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PubMed2000

Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effects.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is a recreational drug of increasing use among youth because of its apparent entactogenic properties, such as euphoria, friendliness, closeness, and empathy. However, experimental studies have shown MDMA to be neurotoxic. Data on pharmacologic actions of MDMA in humans are limited. The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover, controlled trial to assess psychomotor performance and subjective effects in eight healthy male volunteers. MDMA was given in the same range of doses used for recreational purposes (75 and 125 mg). Amphetamine (40 mg) and placebo were used as reference compounds. For the digit-symbol substitution test (DSST), MDMA-125 produced a mild decrease in responses, and amphetamine produced a mild improvement. For the Maddox wing device, MDMA-125 induced esophoria compared with the other drug conditions. MDMA-125 and MDMA-75 produced increases in feelings of euphoria and well-being, as noted by increases in scores on the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) MBG and A scales, as well as scores of "stimulated," "good effects," "liking," and "high" on the visual analog scales. Amphetamine administration induced similar effects. At the same time, MDMA-125 enhanced sedation- and dysphoria-related effects (ARCI-PCAG and LSD, "confusion," "drunken," and Profile of Mood States Confusion scale). Mild changes in some body perception-related feelings were also reported after MDMA use, but hallucinations or psychoses were not present. In summary, the short-term administration of MDMA produced marked euphoria, a slight impairment in the performance of psychomotor tasks, and mild changes in body perceptions without hallucinations. These data support the abuse liability of MDMA.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Cognitive and psychomotor performance tests and experiment design in multiple chemical sensitivity.

People suffering from multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) complain of a variety of symptoms that could impair cognitive and psychomotor function either directly or indirectly. This paper discusses the use of cognitive and psychomotor performance tests together with some experiment designs that could be considered for use to assess fitness of MCS sufferers for work or the efficacy of diagnostic, preventative, or therapeutic measures. The tests could also contribute to the body of objective information on MCS and help sway the opinion of those who are dubious of its authenticity. The credentials of cognitive and psychomotor performance tests are derived from their successful use in studying the effects of drugs, and the types of tests are illustrated by describing those used by the United Kingdom Defence Evaluation and Research Agency Chemical and Biological Defence Human Studies Group, which has been involved in the assessment of drugs and chemicals on work performance for many years. The tests include mathematical, verbal and spatial processing, tracking, reaction time, attention and vigilance, and memory tests. The discussion of experiment designs includes both repeated measures and parallel groups designs together with their advantages and disadvantages and some suggested modifications to accommodate the particular problems posed by MCS.

Cognition↗

PubMed2003

Acute and subchronic effects of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine on memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system adverse effects, such as sedation, often accompany the use of first-generation antihistamines. These effects might interfere with memory functioning and psychomotor performance. Levocetirizine was recently introduced as a new antihistamine said to be free from sedative effects. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the effects of levocetirizine (5 mg), diphenhydramine (50 mg), and placebo on memory and psychomotor performance after acute (day 1) and subchronic (day 4) daily administration in 48 healthy volunteers (24 men and 24 women). METHODS: This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Treatments were administrated on days 1, 2, 3, and 4, 3 hours before the start of the laboratory test battery (performed on days 1 and 4), comprising a word-learning test, the Sternberg Memory Scanning Test, a tracking test (easy and hard version), and a divided attention test (tracking and memory scanning simultaneously). Statistical analyses were performed separately for days 1 and 4 by using analysis of variance. RESULTS: On day 1, diphenhydramine significantly impaired tracking performance (easy: F(1,90) = 25.9, P <.0001; hard: F(1,90) = 20.5, P <.0001) and divided attention (tracking: F(1,90) = 23.8, P <.0001; memory scanning: F(1,90) = 22.0, P <.0001). Results on word-learning tests and Sternberg Memory Scanning Tests were not significantly impaired. On day 4, the effects of diphenhydramine did not reach significance. In contrast, on both days 1 and 4, levocetirizine did not significantly impair laboratory test performance. CONCLUSION: The results show that memory, attention, and tracking performance are unaffected after acute and subchronic administration of levocetirizine (5 mg), whereas diphenhydramine (50 mg) significantly affected divided attention and tracking after acute administration.

Acetates↗

PubMed2002

The impact of sertraline on psychomotor performance.

