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PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory recovery function and P3 in boys at high risk for alcoholism.

We have previously reported P3 decrements in boys at risk for alcoholism in a complex visual rotation reaction time task. The present study investigated the generalizability of these observations by studying a new high risk sample of boys of Type 2 alcoholic fathers under different experimental conditions. The current experimental design consisted of an easy auditory oddball task (P3) which stressed accuracy over speed of responding, and which also included variable interstimulus intervals (0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 sec), allowing recovery functions to be derived from the evoked responses to frequent non-target stimuli. The results did not yield statistically significant differences between groups in the recovery function data. However the baseline-to-peak results to the target stimulus indicated significant decreases in both P2 and P3 amplitudes in the high risk boys. No differences in latency were obtained between groups. Furthermore frequency analysis of responses to the target stimulus using a multivariate time series model indicated between-group differences at 4 frequencies (1.43, 7.14, 8.6 and 11.43 Hz). These results replicate our previous findings of P3 decrements in boys at risk for alcoholism in a new sample of sons of Type 2 alcoholics. As we have now made these observations with different experimental conditions and sensory modalities, it is suggested that these findings are generalizable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Immediate functional recovery after six hours of regional ischemia by careful control of conditions of reperfusion and composition of reperfusate.

This study tests the hypothesis that irreversible muscle damage does not occur after as long as 6 hours of ischemia before reperfusion, immediate functional recovery is possible by controlling the conditions of reperfusion during total vented bypass and the composition of the reperfusate with substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution, and such control can be accomplished without thoracotomy. Of 43 dogs undergoing 2 to 6 hours of left anterior descending coronary occlusion, seven were studied by ultrastructural and mitochondrial analyses after 6 hours of regional coronary occlusion without reperfusion. Sixteen other dogs were reperfused with normal blood, with the heart in the beating state after 2 to 4 hours of ischemia, and 20 dogs received regional substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic reperfusion after 2 to 6 hours of ischemia for 20 minutes during total vented bypass accomplished through the femoral artery, femoral vein, and transaortic left ventricular venting. Six hours of ischemia without reperfusion caused minimal changes in mitochondrial structure and retained mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production capacity at 64% of control values despite complete depletion of tissue adenosine triphosphate. Reperfusion with normal blood in the beating, working hearts caused extensive structural damage, reduced reflow, and failed to restore contractility in any instance (-27% systolic shortening, p less than 0.05). In contrast, regional cardioplegic reperfusion during total vented bypass at 2, 4, and 6 hours caused 52 +/- 3%, 41 +/- 7%, and 21 +/- 6% immediate recovery of regional contractile function. The seven hearts reperfused at 6 hours of ischemia had more segmental shortening (21% versus -27%, p less than 0.05), less edema (81% versus 83% water content, p less than 0.05), and more postischemic flow (57 versus 18 ml/100 gm/min in subendocardial muscle, p less than 0.05) than did 2-hour controls, and postischemic ultrastructure was not altered by reperfusion. Six hours of ischemia does not produce irreversible damage, and immediate recovery of contractile function is possible if the conditions of reperfusion are controlled with total vented bypass and a regional substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution is administered. Such control can be obtained by the peripheral cannulation technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The calcium antagonist nisoldipine improves the functional recovery of reperfused myocardium only when given before ischemia.

It is unclear whether the protective effects of calcium antagonists on reperfused myocardium are secondary to increased blood flow during ischemia (anti-ischemic action) or reperfusion (Gregg phenomenon), or are mediated through altered calcium kinetics in ischemic or reperfused myocardium. To study the effect of the calcium antagonist nisoldipine on the functional recovery of stunned myocardium, 32 enflurane-anesthetized dogs were subjected to 15 min of occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery and subsequent 4 h of reperfusion. Eight dogs served as placebo controls (group I), and eight dogs received nisoldipine (5 micrograms/kg i.v.) before occlusion (group II), eight dogs at 10 min of occlusion (group III), and eight dogs at 4 min of reperfusion (group IV). The mean aortic pressure was kept constant with an intra-aortic balloon, and the heart rate did not change. In group I, posterior systolic wall thickening (WT, sonomicrometry) decreased from 18.3 +/- 2.4% (mean +/- SD) during control conditions to -3.0 +/- 2.0% at 13 min of occlusion. At 10 min of reperfusion, WT was 1.7 +/- 3.9% and did not recover further (-1.2 +/- 3.7% at 4 h of reperfusion). Posterior transmural blood flow (BF, colored microspheres) decreased from 1.42 +/- 0.43 ml/min/g during control conditions to 0.26 +/- 0.08 ml/min/g at 13 min of occlusion. BF was 2.07 +/- 0.93 ml/min/g at 10 min and 0.95 +/- 0.31 ml/min/g at 4 h of reperfusion. In groups III and IV, the WT and BF were not different from those in group I throughout the experimental protocol. In group II, however, the WT, although similar to the WT of group I before and during ischemia, recovered from 2.7 +/- 4.3% at 10 min to 11.8 +/- 6.0% at 4 h of reperfusion (p less than 0.05 vs. groups I, III, and IV). The BF in group II decreased from 2.52 +/- 0.66 ml/min/g after administration of nisoldipine to 0.22 +/- 0.14 ml/min g at 13 min of occlusion. The BF was 1.31 +/- 0.51 ml/min/g at 10 min and 1.33 +/- 0.43 ml/min/g at 4 h of reperfusion. Nisoldipine exerts no beneficial effect when given immediately before or after the onset of reperfusion. The improved functional recovery of reperfused myocardium in dogs pretreated with nisoldipine cannot be attributed to an increased regional myocardial blood flow during ischemia or reperfusion. The better myocardial recovery, therefore, appears to be related to an attenuated myocardial calcium overload during the first few minutes of ischemia.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Effect of cyclosporine on the rate of renal function recovery after renal transplantation.

