test battery was administered to 72 elderly subjects (aged 60 to 93 years). The results show that the deterioration of speech perception in the elderly consists of two statistically independent components (a) a large component mainly representing the progressive high-frequency hearing loss with age which accounts for approximately two-thirds of the systematic variance of the tests of speech perception, and (b) a smaller component (accounting for one-third of the systematic variance of the speech perception tests) mainly representing a general performance decrement due to reduced mental efficiency, which is indicated by a general slowing of performance and a reduced memory capacity. Although both components are correlated with age, it was found that the balance between auditive and cognitive contributions to speech perception performance did not change with age.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Quantitative immunocytochemistry using an image analyzer. I. Hardware evaluation, image processing, and data analysis.

In this review we describe how video-based image analysis systems are used to measure immunocytochemically labeled tissue. The general principles underlying hardware and software procedures are emphasized. First, the characteristics of image analyzers are described, including the densitometric measure, spatial resolution, gray scale resolution, dynamic range, and acquisition and processing speed. The errors produced by these instruments are described and methods for correcting or reducing the errors are discussed. Methods for evaluating image analyzers are also presented, including spatial resolution, photometric transfer function, short- and long-term temporal variability, and measurement error. The procedures used to measure immunocytochemically labeled cells and fibers are then described. Immunoreactive profiles are imaged and enhanced using an edge sharpening operator and then extracted using segmentation, a procedure which captures all labeled profiles above a threshold gray level. Binary operators, including erosion and dilation, are applied to separate objects and to remove artifacts. The software then automatically measures the geometry and optical density of the extracted profiles. The procedures are rapid and efficient methods for measuring simultaneously the position, geometry, and labeling intensity of immunocytochemically labeled tissue, including cells, fibers, and whole fields. A companion paper describes non-biological standards we have developed to estimate antigen concentration from the optical density produced by antibody labeling (Nabors et al., 1988).

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Cognitive disturbances in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.

The performance of 42 patients with relapsing remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis was compared with that of 24 age-, education-, and gender-matched control subjects on a battery of neuropsychological tests known from previous studies to be sensitive to the impairments of patients with chronic progressive (CP) multiple sclerosis. Like CP patients, RR patients exhibited deficits on tests of information-processing speed, verbal fluency, and problem solving, and on recall measures of anterograde and remote memory. Although a few patients were mildly dysnomic, the RR patients were not generally impaired on visual confrontation naming and they did not exhibit perseverative responding on verbal fluency measures. The pattern of neuropsychological deficits exhibited by RR patients closely approximates the profile observed in other subcortical dementias and does not contain the features of cortical dementia evident in some CP patients. The impairment of RR patients on cognitive tests were less severe than those observed in CP patients in our previous studies. Differences in the age of patients in the CP and RR groups did not account for group differences in the severity of cognitive impairments, but differences in disease duration or severity of disability, as well as disease course, could explain why CP patients exhibit more serious cognitive disturbances than RR patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Plasma vitamin B12 level as a potential cofactor in studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related cognitive changes.

