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Results for “Refeeding”

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PubMed1998

Effects of weight cycling on urinary catecholamines: sympathoadrenal role in refeeding hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether the sympathetic nervous system plays a role in the hypertensive response to refeeding from a very low-calorie diet (VLCD). DESIGN: Cycles of weight loss and regain were induced in the obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHROB) model of genetic obese hypertension. METHODS: A 12-day VLCD (1/6 of baseline calories) was alternated with 4-6 weeks of ad libitum chow refeeding for three cycles. Control SHROB ate chow ad libitum. Urine was collected for 24 h before and after each period of VLCD, and catecholamines were measured radioenzymatically. Tail cuff blood pressures and body weight were measured in parallel with urine collections. Kidneys were collected for assay of alpha2-adrenergic receptor density. RESULTS: VLCD induced rapid weight loss, but all the lost weight was regained during refeeding. Blood pressure fell during caloric restriction, but rose above baseline during refeeding. Urinary excretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine changed several fold during weight cycling. Urinary catecholamines paralleled the changes in blood pressure, falling during caloric restriction and rebounding during refeeding. Dopamine showed the greatest decreases during weight loss and rises during weight regain, whereas epinephrine changed the least and norepinephrine was intermediate. Weight cycling elevated blood pressure above the initial baseline throughout the rapid weight gain phase of refeeding. The density of alpha2-adrenergic receptors was decreased in both the renal medulla and cortex of weight cycled SHROB, consistent with receptor down-regulation owing to overstimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The exacerbations of hypertension during weight regain in SHROB coincide with sustained activation of sympathoadrenal activity, as reflected in urinary catecholamine excretion and adrenergic receptor down regulation.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Glucose tolerance predicts short-term refeeding outcome in females with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about biologic predictors of refeeding outcome in anorexia nervosa (AN). Because nutritional status mirrors glucose metabolism during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in AN, this study investigated whether pretreatment glucose response patterns during the OGTT might be associated with refeeding progress in patients with AN. METHODS: Sixty-four female patients with anorexia (33 restrictors and 31 binge/purgers) and 13 healthy control subjects underwent an OGTT before nutritional rehabilitation, including desensitization to fear of energy intake of 1000 to 1600 kcal/day. Patients were divided into flat-type responders, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)-type responders, and normal-type glucose responders. Daily energy intake, weekly weight gain, and the duration of desensitization period were evaluated until the 12th week. RESULTS: The patients with anorexia consisted of 20 flat-type, 21 IGT-type, and 23 normal- type responders. Normal-type responders required a shorter time to complete the desensitization period than other responders (p = .003 for restrictors, p < .001 for binge/purgers). In terms of refeeding progress, significant group effects for daily energy intake and weekly weight gain were evident in restrictors (p = .006, p = .028, respectively) and binge/purgers (p < .001, p = .003, respectively); normal-type responders showed good refeeding progress compared with other responders in both AN subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a close relationship between pretreatment glucose responses, therapeutic progress of desensitization to fear of energy intake, and refeeding progress in both AN subtypes. Our findings suggest that glucose tolerance may be a useful predictor of short-term refeeding outcome in this disorder.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Plasma oxytocin, prolactin, insulin and LH after 24 h of fasting and after refeeding in lactating sows.