To assess the effect of cyclosporine therapy on the rate of renal function recovery after renal transplantation, patients with no clinical evidence of rejection and who were treated with either cyclosporine or azathioprine in addition to steroid therapy were studied (n = 74). Of the patients with immediate renal function (n = 57), those receiving organs from living, related donors had a faster recovery rate of glomerular filtration than patients with cadaveric grafts (azathioprine, 15 +/- 2 versus 7 +/- 1 mL/min/day, P = 0.0001; cyclosporine, 14 +/- 3 versus 6 +/- 1 mL/min/day, P = 0.001). Recipients of cadaveric grafts with delayed renal function (n = 17) had a decreased recovery rate of allograft function when treated with cyclosporine as compared to those treated with azathioprine (4 +/- 2 versus 6 +/- 1 mL/min/day, respectively; P = 0.026). Patients on azathioprine achieved better renal function (P = 0.01) than those on cyclosporine (recipients of organs from living, related donors, 59 +/- 5 versus 52 +/- 3 mL/min; recipients of cadaveric grafts, 52 +/- 5 versus 40 +/- 2 mL/min). Thus, even in this early period, cadaveric-graft recipients treated with cyclosporine demonstrate an apparent reduction in creatinine clearance when compared to patients treated with azathioprine.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effects of brain gangliosides on functional recovery in experimental regeneration and reinnervation.

The effect of brain cortex gangliosides has been tested in two different experimental models of peripheral sympathetic regeneration and reinnervation: a) the preganglionic trunks of the cervical sympathetic nerve were joined in an end-to-end anastomosis after severing the preganglionic trunk, caudally to the superior cervical ganglion; this reinnervation is mainly of cholinergic type. b) the postganglionic trunks of the superior cervical ganglion were joined in an end-to-end anastomosis after severing the postganglionic trunk; this reinnervation is mainly of adrenergic type. Functional recovery following the regeneration and reinnervation has been evaluated by measuring tha contraction of the nictitating membrane, evoked by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic trunk caudally to the point of anastomosis. Some of the operated animals were daily treated with 50mg/kg i.p. of brain cortex gangliosides during the entire post-operative period. Forty-five, sixty days after the operation we observed in the treated animals of both experimental sets a relevant increase in the functional recovery (between 30 and 100%) compared to the operated but untreated controls. In the case of postganglionic anastomosis the physio-pharmacological studies were substantiated by the histochemical fluorescence observations of the distributions of catecholamines in the smooth muscle of the nictitating membranes. These results strongly suggest that the treatment with gangliosides greatly influences the regeneration and reinnervation process of both cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Oxymetazoline hydrochloride nasal spray for nasal function recovery after endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenectomy: a propensity score-matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether short-term adjunctive oxymetazoline hydrochloride nasal spray is associated with improved early nasal recovery after endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. METHODS: This single-center retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study included adults undergoing first-time endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery between January 2021 and December 2024. Patients receiving oxymetazoline hydrochloride 0.05% nasal spray plus routine saline irrigation were compared with those receiving saline irrigation alone. The primary outcome was longitudinal change in Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score from postoperative baseline to weeks 1, 2, and 4. Secondary outcomes included endoscopic nasal findings, nasal comfort, responder-defined NOSE improvement, and short-term safety outcomes. RESULTS: Among 860 eligible patients, 630 remained after 1:1 propensity score matching, with 315 patients in each group. Baseline covariates and postoperative pre-intervention nasal status were well balanced. Adjunctive oxymetazoline was associated with lower NOSE scores and modestly more favorable endoscopic findings and nasal comfort during early follow-up, although the absolute between-group differences were small and attenuated by week 4. Responder analyses based on ≥ 30% NOSE score reduction showed no statistically significant between-group differences. Major postoperative nasal complications were comparable between groups. Potentially drug-related adverse reactions occurred in 55 patients in the oxymetazoline group (17.5%), mainly mild local symptoms, and no serious drug-related adverse events or treatment discontinuations were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term adjunctive oxymetazoline combined with routine saline irrigation was associated with modest early nasal recovery benefits after endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery. Its use should remain cautious, selective, and time-limited, pending prospective confirmation of clinical benefit and long-term safety.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Improved functional recovery of the atherosclerotic rabbit heart subjected to normothermic global ischemia.

