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PubMed1975

Dosimetry of four heart-imaging radionuclides: 43K, 81Rb, 129Cs, and 201Ti.

In conjunction with research into the relative clinical suitability of radionuclides for heart imaging, estimates of the radiation dosimetry for 43K, 81Rb, 129Cs, and 201Tl were calculated. Estimates of absorbed radiation dose for the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, testes, and whole body of the standard man were computed from published distribution data in rats via the MIRD method by assuming that the concentration in each organ per initial mean whole-body concentration is the same in rats and humans. The whole-body absorbed radiation doses from 81Rb, 129Cs, 201Tl, and 43K are 0.08, 0.17, 0.24, and 0.60 rads/mCi administered intravenously. In general, the organ doses from the four radionuclides follow the same order.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Experimental and clinical studies of frequency domain Butterworth filter and wiener filter on process of radionuclide imaging].

A frequency domain filtering method provides accurate frequency response. In order to provide optimal radionuclide image quality, Butterworth or Wiener filters were applied in the frequency domain. A method is developed to determine automatically their optimal parameters from the power spectra of the object images. Phantom studies showed that proper parameters were derived by this method. Thirty-one cases of multigated cardiac blood-pool images and phantom images modeled on the cardiac images were filtered by 3 x 3 points temporal smoothing, frequency domain Butterworth and Wiener filters. From these images, ejection fractions were calculated and evaluated the correlation between the actual ejection fractions in the phantom study or the values derived from the contrast left ventriculography. The better correlation coefficients were derived with the frequency domain Butterworth filter than with the temporal smoothing. And more desirable correlation coefficients were derived with the frequency domain Wiener filter than with the frequency domain Butterworth filter, especially in the low count studies. Butterworth or Wiener filtering in the frequency domain reduces noise and improves the capacity for quantitative analysis in the radionuclide images.

Female↗
PubMed1987

[Current role of radionuclide imaging in pediatric cardiology].

Three main nuclear medicine methods are used in paediatric cardiology: sequential first-pass radionuclide imaging of the cardiac cavities, radionuclide equilibrium ventriculography and radionuclide myocardial imaging. Valuable functional information is obtained, and invasive explorations can be avoided in an ever increasing number of cases. Of particular interest is left-to-right shunt measurement which indicates that atrial septal defects must be surgically corrected when the pulmonary/systemic flows ratio (QP/QS) is above 2. This technique is also useful to evaluate the tightness of repairs in ventricular and atrial septal defects. Radionuclide studies of the right and left ventricles may detect dysfunction in one or the other cavity. The left ventricular ejection fraction is reduced in myocardiopathy an in aortic or mitral valve diseases seen at a late stage. The right ventricular function is often abnormal, notably during exercise, after repair of the tetralogy of Fallot and after atrial correction of complete transposition of the great arteries. An altered ejection fraction in patients with single ventricle is also a sign of deterioration. Right ventricular diastolic overload evaluated by radionuclide equilibrium ventriculography correlates with the QP/QS ratio value in atrial septal defects and with the inducibility of ventricular tachycardia by endocavitary pacing in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Thallium 201 myocardial imaging provides information on myocardial ischaemia, notably that associated with congenital abnormalities of the coronary arteries. Its use had now been extended, albeit with some limitations, to the evaluation of right ventricular systolic overload. Other radionuclide techniques are being developed with new tracers: Kryton 81m for studies of the right ventricle, short-lived radionuclides for first-pass studies, Iodine 123-labelled fatty acids for myocardial imaging. More recently, some substrates, such as deoxyglucose, have been labelled with positron emitters permitting in vivo metabolic studies.

Cardiac Output↗
PubMed1996

Radionuclide imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism using 99mTc sestamibi--four case reports.

Radionuclide imaging using the 99mTc sestamibi either singly or as a subtraction technique with pertechnetate is a recent and reliable method in localising parathyroid adenomas prior to surgery. This is of use in pre-operative planning, as well as in failed first neck exploration. Four local patients with primary hyperparathyroidism whose parathyroid adenomas were localised by this scintigraphy are presented. The value and limitations of this imaging modality are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Radionuclide imaging of infection.

Although our understanding of microorganisms has advanced significantly and antimicrobial therapy has become increasingly available, infection remains a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality. The role of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of the patient suspected of harboring an infection varies with the situation. For example, in the postoperative patient, radionuclide imaging is complementary to CT and is used to help differentiate postoperative changes from infection. In the case of the painful joint replacement, in contrast, radionuclide studies are the primary diagnostic imaging modality for differentiating infection from other causes of prosthetic failure. Several tracers are available for imaging infection: (99m)Tc-diphosphonates, (67)Ga-citrate, and (111)In- and (99m)Tc-labeled leukocytes. At the moment, in immunocompetent patients, labeled leukocyte imaging is the radionuclide procedure of choice for detecting most infections. There are, unfortunately, significant limitations to the use of labeled leukocytes. The in vitro labeling process is labor intensive, is not always available, and involves direct handling of blood products. For musculoskeletal infection, the need to frequently perform complementary marrow or bone imaging adds complexity and expense to the procedure and is an inconvenience to patients. Considerable effort has therefore been devoted to the search for alternatives to this procedure, including in vivo methods of labeling leukocytes, (18)F-FDG PET, and radiolabeled antibiotics. This article reviews the current status of nuclear medicine infection imaging and the potential of a murine monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody, fanolesomab, that is currently under investigation. Upon completion of this article, the reader will be familiar with the physical characteristics and uptake mechanisms of tracers currently approved for infection imaging, the indications for the uses of these tracers, and the characteristics and potential indications for a murine monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody under investigation.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