INTRODUCTION: Aircrew receiving treatment for depression are grounded during treatment and follow-up observation, generally amounting to at least 1 yr. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRls) offer new treatment options for depression, of which sertraline (Zoloft) has the least imposing side-effect profile. There has been considerable interest in the possibility of returning aircrew to restricted flying duties once stablized on an SSRI with resolution of depression. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not sertraline effects psychomotor performance. METHOD: There were 19 volunteer non-depressed subjects (12 men and 7 women) who were assessed for psychomotor performance during placebo and sertraline treatment, in a double-blind cross-over protocol in counter-balanced order. Each treatment arm lasted 5 wk and involved ingesting one capsule each morning. The daily sertraline dose was 50 mg during week 1, 100 mg during week 2, and 150 mg during weeks 3, 4, and 5. Subjects completed a drug side-effect questionnaire and were tested on two psychomotor test batteries once per week, on the same weekday, at the same time of day throughout each 5-wk treatment period. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of sertraline on serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, or multitask performance. With respect to drug side effects, there was a main effect of drugs on "getting to sleep" (p < 0.002), "awakenings" (p < 0.007), "returning to sleep" (p < 0.001), "dry mouth" (p < 0.016), "nausea" (p < 0.001), "diarrhea" (p < 0.026), "tremors" (p < 0.005), and "sweating" (p < 0.016), as well as a drug x trials interaction for "drowsiness" (p < 0.012), "libido" (p < 0.039), and "difficulty with ejaculation" (p < 0.001). There was no effect of sertraline on dizziness. CONCLUSIONS: While we found some of the expected side effects due to sertraline, there was no effect on psychomotor performance. These findings support the possibility of selected use in aircrew and should be helpful in the ongoing aeromedical discussion about this evolving issue.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Combined effects of midazolam and ethanol on sleep and on psychomotor performance in normal subjects.

A study was carried out on the effects of midazolam 15 mg in conjunction with ethanol 0.5 g/kg on objective and subjective sleep parameters and psychomotor performance in normal subjects. Midazolam significantly decreased total wake time. Total sleep time (TST) increase was related to larger amounts of stage 2 NREM sleep. Ethanol showed similar effects on sleep, although TST increase was associated with nonsignificant increments of NREM sleep and REM sleep. Ethanol slightly potentiated midazolam effects on sleep. Accordingly, total wake time, REM sleep time and number of wakes showed further depression than with midazolam alone. Subjective evaluations showed relatively good correlation with sleep laboratory findings. In addition, the different treatments did not impair subject's psychomotor performance the morning after their administration.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

ALDH2 genotype-associated differences in the acute effects of alcohol on P300, psychomotor performance, and subjective response in healthy young Korean men: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the acute effects of alcohol on neurophysiological and psychomotor functions and the subjective response in healthy young Korean men according to the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) genotype. METHOD: A total of 24 males, half with ALDH2*1/*1 (active form) and the rest with ALDH2*1/*2 (inactive form), were selected through genotyping. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, each subject consumed either a 0.5 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo on two separate occasions, 1 week apart. The blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), P300 of event-related potential, psychomotor performance, and perceived feelings were assessed. RESULTS: Although the BACs were similar between the two groups, the effects of alcohol on P300 were greater overall in subjects with ALDH2*1/*2 than in subjects with ALDH2*1/*1. Psychomotor performance was more impaired after alcohol ingestion in subjects with ALDH2*1/*2 than in subjects with ALDH2*1/*1. The subjective response after alcohol ingestion was more negative in subjects with ALDH2*1/*2, compared to subjects with ALDH2*1/*1. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the ALDH2 polymorphism is an important factor in determining the effects of alcohol on various psychobehavioral functions.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Psychomotor performance in lung transplant recipients: simple reaction time.