Contractile function before, during and after a period of ischemia was evaluated in perfused hearts from rabbits fed either 2% cholesterol or a control diet for two months. Rabbits were sacrificed and the hearts were perfused by the Langendorff normothermic perfusion technique. After a 30-min baseline period, the hearts were subjected to a 60-min period of low flow ischemia (0.2 mL/min) with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing either 2.5 mM (normocalcemic) or 0.5 mM (hypocalcemic) calcium. Subsequently the hearts were reperfused for 30 mins. No significant differences in baseline contractile function (expressed by developed pressure and dP/dtmax) were observed between hearts from cholesterol-fed and control rabbits. Although, initially the degree of contracture, as measured by an increase in end diastolic pressure from baseline, was less in cholesterol-fed rabbit hearts, this difference did not persist beyond 40 mins of ischemic perfusion. Hypocalcemic ischemic perfusion was associated with a delay in development of contracture relative to normocalcemic perfusion in the hearts from cholesterol-fed rabbits. These results suggest an early resistance to ischemia by hearts from cholesterol-fed rabbits. Upon reperfusion, the hearts from control rabbits exhibited a sudden increase in contracture following ischemic perfusion with 0.5 mM calcium which was not observed in the hearts from rabbits fed a cholesterol diet. There was improved functional recovery and less contracture development post reperfusion in the hearts from cholesterol-fed rabbits, independent of the concentration of calcium used during ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Improved donor-site biomechanics and functional recovery with xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix after ALT flap harvest: A prospective randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Donor-site management after anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap harvest is a significant yet underaddressed concern in reconstructive surgery for oral cancer. While xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix (Xeno-ADM) is common in soft-tissue repair, its efficacy for fascia lata reconstruction at the ALT donor site remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of xeno-ADM in fascia lata repair, focusing on compartment pressure, inflammatory and muscle injury biomarkers, and functional recovery. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, single-blind trial, 200 patients undergoing ALT flap reconstruction were allocated to Xeno-ADM repair (n = 100) or primary closure (n = 100). Primary endpoints included compartment pressure, inflammatory markers in drainage fluid, serum muscle injury biomarkers, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: The xeno-ADM group showed significantly lower compartment pressures throughout postoperative days (POD) 1-5. Inflammatory markers in drainage fluid (CRP on POD 3 and 5) and serum muscle injury biomarkers (creatine kinase on POD 1 and 5) were significantly lower in xeno-ADM group. Functional outcomes were superior in the Xeno-ADM group, with faster gait recovery, lower pain scores at POD 7, and better lower-limb function at the 1- and 6-month follow-ups. Drainage duration did not differ between groups. Stratified analyses revealed that the benefits of xeno-ADM were more pronounced in patients with defect width >3 cm or a body mass index ≥24 kg/m2. CONCLUSION: Xeno-ADM provides a safe and effective approach for fascia lata repair, reducing biomechanical and inflammatory burdens while enhancing functional recovery. These findings support a transition from simple structural closure toward functional donor-site reconstruction.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Slow and incomplete histological and functional recovery in adult gluten sensitive enteropathy.