The effects of 24 h of fasting and refeeding on the release of oxytocin, prolactin, insulin and LH in three lactating sows were investigated. The sows were starved, but supplied with water ad libitum, from 09.00 h on day 27 of lactation until 15.00 h on day 28 of lactation, when they were refed. Blood samples were collected continuously, using an automatic collection system, at a rate of 1 ml min-1 from 09.00 to 21.00 h on day 28 (P1 = 6 h period after the 24 h fast, P2 = 6 h period after refeeding). For both P1 and P2 the mean number of nursings was 7.0 +/- 1.0. Plasma insulin and glucose decreased to very low levels during fasting and increased (P < 0.001) after refeeding (insulin, 2.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 28.9 +/- 0.7 mU l-1; glucose, 2.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 6.4 +/- 0.3 mmol l-1). Following fasting, levels of prolactin were low (2.8 +/- 0.1 micrograms l-1), and sucking did not induce significant release of prolactin. However, prolactin increased rapidly after refeeding (5.4 +/- 0.1 micrograms l-1, P < 0.001). Neither the 24 h fast nor refeeding had a marked effect on basal levels of oxytocin, the percentage of sucklings with an oxytocin peak or the size of oxytocin peak. LH release (average and basal levels and number of pulses/6 h) during fasting was similar to that measured after refeeding. Plasma CCK increased significantly after feeding. The results indicate that the release of prolactin is also regulated by feed intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Frequency and risk factors of recurrent pain during refeeding in patients with acute pancreatitis: a multivariate multicentre prospective study of 116 patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The period of refeeding in patients with acute pancreatitis is critical because they may have pain relapse. A multicentre, multidimensional, prospective study was performed to assess the frequency and the risk factors of pain relapse in these patients. METHODS: Patients were included if they had acute pancreatitis severe enough to stop oral feeding for more than 48 hours. Clinical, biochemical, radiological, and therapeutic data were prospectively recorded and analysed by unidimensional and multidimensional analysis. The moment to refeed patients was chosen by the clinician but the diet was the same in all centres. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients were included with a Ranson's bioclinical score > or = 3 in 35% and a Balthazar's CT score > or = D in 42%. The cause of acute pancreatitis was biliary in 47% and alcohol misuse in 31%. During the oral refeeding period, 21% of the patients had pain relapse. This occurred on days 1 and 2 in 50% of patients. The duration of the painful period was longer in patients who relapsed than in others (p < 0.002). Pain relapse occurred in 39% of patients with a serum lipase concentration > 3x the upper limit of the normal range the day before refeeding and in 16% of other patients (p < 0.03). Patients with higher Balthazar's CT scores had pain relapse more often than the others (p < 0.002). None of the therapeutic procedures significantly modified the frequency of pain relapse. Using multidimensional analysis, Balathazar's CT score, period of pain, and serum lipase concentration the day before refeeding were independently associated with an increased risk of pain relapse. At a threshold of 0.5, a logistic score had a 37% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and 83% accuracy to predict pain relapse. Pain relapse nearly doubled total hospital stay and hospital stay after the first attempt at oral refeeding. CONCLUSION: Pain relapse occurred in one fifth of the patients with acute pancreatitis during oral refeeding and was more common in patients with necrotic pancreatitis and with longer periods of pain. The results of this study can be used to predict high risk patients and are a first step in the prevention of pain relapse.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

Diurnal rhythms and effects of fasting and refeeding on rat adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase.

The activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue is modulated by changes in the nutritional status. We have measured LPL activity, mass, and mRNA levels in rat adipose tissue during normal feeding cycles, during short- and long-term fasting, and during refeeding after fasting. LPL activity displayed a diurnal rhythm. The activity was highest during the night and early morning, decreased to a minimum during the early afternoon, and then increased again. These changes corresponded to the feeding pattern. The increases and/or decreases resulted from changes in LPL synthetic rate compounded by posttranslational mechanisms. During short-term fasting, LPL specific activity decreased to < 30% of control. The specific activity was restored within 4 h by refeeding. On longer fasting, LPL mRNA decreased. This became significant from 36 h. On refeeding, it took 12 h to restore the mRNA levels, whereas tissue LPL activity and mass could not be fully restored by 36 h of refeeding. These data show that LPL activity during short-term fasting is regulated posttranscriptionally, which allows for quick upregulation after refeeding. On longer fasting, other mechanisms affecting LPL transcription and synthesis come into play, and upregulation after refeeding is slowed down.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of fasting and refeeding on serum leptin, adiponectin and free fatty acid concentrations in young and old male rats.