BACKGROUND: Many transplant recipients report difficulty completing fine motor activities such as eating, writing and manipulating buttons. These impairments are thought to stem from the immunosuppressive medications being taken by these patients. The purpose of this study was to examine central and peripheral processes and the force regulation involved in producing appropriate and quality movement in lung transplant recipients. METHODS: Fifty-one right-handed subjects were recruited from 3 study groups (17 in each group): Group 1, lung transplant recipients (LTR); Group 2, subjects with advanced emphysema; and Group 3, healthy adult controls. Each subject completed a fine motor and gross motor simple reaction time task. Central processing was examined by measuring pre-motor time, peripheral processing was measured by motor time, and force regulation was measured using movement time. A 3 x 5 multivariate analysis of co-variance (MANCOVA) was utilized to examine group differences, with the performance on the 6-minute walk test serving as co-variant. Correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between medication and psychomotor performance. RESULTS: The lung transplant recipient group exhibited a longer movement time and a trend toward longer pre-motor times. There was also a significant relationship between medication and movement time. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that lung transplant recipients have deficits in psychomotor performance, which is consistent with the literature showing that immunosuppressive medications and hypoxia have adverse effects on skeletal muscle. This line of research is relevant to the restoration of function and improvement in quality of life of LTR.

Female↗

PubMed2003

The utility of Canadian DAT Perceptual Ability and Carving Dexterity scores as predictors of psychomotor performance in first-year operative dentistry.

This study sought to determine if Canadian Dental Aptitude Test Perceptual Ability (PA) and Carving Dexterity (CD) scores have any practical utility as predictors of psychomotor performance. Simple linear regression and multiple regression analyses were performed and prediction intervals plotted. Efforts were made to expand the range of the predictor and dependent variables and to improve the accuracy and consistency and prevent contamination of the dependent variables. Results for both PA and CD varied markedly across years. Weak, but statistically extremely significant, correlations were observed for both PA and CD with specific technique grades and the year-overall pooled data. PA correlations loaded on exams at the start, and CD correlations loaded on exams at the end of the year. Manual average scores exhibited the strongest correlation with year-overall technique grades, but could explain no more than 7.2 percent of observed variance. Prediction intervals for year-end grades spanned at least 38 percentage grade points for both PA and CD. Within the context of the present study, PA and CD scores demonstrated no practical utility as predictors of psychomotor performance.

Aptitude Tests↗

PubMed1993

The effects of Benadryl and Hismanal on psychomotor performance and perceived performance.

Classic antihistamines (H1 antagonists) have sedative effects and can impair psychomotor performance. It is claimed that Hismanal (astemizole) does not possess central nervous system side effects. A three-factor, repeated measures, double-blind design was used to compare the effects of single oral doses of (1) Benadryl (diphenhydramine)-50 mg, (2) Hismanal-10 mg, and (3) placebo on a battery of 11 cognitive information-processing tasks and performance ratings in 28 healthy men. Performance decrements were seen at 1 h post-Benadryl ingestion on Following Directions (p < 0.05), at 1.5 h on Unstable Tracking (p < 0.05), and at 3 h on serial addition/subtraction (p < 0.05). No decrements in performance were found post-Hismanal. Subjects perceived their performance as poorer following Benadryl ingestion versus placebo and Hismanal for 3 h postingestion (p < 0.05). Results demonstrate performance effects post-Benadryl ingestion for 1 h longer than previously reported. Tasks which demonstrated sensitivity to antihistamines were those which required an element of sustained attention and those which required a visual-motor response.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effects of voluntary fluid intake deprivation on mental and psychomotor performance.

AIM: To assess if there is deterioration in mental and psychomotor performance during 24-hour voluntary fluid intake deprivation. METHODS: A battery of computer generated psychological tests (Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac-series) was applied to 10 subjects to test light signal position discrimination, short-term memory, simple visual orientation, simple arithmetics, and complex motor coordination. We measured total test solving time, minimum (best) single task solving time, total ballast time, and total number of errors. Mood self-estimate scales of depression, working energy, anxiety, and self-confidence were used to determine the emotional status of subjects. During the first day of the experiment, subjects had free access to drinks. After a 48-hour interval, subjects voluntarily abstained from fluid intake for 24 hours. During that period, the testing was performed 7 times a day, at 3-hour intervals, except during the night. Z-transformation of the results enabled the comparison of 50 dependent measurements on the same subjects. RESULTS: During dehydration, there was significant deterioration in total test solving time, minimum single task solving time, and total ballast time. No significant deterioration was found by mood self-estimate scales, except on the scale of energy at 23:00 hours. CONCLUSION: Voluntary 24-hour fluid intake deprivation led to deterioration in objective parameters of psychological processing, but not in subjective parameters. The results suggest that the duration of fluid intake deprivation can be a useful indicator of mental and psychomotor deterioration level but not of mood self-estimates.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of opioids on driving and psychomotor performance in patients with chronic pain.