To assess the course of recovery of gluten sensitive enteropathy in adults, histological and functional recovery was studied in 22 patients, aged 20-79 years. Biopsy specimens taken at the time of diagnosis were studied in 20; after adhering to a gluten free diet for nine to 19 (mean 14) months in 14; and after adhering to the same diet for 24-48 (mean 34) months in 10 patients. Histological recovery was assessed morphometrically in the proximal jejunum. Mucosal linings significantly improved over time, but did not completely return to normal with a gluten free diet: at diagnosis the surface: volume ratio was 22% of normal, increasing to 48% and 66% after nine to 19 and 24-48 months, respectively, of a gluten free diet. Disaccharidase activities progressively increased. After 24-48 months maltase, sucrase, and isomaltase had returned to normal in the proximal jejunum; they were still significantly decreased in the distal duodenum. Duodenal and jejunal lactase activities were both below normal after 24 to 48 months. It is concluded that recovery of the intestinal mucosa of adults with gluten sensitive enteropathy during a gluten free diet continues beyond nine to 19 months and is still incomplete after two to four years. The recovery of disaccharidase activities extends from the distal to the proximal part of the small intestine, and is aligned to histological recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Calcium oscillations index the extent of calcium loading and predict functional recovery during reperfusion in rat myocardium.

Delayed recovery of contractile function after myocardial ischemia may be due to prolonged recovery of high-energy phosphates, persistent acidosis, increased inorganic phosphate, and/or calcium loading. To examine these potential mechanisms, metabolic parameters measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and spontaneous diastolic myofilament motion caused by sarcoplasmic reticulum-myofilament calcium cycling indexed by the scattered light intensity fluctuations (SLIF) it produces in laser beam reflected from the heart, were studied in isolated atrioventricularly blocked rat hearts (n = 10) after 65 min of ischemia at 30 degrees C. All metabolic parameters recovered to their full extent 5 min after reperfusion. Developed pressure evidenced a small recovery but then fell abruptly. This was accompanied by an increase in end diastolic pressure to 37 +/- 5 mm Hg and a fourfold increase in SLIF, to 252 +/- 58% of baseline. In another series of hearts initial reperfusion with calcium of 0.08 mM prevented the SLIF rise and resulted in improved developed pressure (74 +/- 3% vs. 39 +/- 13% of control), and lower cell calcium (5.9 +/- 3 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.4 mumol/g dry wt). Thus, during reperfusion, delayed contractile recovery is not associated with delayed recovery of pH, inorganic phosphate, or high-energy phosphates and can be attributed, in part, to an adverse effect of calcium loading which can be indexed by increased SLIF occurring at that time.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Isometric contractile function recovery following tourniquet ischemia.

The purpose of this study was to document the recovery of isometric contractile function following tourniquet ischemia. Male Wistar rats (N = 27) were subjected to unilateral hindlimb tourniquet ischemia of 0 hr (control, N = 6), 1 hr (N = 5), 2 hr (N = 5), 3 hr (N = 5) and 4 hr (N = 3). Following a 2-week recovery period, isometric force measurements were made from both gastrocnemii of each rat with the contralateral limb acting as the control side. Each muscle was analyzed for maximal twitch (Pt, N/g), maximal rate of rise of twitch tension (DP/dt, N/sec), time to peak tension (TPT, msec), half relaxation time (RT 1/2, msec), maximal tetanus (P0, N/g, at 100 Hz), and fatigue (Burke Fatigue Protocol). Pt, P0, and DP/dt were significantly different from control values (P less than 0.05) for all hours of tourniquet ischemia. A strong negative correlation (P less than 0.001) was found for twitch (R = -0.84), tetanus (R = -0.78), and maximal rate of force development (R = -0.83) with respect to increasing hours of ischemia. The recovery of isometric twitch and tetanic function following tourniquet ischemia is inversely related to the ischemic interval. This study quantified the relationship between muscle ischemia and recovery of function following a 2-week interval and stresses the functional physiological changes which occur in skeletal muscle following tourniquet ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Recovery functions of common peroneal, posterior tibial and sural nerve somatosensory evoked potentials.

We studied recovery functions of the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) of common peroneal (CPN), posterior tibial (PTN) and sural nerves (SN) using a paired conditioning-test paradigm. The interstimulus interval (ISI) of paired stimuli ranged from 2 to 400 msec. In all SEPs with ISIs of 12-20 msec, the amplitude recovery was close to or beyond 100% of the control response, though their latencies and wave forms were not the same as the control. Further increases of the ISI resulted in significant depression of SEP (late phase suppression), most markedly in CPN, and less prominently in SN-SEP. With a longer than 50 msec ISI there was progressive recovery of SEP, but full recovery differed depending on the nerve stimulated; 400 msec ISI was required for CPN-, 250 msec for PTN- and 100 msec for SN-SEP. The peroneal nerve block by local anesthetic injected just distal to the stimulus electrodes abolished the late phase SEP suppression observed before the nerve block. These findings suggest that the late phase SEP suppression is attributable to the "secondary" afferents as a result of activation of peripheral receptors (muscle, joint and/or cutaneous) by the efferent volley initiated from the stimulus point. The greater and longer duration of peripheral receptor activation in CPN than in PTN or SN stimulation could explain the more pronounced and the longer duration of late phase suppression in CPN-SEP.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Morphological and functional recovery of the canine gallbladder mucosa following two hours' ischemia.