BACKGROUND: Regulatory mechanisms of metabolic homeostasis undergo important alterations during ageing. The age-related changes become often evident only during stimulation of basic functions that occurs, e.g. during fasting and refeeding which represent natural challenge to energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of short-term fasting and subsequent refeeding on serum levels of key hormones and metabolites in young adult 5- and 24-month-old male Wistar rats. METHODS: Control rats were fed ad libitum. Animals were fasted for 48 h or fasted and refed for 24 h. Metabolite serum concentrations were measured by standard methods. Leptin and insulin were determined by rat-specific RIA, and adiponectin serum levels by mouse/rat-specific ELISA. RESULTS: (1) Control serum levels of key metabolites and hormones were similar in both age groups except for increased triglycerides (TG) in old fed rats. (2) Fasting caused a significant decrease of leptin, insulin, glucose, and TG serum levels in both age groups, and an increase of free fatty acids (FFA) concentration, however, only in young animals. (3) Upon refeeding serum glucose, TG and insulin reversed to control levels in both age groups, however, FFA concentration decreased to control values only in young rats. (4) In contrast to young animals, refeeding of old rats did not increase serum leptin concentration to control level. (5) Neither fasting nor refeeding changed adiponectin serum levels in both age groups. CONCLUSION: Aging suppresses leptin secretion and metabolism of FFA during refeeding that follows short-term starvation. In old rats serum levels of FFA are refractive to the alterations induced by fasting/refeeding in young ones.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed1999

Regulation of gastric mucosal pepsinogen and intrinsic factor contents, and their mRNA levels during starvation and refeeding in rats.

Gastric mucosal pepsinogen and intrinsic factor (IF) contents, and their mRNA levels during starvation and refeeding were studied. During starvation for 4 d, gastric mucosal pepsinogen and IF contents significantly decreased, whereas pepsinogen and IF mRNA levels increased by 30-50%. These results suggested that the mRNAs of pepsinogen and IF could be preserved for a long time so as to prepare for refeeding. After ceasing the starvation for 72 h, gastric mucosal pepsinogen and IF contents were significantly decreased at 1 h after refeeding, and their mRNA levels were increased by 20-30% at 30 min after refeeding. We examined whether the refeeding-induced changes in gastric mucosal pepsinogen and IF contents and their mRNA levels could be reproduced by the exogenous administration of secretagogues. They were not found to be affected by the administration of each secretagogue during starvation for 72 h at 30 min. However, by the simultaneous administration of 2 or 3 secretagogues (carbachol, cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or secretin), the contents of pepsinogen and IF decreased to 70-80% and 50-80% of the control, respectively. However, their mRNA levels increased to 140-160% and 120-135% of the control, respectively. Therefore, refeeding-induced changes in pepsinogen and IF contents and their mRNA levels were partially reproduced by exogenously administered secretagogues. This showed that food intake influences huge changes in neural, hormonal and physical conditions on the stomach. It was indicated that the secretagogues stimulated not only pepsinogen and IF secretion, but also had a tendency to increase their mRNA.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Neuroendocrinological response to standardized mixed meal in female anorectic patients during active and refeeding phases.