Studies of cognitive function in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection who remain relatively asymptomatic (ie, Centers for Disease Control stages II and III) have provided widely variable estimates of cognitive impairment. In view of the finding that approximately 25% of asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects demonstrate either marginal or overt vitamin B12 deficiency, we have investigated plasma vitamin B12 status as a potential cofactor in studies of HIV-1-related cognitive impairment. When cognition was assessed in asymptomatic (Centers for Disease Control stages II and III) HIV-1-infected participants taking into consideration vitamin B12 status, those subjects with low plasma vitamin B12 levels (less than 180 pmol/L) performed more poorly than did those with normal (greater than or equal to 180 pmol/L) vitamin B12 status on specific measures of information processing speed and visuospatial problem-solving skills. These findings suggest that concurrent vitamin B12 deficiency may be a cofactor in subtle cognitive changes observed in the asymptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection. These differences in prevalence of low plasma vitamin B12 levels may help to explain differences among studies in the proportion of HIV-1-infected subjects showing cognitive impairment.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Wearable Sleep Monitoring in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Associations With Subjective Sleep Ratings and Neurocognitive Functioning.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are associated with increased fatigue, reduced quality of life, and neurocognitive dysfunction and have emerged as a common complication among pediatric cancer survivors. Sleep disturbances are particularly concerning given their potential to exacerbate existing neurocognitive impacts of cancer treatments. This pilot study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a home-wearable EEG-based sleep device (Sleep ProfilerTM) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors as well as associations between specific sleep parameters and neurocognitive functioning. PROCEDURE: Children (ages 8-12; M = 10 years, SD = 1.6; N = 23) >6 months post-treatment for ALL were enrolled at clinical visits and wore the Sleep ProfilerTM for two consecutive nights at home, followed by neurocognitive testing of attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and processing speed. Parents completed subjective measures of child sleep, anxiety, depression, and acceptability. Feasibility reflected the percentage of children wearing the device at least one night and the percentage of nights with good EEG quality data. RESULTS: All participants wore the device both nights, with 84% meeting the threshold for good quality measurement. Few children met recommended quantity and quality sleep thresholds based on objective measurement, including 5 patients with elevated snoring levels; 43.5% of subjective ratings fell above the threshold for sleep disturbance. Greater sleep latency was associated with worse inhibitory control (r = -0.42, p = 0.046), and total sleep time was positively associated with inhibitory control and attention. CONCLUSIONS: Findings confirm the feasibility and acceptability of home EEG sleep monitoring in school-age survivors, and associations of sleep latency and snoring with reduced neurocognitive functioning may offer modifiable risk factors for aspects of neuropsychological dysfunction common in pediatric survivorship. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: At the time this study was conducted, we were not required to register the study on ClinicalTrials.gov. It was a single-institution feasibility study without intervention, which was not considered a clinical trial.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Cumulative cognitive impairment following recurrent severe hypoglycaemia in adult patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus.

To examine the hypothesis that episodes of severe hypoglycaemia may cause cumulative cognitive impairment. 100 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients were examined. Their age range was 25-52 years, and the onset of diabetes had occurred after the age of 19 years. Patients with evidence of organic brain disease, including cerebrovascular disease, were excluded. A questionnaire was used to assess the number, frequency and severity of hypoglycaemic episodes experienced during treatment with insulin and the accuracy of this retrospective information was verified from general practice and hospital case-notes. A detailed neuropsychological assessment was undertaken, including tests of pre-morbid and present IQ (Wechsler-Revised), memory and information-processing speed. Significant correlations were observed between the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia and the magnitude of intellectual decline, Performance IQ, inspection time and reaction time (patients with the more frequent hypoglycaemia had poorer performance). Two sub-groups of patients were identified on the basis of their experience of severe hypoglycaemia, and were balanced for pre-morbid IQ, age and duration of diabetes. One sub-group (n = 23) had never experienced severe hypoglycaemia (Group A), whilst the other sub-group (n = 24) had suffered at least five episodes of severe hypoglycaemia (Group B). Group B had greater intellectual impairment than Group A, and Group B also had a significantly slower mean reaction time and higher reaction time variance when compared with Group A.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Amitriptyline, clovoxamine and cognitive function: a placebo-controlled comparison in depressed outpatients.

No longer prescribed only for vegetative signs of depression, tricyclic antidepressants also lessen depressive cognitive distortions. Less clear is whether they ameliorate depressed patients' other cognitive deficits in memory, information processing speed, and psychomotor performance. We tested the alternative hypothesis that amitriptyline, because of its anticholinergic and sedative properties, would exacerbate depressed patients' cognitive disturbances. Depressed outpatients received double-blind placebo (n = 15), amitriptyline (n = 10), or clovoxamine fumarate (n = 10), a serotonin reuptake inhibitor relatively lacking in anticholinergic properties. Depression, memory, and psychomotor performance were assessed at baseline and after 7 and 28 days of drug treatment. Depression was alleviated after all treatments, including placebo. Only amitriptyline impaired performance on tests of memory, producing a significant decrement, relative to placebo, after 4 weeks of treatment. None of the treatments adversely affected performance on psychomotor tasks. These findings add to the evidence that antidepressant drugs with high anticholinergic activity can impair memory, despite alleviation of depression.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1985

Computer-assisted analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis images using an array processor.