Temporary interruption of the circulation to the canine gallbladder causes hemorrhagic necrosis of the mucosa and an abolition of active transport of glycine in vitro. The first signs of epithelial recovery following two hours' ischemia are seen in animals examined 7 days after the injury and are characterized by the appearance of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells in which some mitotic figures are observed, accompanied by a decrease in the amount of necrosis and the presence of granulation tissue. At the same time, there is some slight resumption in glycine uptake. Two weeks after injury, the new epithelium covers a larger surface of the gallbladder wall but recovery is still incomplete. Four weeks after operation, structural and functional recovery has occurred in almost all the animals studied: the epithelium is columnar and does not differ greatly from that seen in the normal gallbladder. Mucosal folds are present although their morphological appearance is slightly altered in comparison with those of control specimens. The gallbladder wall is thickened by fibrosis. Measurements of active glycine transport in vitro confirm that the new epithelium functions normally.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Contribution of serotonin neurons to the functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats.

The contribution of serotonin neurons to the functional recovery after spinal cord injury was studied pharmacologically in rats with moderately severe neurologic impairment (complete paraplegia but responsive to tail pinching) 24 h after thoracic spinal cord (T11) compression-induced injury. Fourteen days after cord injury the levels of endogenous norepinephrine (NE, -33%), dopamine (DA, -50%) and serotonin (5-HT, -55%) in the lumbar cord in the injury control rats were decreased and there were significant correlations between the neurologic score and the NE level (rs = 0.562, P less than 0.01) and the 5-HT level (rs = 0.745, P less than 0.001) but not the DA level. Bilateral i.c.v. injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (200 micrograms/rat) 24 h after cord injury significantly retarded the neurologic recovery during the 14 days after injury, accompanied by a further reduction in the 5-HT level (-86%) but not in the NE or DA level. On the other hand, neither p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (300 mg/kg, i.p., once daily starting 24 h after injury for 13 consecutive days) nor reserpine (1 mg/kg, i.p., 4 times, once 24 h after injury and then every fourth day) had any influence on the time course of the neurologic recovery during the 14 days after injury, although PCPA treatment further reduced the levels of NE (-50%) and 5-HT (-91%), and reserpine treatment further reduced the levels of NE (-95%), DA (-73%) and 5-HT (-85%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMed1989

Improvement in functional recovery of stunned canine myocardium by long-term pretreatment with oral propranolol.

We investigated the effect of long-term oral pretreatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol (Inderal LA, 160 mg daily for 8 days) on the functional recovery of myocardium after 15-minute coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 hours of reperfusion in barbital-anesthetized dogs. Propranolol-pretreated dogs (N = 9) displayed a significantly lower left ventricular peak-positive rise in ventricular pressure (dP/dt), heart rate, and rate-pressure product throughout the experiment compared with the control group (N = 15). Subendocardial percent segment shortening as measured by sonomicrometry recovered to 65.4 +/- 7.2% of the preocclusion level after pretreatment with propranolol, whereas the control group recovered to only 11.1% +/- 10.2% after 3 hours of reperfusion. To ascertain the beneficial role of a lower heart rate on the recovery of regional contractile function, a third group of dogs (N = 6) was pretreated with propranolol, but heart rate was maintained at control levels by atrial pacing. The beneficial effects of pretreatment with propranolol were abolished in this group. There were no differences between groups in myocardial perfusion in the normal region as measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. However, in postischemic, reperfused myocardium, there was a significantly higher blood flow to subepicardium, mid-myocardium, and subendocardium after reperfusion in the propranolol-pretreated, unpaced group. Thus long-term oral pretreatment with propranolol enhances the contractile recovery of postischemic, reperfused myocardium. This protective effect of beta-adrenergic blockade is primarily related to the reduction in heart rate and enhanced perfusion in the postischemic region.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Macular recovery function (nyctometry) in diabetics without and with early retinopathy.

Nyctometry was used to assess macular recovery function in 234 diabetic patients; their retinopathy ranged from no retinopathy (99) to early background retinopathy (135). None had visual symptoms or macular oedema. Abnormal (reduced) nyctometry findings were significantly and directly related to the deterioration of diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant association between reduced or normal nyctometry findings and glycaemia at the time of the examination. The value of nyctometry in screening and follow-up is discussed.

Adaptation, Ocular↗