To evaluate the neuroendocrinological dysfunction in anorexia nervosa, plasma somatostatin, glucose, insulin, and growth hormone were monitored in ten patients with anorexia nervosa in the active and refeeding (remission) phases of the disorder and in nine age-matched healthy control subjects. Somatostatin levels were significantly higher in the anorectic patients in both the active and refeeding phases than in the controls at baseline (mean+/-SD 27.4 +/-5.5 and 31.1+/-2.6 vs 21.3+/-1.9 pg/ml; p<0.001), and significantly higher in the anorectic patients in the active phase compared to the refeeding phase and to the controls in response to a mixed meal (p<0.05). Insulin levels were significantly lower in the anorectic patients in both the active and refeeding phases compared to the controls at baseline (9.3+/-1.1, 7.6+/-1.0 vs 14.7+/-3.5 microU/ml; p<0.0001) and after a mixed meal (p<0.05). An attenuated glucose response discriminated the anorectic patients in the active state from the same patients in the refeeding state and the controls (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in growth hormone response between the anorectic patients and the controls. These findings suggest that there is an augmented response of somatostatin and an attenuated response of insulin to mixed meal stimulation in active anorexia. The diminished insulin response persists during the refeeding phase. It seems that central and peripheral alterations in endocrine function occur in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Longitudinal changes of circadian leptin, insulin and cortisol plasma levels and their correlation during refeeding in patients with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: To study the longitudinal changes in plasma levels of leptin, insulin and cortisol during the transition from the state of starvation to the state of refeeding focussing on diurnal secretion characteristics and their temporal relationships. DESIGN: Leptin, insulin and cortisol were measured every 2h for 24h during acute starvation (T1). Sampling was repeated after reaching half the target-body mass index (BMI) (T2) and again at target-BMI (17. 5kg/m(2); T3). The temporal relationships between the diurnal secretion patterns were assessed by cross-correlation analysis. RESULTS: Although BMIs at T1 were uniformly low, leptin levels varied widely within a range clearly below normal levels (0.03-1. 7microg/l). With increasing body fat during the course of refeeding, mean leptin levels increased from 0.64microg/l (range: 0.27-1. 73microg/l) (T1) to 1.61microg/l (range: 0.36-4.2microg/l) (T2) and to 3.67microg/l (range: 0.7-9.8microg/l) (T3). Circadian leptin secretion patterns showed maximal values uniformly around 0200h and minimal values around 0800h at all stages of the study. At all three weight levels, plasma leptin levels were highest between midnight and the early morning hours and lowest around the late morning hours. Refeeding neither profoundly changed secretion patterns of leptin nor did it change the positive, time-delayed relationship between leptin and insulin with increments in insulin secretion preceding those of leptin by 6h. A temporal relationship between leptin and cortisol could not be demonstrated in the state of semistarvation but emerged after a substantial weight gain; at that time, leptin increases preceded cortisol increases by 8h. CONCLUSIONS: Absolute leptin, insulin and cortisol levels are profoundly changed during starvation in anorectic patients, while refeeding, paralleled by a BMI gain, reverses these changes. During refeeding the relationship between leptin and cortisol changed profoundly, showing no significant correlation in the state of starvation, whereas at T3 after refeeding a strong inverse relationship could be observed. Leptin and insulin did not correlate significantly at any of the three stages studied.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Influence of fasting and refeeding on the antilipolytic effect of insulin in human fat cells obtained from obese subjects.

