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Results for “Remote Sensing Technology”

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PubMed1992

Environmental monitoring and research at the John F. Kennedy Space Center.

The Biomedical Operations and Research Office at the NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center has been supporting environmental monitoring and research since the mid-1970s. Program elements include monitoring of baseline conditions to document natural variability in the ecosystem, assessments of operations and construction of new facilities, and ecological research focusing on wildlife habitat associations. Information management is centered around development of a computerized geographic information system that incorporates remote sensing and digital image processing technologies along with traditional relational data base management capabilities. The proactive program is one in which the initiative is to anticipate potential environmental concerns before they occur and, by utilizing in-house expertise, develop impact minimization or mitigation strategies to reduce environmental risk.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed2005

[Studies on spectral characteristics of solid propellant by remote sensing FTIR].

The infrared spectral characteristics of high-intensity IR solid propellant were measured in this paper using a Bruker EQUINOX55 remote sensing FTIR spectrometer. The emission spectra of the combustion flame were recorded in the range of 4700-1800 cm(-1) with a spectral resolution of 4 cm(-1). The combustion temperatures of solid propellant at the burning time of 0, 9, 18, 27 and 36 s calculated from the molecular rotation-vibration spectra were 1992.5, 1610.9, 2294.4, 2361.1 and 1916.9 K, respectively. Moreover, the spectral radiance distributions of the high IR flare material at different times were given, and the combustion product concentrations of HCl, HF, CO2 and CO were determined quantitatively. Results showed that remote sensing FTIR is a potential technology that can be applied to the measurement of IR spectral characteristics, especially to the identification of the IR objects, guidance and anti-guidance in the military, and the modification of the make-up of solid propellant.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1989

New methods for quantitative and qualitative facial studies: an overview.

The clinical study of birth defects has traditionally followed the Gestalt approach, with a trend, in recent years, toward more objective delineation. Data collection, however, has been largely restricted to measurements from X-rays and anthropometry. In other fields, new techniques are being applied that capitalize on the use of modern computer technology. One such technique is that of remote sensing, of which photogrammetry is a branch. Cartographers, surveyors and engineers, using specially designed cameras, have applied geometrical techniques to locate points on an object precisely. These techniques, in their long-range application, have become part of our industrial technology and have assumed great importance with the development of satellite-borne surveillance systems. The close-range application of similar techniques has the potential for extremely accurate clinical measurement. We are currently evaluating the application of remote sensing to facial measurement using three conventional 35 mm still cameras. The subject is photographed in front of a carefully measured grid, and digitization is then carried out on 35-mm slides specific landmarks on the cranioface are identified, along with points on the background grid and the four corners of the slide frame, and are registered as xy coordinates by a digitizer. These coordinates are then converted into precise locations in object space. The technique is capable of producing measurements to within 1/100th of an inch. We suggest that remote sensing methods such as this may well be of great value in the study of congenital malformations.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed2005

Climate-based health monitoring systems for eco-climatic conditions associated with infectious diseases.

Despite a century of confidence and optimism in modern medicine and technology inspired by their often successful prevention and control efforts, infectious diseases remain an omnipresent, conspicuous major challenge to public health. Effective detection and control of infectious diseases require predictive and proactive efficient methods that provide early warning of an epidemic activity. Of particular relevance to these efforts is linking information at the landscape and coarser scales to data at the scale of the epidemic activity. In recent years, landscape epidemiology has used satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems as the technology capable of providing, from local to global scales, spatial and temporal climatic patterns that may influence the intensity of a vector-borne disease and predicts risk conditions associated with an epidemic. This article provides a condensed, and selective look at classical material and recent research about remote sensing and GIS (geographic information system) applications in public health.

Africa, Central↗

PubMed1994

Remote sensing as a landscape epidemiologic tool to identify villages at high risk for malaria transmission.