Radionuclide imaging of Meckel's diverticulum: cimetidine versus pentagastrin plus glucagon.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prior administration of cimetidine in radionuclide imaging of Meckel's diverticulum. In three groups of seven rats with artificial Meckel's diverticulum, containing ectopic gastric mucosa, the effects of pentagastrin + glucagon plus 99mTc-pertechnetate, as well as cimetidine premedication plus 99mTc-pertechnetate, and 99mTc-pertechnetate alone were compared to attain improved radionuclide imaging of Meckel's diverticulum. This experimental model suggests that the use of cimetidine seemed to have some advantages: (a) nontarget (intestinal) radioactivity was diminished by cimetidine, (b) the target to nontarget (Meckel's diverticulum to intestinal activity) ratio increased with cimetidine pretreatment. This resulted in an enhanced accumulation of pertechnetate in the ectopic gastric mucosa, and reduced excretion of the radionuclide into the lumen. Consequently, better scintiphotograms and a low rate of false results added to the validity of this method.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Radionuclide imaging of intestinal infarction.

An acute small bowel infarction in a 57-year-old male alcoholic produced a dense positive image on a gallium-67 citrate scan. Radionuclide imaging may be useful in the diagnosis of this condition, which has a high mortality rate and is not often diagnosed premortem.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Radionuclide imaging in organ transplantation.

This article addresses the utility of radionuclide imaging for evaluating functional and anatomic integrity of transplanted liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, and lung. Information about how to interpret routine nuclear medicine procedures for vascular and surgical complications as well as rejection after transplantation is also presented. The role of new radiopharmaceuticals is discussed briefly.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radionuclide imaging in coronary artery disease.

The utility and limitations of radionuclide imaging in coronary artery disease are presented. Rationale for its usage is discussed in terms of pathophysiologic alterations of the heart and how the pharmacologic properties of these radiopharmaceutical agents can be used advantageously for assessment of such alterations.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1978

Radiography, radionuclide imaging, and arthrography in the evaluation of total hip and knee replacement.

Twenty patients with 21 total joint replacements including 17 hips and 4 knees were studied by plain film radiography, radionuclide imaging, and subtraction arthrography to evaluate these procedures for assessing prosthetic complications. Surgery was performed in 14 patients and confirmed loosening of 8 femoral and 7 acetabular hip prosthesis components and 1 femoral and 4 tibial knee prosthesis components. Plain films suggested loosening of only 9 hip components and no knee components. In contrast, radionuclide imaging and subtraction arthrography were considerably more effective in demonstrating loosening as well as other causes of the painful total joint prosthesis.

Hip Joint↗
PubMed1984

Radionuclide imaging.

Recent advances in nuclear cardiology have included the application of radionuclide imaging techniques to the detection of coronary artery disease. Exercise Thallium-201 myocardial imaging has proved a sensitive and specific test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease and allows differentiation between myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Other conditions affecting the myocardium may produce abnormal myocardial images but, with recognition of this and the variations seen in normal subjects, the diagnostic accuracy of Thallium-201 myocardial imaging compares favourably with exercise electrocardiography. The technique is particularly useful where the exercise electrocardiogram is non-diagnostic or equivocal. Preliminary results from application to screening asymptomatic subjects have been encouraging. Radionuclide ventriculography allows the assessment of global and regional left ventricular function. The development of new regional wall motion abnormalities during stress is a highly specific indicator of the presence of myocardial ischaemia, and combined with analysis of the left ventricular ejection fraction response to exercise provides a sensitive test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease. Probability theory allows consideration of the place of these techniques in the investigation of the individual with proven or suspected coronary artery disease.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2000

Tissue damage after single high-dose intraoperative irradiation of the canine liver: evaluation in time by means of radionuclide imaging and light microscopy.