The antilipolytic effect of insulin was investigated in obese subjects before and after 7 days of total fasting, and 1 h after oral refeeding with 100 g glucose. Isolated fat cells were prepared from subcutaneous gluteal adipose tissue and incubated in vitro. Specific insulin receptor binding and insulin inhibition of basal and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis were determined. During the fasting period, a 15% increase (P less than 0.05) in high-affinity insulin binding and a concomitant 3-4-fold increase in insulin sensitivity were noted, and there was a marked enhancement of the maximum insulin-induced inhibition of basal lipolysis, from 4 to 10 mumol of glycerol/10(7) cells/2 h. The maximum insulin-induced inhibition of isoprenaline-induced lipolysis was similar before and after fasting, about 10 mumol/10(7) cells/2 h. Glucose refeeding induced a 30% decrease (P less than 0.02) in high-affinity insulin binding and a 20-60-fold decrease (P less than 0.01) in the sensitivity of the antilipolytic effect of insulin under basal conditions and in the presence of isoprenaline. The maximum antilipolytic effect of insulin, however, was not altered by glucose refeeding. Thus, in the basal state, maximum antilipolytic effect was larger after refeeding as compared with that before fasting. The high-affinity insulin binding and insulin sensitivity were significantly lower after refeeding than before fasting. Before the fasting period, neither the insulin binding nor the antilipolytic effect of the hormone was altered by oral glucose. It is concluded that fasting and glucose refeeding are associated with marked alterations in the antilipolytic effect of insulin on human fat cells of obese subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Effects of fasting and refeeding on expression of proteolytic-related genes in skeletal muscle of chicks.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of fasting and refeeding on proteolytic-related gene expression in skeletal muscles of chicks. Chicks were fasted for 24 h, and refed for 2 h. Plasma Ntau-methylhistidine concentration, as an index of myofibrillar protein degradation, was increased by fasting, and that increment was reduced by refeeding. We also examined the expression of the protease mRNAs (calpain, proteasome, cathepsin and caspase-3) by real-time PCR of cDNA in skeletal muscles of fasting and refeeding chicks. Calpain (m-, mu-, and p94/calpain-3) mRNA expressions were also increased by fasting, and their increment was reduced by refeeding. Ubiquitin and 20S proteasome alpha subunit (alpha6 and alpha7) mRNA expressions as well as cathepsin B, and caspase-3 mRNA expression were likewise increased by fasting, with their increment also reduced by refeeding. These results indicate that fasting stimulates proteolytic-related gene expression, resulting in an increase in myofibrillar protein degradation, and that refeeding suppresses proteolytic-related gene expression, resulting in a decrease in myofibrillar protein degradation in chicks.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effect of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults.

A series of experiments were conducted with turkey poults to ascertain the effects of supplemental chromium or excess of nicotinic acid on growth and carbohydrate metabolism. A 23% protein starter diet was selected to emphasize the effect of chromium under basal, starvation for 48 hr, and refeeding periods. Thirty percent protein diets were also used to determine if the effects were compounded by protein levels. Supplemental chromium (20 ppm) significantly increased (P less than .05) weight at 3 weeks of age of poults consuming 23% protein diets, while an additional 250 ppm of nicotinic acid had little effect on poult weight at 3 weeks (P greater than .05). Supplemental chromium did not increase (P greater than .05) feed consumption of poults consuming both 23 and 30% protein diets. Supplemental chromium increased liver glycogen at 3 weeks of age and following refeeding after the 48 hr fast (P less than .05). Blood glucose was significantly affected by starvation-refeeding (P less than .05) but was not affected by either chromium or nicotinic acid. Supplemental chromium increased (P less than .01) active glycogen synthetase, while nicotinic acid increased (P less than .01) active phosphorylase at both protein levels. Synthetase was not decreased by starvation but was increased (P less than .01) by refeeding regardless of protein level fed. Phosphorylase was not affected by a starvation-refeeding regimen. Chromium supplementation increased in the vitro incorporation of (14C) glucose into glycogen during basal, starvation and refeeding periods (P less than .01), again, regardless of protein level.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of fasting and refeeding on blood glutathione and lipid peroxide concentration of cockerels and pullets].

Changes of reduced glutathione (GSH) and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive products of lipid peroxidation) concentrations and activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) in the blood of Lohman brown cockerels and pullets in response to 48 hour food deprivation and 24 hour refeeding were examined. The experiment was performed on 61-day-old chickens. Blood samples ware collected from the wing vein (v. brachialis) in heparinized tubes for three times: control sampling before fasting, then after 48 hour food deprivation and after refeeding for 24 hours. Blood GSH concentration after refeeding in cockerels was significantly higher compared with prefasting and fasting values. The concentration of GSH in female chickens was significantly lower after fasting as well as after refeeding compared with control values. In addition to that, in pullets GSH concentration in refeeding was higher than in fasting conditions. The level of TBARS in blood in female and male chickens after fasting and refeeding were significantly lower than the prefasting values. The GGT activity on cockerels after 48 hour food deprivation was significantly higher compared with control sampling and in chickens refeed for 24 hours, whereas in pullets significant difference was exhibit compared only with control values. Concentration of GSH in control sampling in cockerels compared with those in pullets was significantly lower. After 48 hours of fasting, the level of GSH was significantly higher in the cockerels than in the pullets. Results of TBARS concentration in the pullets were higher of control and fasting values than in the cockerels. The GGT activity of control sampling was significantly higher in male chicken. Lipid peroxidation in chickens of both sexes decreased with fasting, but prooxidative-antioxidative processes were more intensive in female chickens, probably because they were not reach sexual maturity.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Effect of fasting and refeeding on the adaptation of the small intestine in rats. A model for physiopathologic studies].