A landscape approach using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies was developed to discriminate between villages at high and low risk for malaria transmission, as defined by adult Anopheles albimanus abundance. Satellite data for an area in southern Chiapas, Mexico were digitally processed to generate a map of landscape elements. The GIS processes were used to determine the proportion of mapped landscape elements surrounding 40 villages where An. albimanus abundance data had been collected. The relationships between vector abundance and landscape element proportions were investigated using stepwise discriminant analysis and stepwise linear regression. Both analyses indicated that the most important landscape elements in terms of explaining vector abundance were transitional swamp and unmanaged pasture. Discriminant functions generated for these two elements were able to correctly distinguish between villages with high and low vector abundance, with an overall accuracy of 90%. Regression results found both transitional swamp and unmanaged pasture proportions to be predictive of vector abundance during the mid-to-late wet season. This approach, which integrates remotely sensed data and GIS capabilities to identify villages with high vector-human contact risk, provides a promising tool for malaria surveillance programs that depend on labor-intensive field techniques. This is particularly relevant in areas where the lack of accurate surveillance capabilities may result in no malaria control action when, in fact, directed action is necessary. In general, this landscape approach could be applied to other vector-borne diseases in areas where 1) the landscape elements critical to vector survival are known and 2) these elements can be detected at remote sensing scales.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Land use change analysis in the Zhujiang Delta of China using satellite remote sensing, GIS and stochastic modelling.

Rapid land use change has taken place in many coastal regions of China such as the Zhujiang Delta over the past two decades due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization. In this paper, land use change dynamics were investigated by the combined use of satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and stochastic modelling technologies. The results indicated that there has been a notable and uneven urban growth and a tremendous loss in cropland between 1989 and 1997. The land use change process has shown no sign of becoming stable. The study demonstrates that the integration of satellite remote sensing and GIS was an effective approach for analyzing the direction, rate, and spatial pattern of land use change. The further integration of these two technologies with Markov modelling was found to be beneficial in describing and analyzing land use change process.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2003

Coastal seas as a context for science teaching: a lesson from Chesapeake Bay.

Lessons that employ authentic environmental data can enhance the ability of students to understand fundamental science concepts. This differs from traditional "environmental education" in that school curricula need not set aside time for educators to teach only environmental topics. Rather, the "environment" is used to advance student learning in science and technology. The success of this approach depends on programs that encourage scientists to communicate more effectively with teachers at all education levels. The expanding diversity of research and monitoring activities on the world's marine waters constitutes an outstanding potential education resource. Many of these projects involve remote sensing with sophisticated instrumentation and employ Internet technology to compile measurements, interpret data using graphs and satellite imagery, and share the results among scientific colleagues and the general public alike. Unfortunately, these resources, which constitute a much shortened path between research findings and textbook presentation, are seldom interpreted for use by K-12 educators. We have developed an example that uses the Chesapeake Bay as a paradigm to demonstrate how such interpretation can assist educators in teaching important principles in physical oceanography and marine ecology. We present this example using PowerPoint to conduct a virtual tour of selected Internet sources. Our example begins with the conceptual "salt wedge" circulation model of Chesapeake Bay as a partially mixed estuary. Teachers have the opportunity to explore this model using salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen data taken from a research vessel platform during summer professional development programs. This source of authentic data, originally obtained by teachers themselves, clearly demonstrates the presence of a picnocline and deep-water anoxia. Our lesson plan proceeds to interpret these data using additional Internet-based resources at increasing scales of time and space. The "salt wedge," picnocline, and anoxia are examined using graphics derived from data taken by researchers using "ScanFish," a towed instrument that samples temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen at a resolution of only a few meters vertically and horizontally. The seasonal dynamics of these parameters at a given location are interpreted using biweekly monitoring data obtained as part of the state-federal Chesapeake Bay Program. The influence of annual variations in freshwater input is examined using stream flow data from US. Geological Survey gauging stations. Satellite remote sensing images from the TOPEX/Poseidon project are used to show how El Niño and La Niña events in the mid-Pacific affect the Chesapeake Bay system via rainfall on its watershed. Finally, the life cycle of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is presented to show how an estuarine organism has adapted to this truly unique and dynamic coastal environment.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges.