The CLIP4 machine has been used to analyze two-dimensional electrophoresis gel images. The architecture of the CLIP4 machine allows high-speed processing of gel images unavailable on conventional machines. The paper gives a brief review of the CLIP system followed by a detailed description of the segmentation and comparison algorithms. The segmentation algorithm makes full use of methods already designed for other gel analysis systems, but optimized for use on the highly parallel CLIP4 machine. The comparison algorithm is a totally new method using, to the full, the parallel efficiency of the CLIP4 computer. The algorithm attempts to match each spot on one gel with a corresponding spot on a second gel, operating simultaneously on all pairs of spots.

Biometry↗

PubMed1986

Multilead ECG analysis.

This paper describes the results of our recent research in computer-assisted ECG/VCG interpretation. It comprises new developments which were initiated by the advent of relatively inexpensive microcomputers. Our previous systems performed an off-line analysis of ECGs. Currently, there is a trend to move computer power near to the patient and to provide on-line analysis of ECGs. Besides the advantage of the direct availability of the ECG interpretation, quality control will reduce the number of uninterpretable ECGs and hence the number of repeated recordings. This paper describes the requirements that were established for a system for on-line ECG analysis. The system is based on our modular approach, just like our off-line system, Modular ECG ANalysis System (MEANS). Changes in the methods and software had to be made mainly because of the simultaneity of all ECG leads and the concurrency of the processing tasks. Other modifications and extensions of the algorithms necessary to meet the requirements of on-line ECG interpretation especially those related to processing speed, are discussed, and evaluation results are presented.

Electrocardiography↗

PubMed1992

Active and passive P3 latency and psychometric performance: influence of age and individual differences.

The relationship of P3 latency of the event-related potential (ERP) to psychometric performance was investigated in 41 subjects who ranged in age from 20 to 88 years. P3 responses were recorded from subjects using an auditory oddball paradigm with and without task-demands. Subjects also received psychometric tests of verbal performance, visuospatial performance, concentration, and immediate, recent and remote memory. Factor analysis was used to reduce the set of psychometric measures to four factors (Verbal learning, general intelligence, narrative recall/fluency, and concentration). Both passive and active P3 latency showed a linear increase with age. Age was inversely correlated with verbal learning performance. After accounting for the influence of age, passive P3 latency correlated with the psychometric factor associated with narrative recall and verbal fluency. Active P3 latency was correlated with factors reflecting general intelligence and concentration. These findings suggest that cognitive processing speed contributes to psychometric performance in adults. The psychological or biological basis for this relationship remains to be identified.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

CGP 11.952: an experimental benzodiazepine derivative. Effects on cognitive functioning in patients with epilepsy.

1. In two open studies using patients with intractable epilepsy, the effects of CGP 11.952, a triazolyl benzophenone, on cognitive functioning were assessed by means of a computerized neuropsychological battery. 2. In the first study CGP 11.952 turned out to have a positive effect on information processing speed, perceptual sensitivity and preciseness of responses. 3. Negative effects were found on reaction time. 4. In the second study this latter effect was less clear. 5. A striking result was the less negative effect on memory consolidation under influence of CGP 11.952 in comparison with other benzodiazepines.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Post-intervention effectiveness of a computerized personalized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve in older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve may influence responsiveness to cognitive interventions, yet it is rarely used to tailor computerized stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive stimulation program personalized according to cognitive reserve on cognition, reserve-related activities, and digital competence in community-dwelling older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 102 adults aged ≥65 years with normal cognitive performance were recruited from three primary care centers in Zaragoza, Spain, and stratified by cognitive reserve level before random allocation to intervention or control. The intervention comprised digital literacy sessions followed by 8 weeks of home-based computerized cognitive stimulation tailored to participants' cognitive reserve profiles and life history. Controls received a single group-based health education session focused on maintaining everyday cognitive activity. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using global cognition (MEC-35), the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire-16, and domain-specific neuropsychological tests. A total of 100 participants completed the final evaluation and were included in complete-case analyses. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the intervention group showed greater adjusted post-intervention improvements in global cognition (MEC-35 between-group difference: 1.8 points) and several cognitive measures, including temporal orientation, calculation, attention, praxis, verbal fluency, processing speed, executive functions, and verbal learning. CRQ scores and digital competence also improved, with small-to-large effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: A computerized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve appears feasible in Primary Care and may improve cognition, engagement in reserve-related activities, and digital competence in older adults without cognitive impairment.

Humans↗