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the psychomotor performance and driving ability of patients with chronic pain managed with stable regimens of opioid analgesics with that of normal healthy volunteers. The hypothesis was that patients with chronic pain on stable opioid analgesic regimens operate their automobiles safely with proficiency equal to normal volunteer controls. METHODS: Patients were evaluated for errors while driving their own automobile through a predetermined route in the community, including variable residential and highway conditions, and for speed and accuracy on repeated trials through a 5-station obstacle course that evaluated forward and reverse driving, turning, and parallel parking. Patients also completed the Test of Variables of Attention and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed among groups in driving performance in the community and on the obstacle course or on the Test of Variables of Attention. Results on dependent measures within the opioid group generally were not correlated with morphine equivalent daily opioid doses, which averaged 118 mg (median 40 mg). CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with chronic pain, even if treated with potent analgesics such as morphine and hydromorphone, show comparable driving ability as normals.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1995

Studies on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers after diazepam, propranolol and alcohol given alone or in combination.

The effects of diazepam, propranolol or alcohol alone or in combination with each other were examined in ten normal healthy volunteers on tests of psychomotor function. Results showed impaired psychomotor performance persisting upto 4-5 h when the aforementioned agents given singly were tested on simple reaction time (SRT), multiple choice reaction time (MCRT) and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) tasks. Digit cancellation task (DCT) was similarly affected by diazepam and alcohol only. No summation of adverse effects on psychomotor performance was noted when a combination of diazepam and alcohol, diazepam-propranol or alcohol plus propranolol were tested on SRT and MCRT. An additive impairment of CFFF was observed with alcohol - propranolol combination only. No summation of pharmacodynamic effects on DCT were noted when different combinations were used.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of sleep and nocturnal movement on stiffness, pain, and psychomotor performance in ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in order to assess whether AS patients are adversely affected by a "good" night's sleep accompanied by little nocturnal movement. METHODS: Objective and subjective nocturnal movement, flexibility, stiffness, pain and psychomotor performance were measured in 22 subjects, 11 with ankylosing spondylitis and 11 controls. RESULTS: A better sleep integrity with little nocturnal movement was related to a decrease in lumbar flexibility. Difficulty in awakening and feeling tired and clumsy in the morning correlated with stiffness. Pain was correlated with a subjective difficulty in getting to sleep and a worse quality of sleep, but was also correlated with less objective sleep disruption. In the control group a better sleep integrity was correlated with an overnight decrease in psychomotor performance. In the spondylitic group a significant increase in performance occurred. Stiffness and pain did not correlate with performance. CONCLUSION: Sleep in ankylosing spondylitis differs from sleep in normals.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Clobazam. A 1.5 benzodiazepine derivative: effects upon human psychomotor performance under different levels of task reinforcement.

Two dose levels of clobazam, a benzodiazepine derivative, were compared to placebo for their effects upon psychomotor performance in an acute dose daytime study with normals. An acute dose of 10 mg clobazam significantly reduced response latencies in the low reinforcement condition of a psychomotor performance task but not in the high reinforcement condition. However 20 mg clobazam did not produce any significant changes in performance under either low or high reinforcement. Response speed changes generally correlated positively with trait anziety and neuroticism scores at both doses of clobazam.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Acute and subchronic effects of Org 2305 and diazepam on psychomotor performance in man.

Three doses (15, 30 and 60 mg) of Org 2305 (O 15, O 30 and O 60 respectively), a novel anxiolytic drug chemically related to mianserin, were compared with placebo and 15 mg diazepam (DZ) on human psychomotor performance in a double-blind, cross-over study with 15 healthy volunteers. Objective measurements (choice reaction, tracking, flicker fusion, Maddox wing, digit symbol substitution, memory recall) and subjective assessments (visual analogue scales) were done at baseline and 2 and 13 h after the first dose. This testing procedure was repeated on day 7 when administering the seventh consecutive daily night-time dose. After the first dose O 15 did not differ from placebo and O 30 rarely differed from placebo. O 60 impaired various objective functions similarly to, or less than DZ. Subjectively, DZ and O 60 were felt as sedative. During subchronic treatment, DZ caused some impairment of baseline due to accumulation of bioassayable benzodiazepines, but significant responses to the last DZ dose were less than those to the first dose. DZ but not O 60 was reported to have caused lethargy and clumsiness during subchronic treatment. In the doses used Org 2305 impaired psychomotor performance less than diazepam did. A dose of 60 mg Org 2305 may offer some advantage over 15 mg diazepam, provided that their anxiolytic effects are about similar.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effects of ranitidine alone and in combination with chlorpheniramine on histamine-induced wheal and flare and psychomotor performance.