A chronological study was carried out on 50 male Wistar rats (350 g) to determine the effects of 3 days of fasting and 16 h to 9 days of refeeding on the morphology of jejunal and ileal mucosa (villus, crypt and enterocyte heights; number of mitosis), on some aspects of their functional adaptation (sucrase, maltase, protein) and on nitrogen and lipid absorptions. Three days of fasting resulted in weight loss (12 p. 100), in a jejunal mucosa atrophy (villus height: 376 +/- 18 vs. 492 +/- 4 microns in controls; enterocyte height: 31 +/- 2 vs. 41 +/- 0.3 micron in controls) and a decrease in disaccharidases activities (sucrase: 927 +/- 90 vs. 3,363 +/- 21 mU/10 cm length in controls). No change in ileal mucosa morphometry was noticed. Ad libitum refeeding caused a rapid and progressive weight gain, a jejunal morphometric regrowth identical to control values at 16 h (villus height: 521 +/- 20, enterocyte height 42 +/- 0.9 microns), and maximum at 40 h of refeeding (villus height: 601 +/- 5 microns). Disaccharidases adaptation was delayed, with a maximum at 64 h of refeeding (sucrase: 3,524 +/- 56 mU/10 cm length). Despite a 30 p. 100 increase of food consumption over the whole study (45 p. 100 during the first 16 h of refeeding), nitrogen and lipid absorption coefficients remained identical to those found in controls with an increased nitrogen balance of 70 p. 100 at 16 h and 54 p. 100 at 40 h refeeding, as compared to controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1980

[Effect of a protein-deficient diet (5 p. 100 gluten) and of balanced refeeding (15 p. 100 casein) on potential lipase, colipase-dependent lipase and phospholipase A2 activities. II. In the pancreatic juice of the growing rat].

We experimented with a diet resembling a protein-deficient one eaten by man, having a low protein level and proteins of poor biological value. Malnutrition caused weight loss accompanied by an overall reduction of ingesta. However, the food intake, as compared to animal weight, was the same in the undernourished animals as in the controls. Bile and pancreatic juice outputs were not altered continuously and regularly but with the poor protein diet, they were lower. Refeeding a balanced diet caused these outputs to increase. When 0.6 p. 100 of methionine was added to the deficient diet, no significant difference was noted in the outputs of the rats eating the deficient diets. Enzyme activities in the juice and pancreas varied widely from one day to another during malnutrition and during refeeding. The mean values of specific activities, which masked these variations, showed that malnutrition did not significantly decrease the phospholipase A2 activity in the pancreatic juice, while potential lipase and colipase-dependent lipase activities declined. Refeeding temporarily stimulated specific phospholipase A2 and potential lipase activities the third day; colipase-dependent lipase activity was not activated. After 2 to 3 weeks of refeeding, the specific activities of the three enzymes were similar to the control values, but were no longer so at the end of refeeding. This would suggest a return to the normal, as shown by the oscillations around the control values. Protein malnutrition, as refeeding, did not in general cause the same changes in all the enzymes at the same time.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Inhibition of regain in body weight and fat with addition of 3-carbon compounds to the diet with hyperenergetic refeeding after weight reduction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of the 3-carbon compounds pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone (PD) in inhibiting reaccumulation of body weight and fat with refeeding after weight loss. DESIGN: Longitudinal, in Clinical Research Center. After weight loss induced by hypoenergetic diet (1.3 MJ/d) for 3 weeks, refeeding with hyperenergetic diet (1.5 x resting energy expenditure) for 3 weeks. Refeeding diet randomized to contain PD or placebo (PL, polyglucose) as approximately 20% of energy intake. SUBJECTS: 17 obese healthy women (n = 8 in PL group, n = 9 in PD group) (age: 22-60 y, weight: 72.5-139.7 kg). MEASUREMENTS: Resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition (by bioelectrical impedance), nitrogen balance, serum proteins, biochemical profile, thyroid hormones, and insulin, before and after refeeding and weight and fat gain. RESULTS: Refeeding with a hyperenergetic diet, weight gain was significantly less in patients receiving PD compared to placebo (1.8 + 0.2 kg vs 2.9 +/- 0.1 kg, P < 0.01). Body fat regain was also less with feeding of PD (0.8 +/- 0.2 kg vs 1.8 +/- 0.2 kg, P < 0.01). Body protein metabolism, as measured by nitrogen balance, serum protein concentrations and fat free mass, was similar in subjects consuming either PD or PL. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 3-carbon compounds decrease weight gain and reaccumulation of body fat, without decreasing body protein gain, in obese subjects with hyperenergetic refeeding subsequent to weight loss.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