To establish the tolerance of liver tissue to single high-dose intraoperative irradiation, the histopathological changes in the canine liver after single high-dose intraoperative irradiation were investigated by means of radionuclide imaging and light microscopy. Intraoperative irradiation at doses of 0, 10, 20, 25 or 30 Gy was applied to a part of the liver of 25 beagles. Radionuclide imaging using (99m)Tc-sulfur colloid was performed at several times during follow-up. Elective humane killing was done 3 months and 1, 2, 3 and 5 years after irradiation. Light microscopy was used to identify histopathological alterations. There was no morbidity or mortality during a maximal follow-up of 5 years. In 40% of the animals, a region of diminished uptake was observed at the irradiation site. The regions of diminished uptake of the radiopharmaceutical agent became smaller with time. Light microscopic examination revealed severe parenchymal fibrosis, liver cell atrophy, and bile duct proliferation at the irradiated area 1 to 2 years after irradiation. At 3 and 5 years, vascular changes with endothelial proliferation and focal arteriolar hyalinosis were observed. This study demonstrates that intraoperative irradiation of a part of the liver in the canine model can be applied safely. Light microscopy confirmed that histological damage was not always accompanied by diminished uptake of the radiopharmaceutical agent at the irradiation site.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Radionuclide imaging of the neck in rheumatoid arthritis.

Blind marking was used to assess radionuclide neck images obtained with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 12 with cervical degenerative joint disease (spondylosis). Eleven out of the 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients who had neck pain when imaged showed enhanced uptake in the region of the atlantoaxial and temporomandibular joints. In contrast, no patient with cervical spondylosis and only one rheumatoid arthritis patient without neck pain had high uptake in either joint. Changes in uptake in this region on repeat imaging correlated significantly (P less than 0.01) with changes in pain. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with or without neck pain, and with cervical spondylosis showed similar patterns of radiological abnormality in the cervical spine. No detailed correlation was detected between radionuclide and radiographic findings. Radionuclide abnormalities were seen in the middle and lower cervical spine in both rheumatoid arthritis and cervical spondylosis. An abnormal radionuclide image of the middle or lower neck is thus of little value except when no degenerative change is present on the radiograph. An abnormal radionuclide image of the upper neck may be a useful indication of inflammation.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1992

Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of technetium 99m sestamibi and iodine 123 radionuclide imaging of abnormal parathyroid glands.

BACKGROUND: Technetium 99m sestamibi is an isonitrile radionuclide imaging agent that, when used with subtraction iodine 123 thyroid scans, has the potential for imaging abnormal parathyroid glands. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 20 patients with hyperparathyroidism to study the efficacy of Tc 99m sestamibi and 123I subtraction radionuclide scanning for the imaging of abnormal parathyroid glands. All patients underwent neck exploration and histologic confirmation of all parathyroid glands identified. RESULTS: The solitary adenomas in 11 of 16 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were localized with sestamibi scans. The scans in four of five patients with diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia showed bilateral localization consistent with enlarged glands. The fifth patient previously underwent a subtotal parathyroidectomy, and a fifth supernumerary gland was localized with the sestamibi scan. Four patients had hyperparathyroidism related to kidney disease. Three of these had bilateral localization of enlarged glands. The fourth patient had undergone two previous operations, and a fifth supernumerary gland was localized with the sestamibi scan. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary data indicate that Tc 99m sestamibi in combination with 123I radionuclide scanning may be useful in the preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands. This technique localized all of the solitary adenomas that were subsequently resected, and in two reoperative cases it identified the remaining solitary gland causing persistent hypercalcemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A new dynamic renal phantom and its application to scintigraphic studies for pixel basis functional radionuclide imaging.

Various phantoms have been proposed in order to simulate the physical structures of human organs, such as those used in computerized brain tomography. Studying the functional behaviour of kidney by means of functional imaging techniques suffers from a lack of dynamic renal phantom for simulation. In this study a new dynamic renal phantom (DRP) is proposed and the first test results are reported which demonstrate the significance of deconvolution analysis in scintigraphy. The main idea in the construction of our DRP involves the filtration of chemical substances from the blood by flowing it through coiled tubes surrounded by semipermeable membranes. The DRP tests are performed with Technetium-99m (Tc-99m). The semipermeable membrane in the DRP passes Tc-99m, salts and small molecules but not blood cells and large protein molecules. The proposed DRP is tested using pixel basis renal functional radionuclide imaging techniques and promising results are obtained.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Role of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of wrist pain.

The cause of hand and wrist pain can be difficult to determine, especially when standard radiographs are normal or show only nonspecific changes. This study reports the effectiveness of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of patients with hand and wrist pain of uncertain cause. Eighty-eight patients with hand and wrist pain and initially normal standard radiographs were evaluated prospectively by additional radiographic methods including the following: routine tomography, wrist arthrography, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Each patient also had bone scintigraphy. The diagnosis established by clinical assessment and by other imaging methods was then compared with the scintigraphic findings. The presence or absence of focal scintigraphic abnormalities correlated with the presence or absence of focal pathology definable by the conventional methods in 88% of patients. As expected, scintigraphy was chiefly of value in defining the locus of an injury or other process in the wrist, rather than the nature of an abnormality. The scintigrams were abnormal in 95% of cases involving complete intrinsic ligament ruptures and fractures and were normal in 96% of patients with no definable injury. Scintigraphic findings correlated poorly with partial intrinsic ligament injuries and in cases of synovitis. Radionuclide imaging is a sensitive means of detecting focal lesions in patients with hand and wrist pain of unknown cause.

Adult↗