Some reports suggest that addition of an H2 antagonist increases the efficacy of H1 antagonist but the influence on the side effect profile of antihistamines are largely unknown. The effects of ranitidine, chlorpheniramine, their combination and placebo on histamine induced wheal and flare, psychomotor performance and subjective symptoms were studied in 6 healthy male volunteers in a double blind randomized and cross-over (Latin square) study. Ranitidine significantly reduced the histamine induced wheal at 4 hrs (P < 0.05). Chlorpheniramine and the combination significantly reduced both histamine induced wheal and flare at 2 hrs and at 4 hrs (P < 0.05). Addition of ranitidine reduced the feeling of sleepiness produced by chlorpheniramine, though other subjective symptoms were not affected. None of the treatment schedules produced any consistent change in the psychomotor performance of the volunteers.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Psychomotor performance and counterregulatory responses during mild hypoglycemia in healthy volunteers.

The effect of mild hypoglycemia on psychomotor performance and counterregulatory responses was studied among 12 healthy volunteers. Each volunteer received two modified hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps. One morning, plasma glucose was held constant at euglycemic levels (4.9 mM) for 95 min, and another morning, it was lowered over 35 min and then held constant at hypoglycemic levels (3.4 mM) for 60 min. A battery of psychomotor tests and a questionnaire assessing hypoglycemic symptoms were administered before and repeated during the last 30 min of each clamp. The questionnaire and three selected psychomotor tests were also administered repetitively during the 1st h of each clamp. During the hypoglycemic studies, a rise was seen in plasma epinephrine and pancreatic polypeptide at 45 min. An increase in symptom scores was first recorded at 50 min during the hypoglycemic studies [median 4 (range 0-13) vs. 2 (5-6), P less than .05]. Performance was impaired on two psychomotor tests included in the battery. One was the trail making test on fine motor performance (-19.3 +/- 4.2 targets/min, mean +/- SE vs. 1.2 +/- 4.8 targets/min, P less than .05), and the other was the digit-symbol substitution (DSS) test on information processing and memory (18 +/- 3 vs. 29 +/- 4 symbols/min, P less than .03). Of the tests administered during the 1st h, performance was impaired on the DSS. This impairment became significant at 45 min (14 +/- 4 vs. 22 +/- 4 symbols/min, P less than .005). In conclusion, mild hypoglycemia selectively impairs psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers but not before the onset of glucose counterregulation and warning symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Interactions and comparative effects of zopiclone, diazepam and lorazepam on psychomotor performance and on elimination pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.

A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind single-dose cross-over study was arranged to investigate possible interactions between zopiclone (7.5 mg) and two widely used benzodiazepine (BZD) anxiolytics diazepam (5 mg) and lorazepam (1 mg) during the elimination phase of drugs. Psychomotor performance was tested before and 1, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hr after the drug administration. Simultaneously, blood samples were drawn for determination of plasma drug concentrations. The elimination of each compound was not altered by coadministration of other drugs. As expected, one hour after drug ingestion, psychomotor performance was impaired. The coadministration of drugs increased the effect. During the elimination phase, 6 and 8 hr after the drug intake, only zopiclone and lorazepam in combination slightly impaired performance as compared with the pretreatment levels, but there was no difference as compared with placebo. Adverse events after active treatments were not significantly different from those after placebo. At the recommended dose of 7.5 mg, zopiclone does not alter the elimination pharmacokinetics of the BZD anxiolytics diazepam (5mg) and lorazepam (1 mg), and neither is the elimination of zopiclone affected by these BZDs. Due to the rapid elimination of zopiclone, the increase in sedation seen after concurrent administration with BZDs is of short duration.

Administration, Oral↗