Chromatin supraorganization and extensibility in mouse hepatocytes following starvation and refeeding.

BACKGROUND: The effect of 48 h of starvation and of 48 h of refeeding subsequent to starvation on chromatin supraorganization and extensibility was studied in hepatocytes from adult mice. METHODS: Methods used involved topochemical assays, image analysis, gravity action, and polarization microscopy. RESULTS: Starvation increased the chromatin packing states, especially in areas of noncondensed chromatin, and induced drastic decreases in concanavalin A reactivity due to nuclear matrix glycoproteins and the frequency of nuclei with chromatin extensibility under gravity. Changes in chromatin packing state were accompanied by shifts of nuclear areas of part of the nuclear population to smaller values but did not affect the respective Feulgen-DNA amounts except for a few nuclei. The extent of chromatin unpackaging, but not of frequency of nuclei with formation of extended chromatin fibers, in starved mice that were refed was greater than in well-fed controls. Refeeding induced increase in Feulgen-DNA amounts and regain and redistribution of concanavalin A-reactive nuclear glycoproteins. However, the duration of refeeding used was probably insufficient to reestablish the stereo arrangement of the chromatin-nuclear matrix and to restore chromatin fluidity to the level seen in well-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in the liver cell nuclei associated with starvation and refeeding of adult mice involved chromatin supraorganization, hepatocyte proliferation (refeeding), and the loss, regain, and redistribution of nuclear proteins, especially nuclear matrix components, related to chromatin organization and extensibility. These changes are suggested as favoring the silencing and reactivation of transcriptional activities, depending on the organism's nutritional state.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effects of starvation and refeeding on jejunal disaccharidase activity.

In the rat, starvation lowers jejunal sucrase activity and increases or has no effect upon jejunal lactase activity. The mechanism by which starvation influences these intrinsic microvillus proteins remains unclear. Jejunal sucrase and lactase activities were studied during starvation or refeeding after a three-day fast. Using polyclonal monospecific antibodies, sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) protein contents were measured in parallel to determine changes in enzyme activation. Sucrase activity and SI protein fell after two and three days of fasting and rose during refeeding. In contrast, lactase activity and jejunal LPH content increased after starvation and decreased after refeeding for 48 hr. For both enzymes, changes in catalytic activity and protein content occurred in parallel. [3H]Leucine incorporation studies in vivo showed more labeling of immunoprecipitable LPH than SI during starvation, but refeeding induced relatively more labeling of SI than of LPH. Therefore, starvation and refeeding produce opposing effects upon jejunal lactase and sucrase activities by modulating LPH and SI protein production and not by modifying enzyme activation.

Animals↗