To accurately and precisely measure the carbon in forests is gaining global attention as countries seek to comply with agreements under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Established methods for measuring carbon in forests exist, and are best based on permanent sample plots laid out in a statistically sound design. Measurements on trees in these plots can be readily converted to aboveground biomass using either biomass expansion factors or allometric regression equations. A compilation of existing root biomass data for upland forests of the world generated a significant regression equation that can be used to predict root biomass based on aboveground biomass only. Methods for measuring coarse dead wood have been tested in many forest types, but the methods could be improved if a non-destructive tool for measuring the density of dead wood was developed. Future measurements of carbon storage in forests may rely more on remote sensing data, and new remote data collection technologies are in development.

Carbon↗

PubMed2004

Pushing the band gap envelope: mid-infrared emitting colloidal PbSe quantum dots.

Efficient mid-infrared sources are of considerable general interest for gas analysis, remote sensing, and atmospheric monitoring, but existing technologies are limited. Here, we report the synthesis of the first colloidal QDs having photoluminescence (PL) in the mid-infrared. We show particle-size-tunable mid-infrared emission for large (10-17 nm), but quantum-confined, colloidal PbSe QDs, with efficient, narrow-bandwidth PL at energies as low as 0.30 eV (4.1 mum). Applying two new synthetic routes, we have achieved fine control of QD size and size distribution, allowing us to provide the first systematic correlation of QD size with PL energy for PbSe QDs emitting at wavelengths longer than 2 mum, results which are compared with a literature model. For the entire spectral range reported, we provide measured quantum yields in emission, showing a marked decrease with increasing QD size, for which we include a possible explanation. Finally, we present very promising preliminary results for overcoating PbSe with CdSe, a wider-gap semiconductor. We show PL enhanced by approximately 6-fold for such core/shell samples.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments.

The dynamics of pigment concentrations are diagnostic of a range of plant physiological properties and processes. This paper appraises the developing technologies and analytical methods for quantifying pigments non-destructively and repeatedly across a range of spatial scales using hyperspectral remote sensing. Progress in deriving predictive relationships between various characteristics and transforms of hyperspectral reflectance data are evaluated and the roles of leaf and canopy radiative transfer models are reviewed. Requirements are identified for more extensive intercomparisons of different approaches and for further work on the strategies for interpreting canopy scale data. The paper examines the prospects for extending research to the wider range of pigments in addition to chlorophyll, testing emerging methods of hyperspectral analysis and exploring the fusion of hyperspectral and LIDAR remote sensing. In spite of these opportunities for further development and the refinement of techniques, current evidence of an expanding range of applications in the ecophysiological, environmental, agricultural, and forestry sciences highlights the growing value of hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2000

A geographic information assessment of birth weight and crop production patterns around mother's residence.

A landscape approach using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies was developed to identify the proximity of maternal residence to agricultural areas, and the association between crop production patterns around mothers residences and low birth weight was evaluated. Satellite data obtained for Weld County, Colorado, in 1991 and 1993 were digitally processed to generate crop location maps for this study. GIS procedures were then used to determine crop types within 300- and 500-m circular zones around mothers' homes for 125 births that occurred from 1991 to 1993 in the study area. The relationships between different crop patterns around the mothers' residences and the birth weight of babies were investigated while controlling for potential confounding variables. The results indicated that low birth weight was associated with total crop production area within a 300-m buffer zone around mothers' residences (P=0.058). When each of the study crops was considered separately, low birth weight was associated with sugar beet production (P=0.05) and corn production (P=0.1) within both the 300- and the 500-m buffer zones. This RS/GIS approach provides clues to the potential relationships between birth weight and crop production near the residence.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

PROFILE: Forest Landscape Management Revisited.

/ Over the last decade, forest management planning has shifted its focus from a production-oriented approach to an ecosystem-based approach. Forest landscape management has thus emerged as a new challenge to forest managers. In this paper we examine the evolutionary process of forest management leading to landscape management and compares and contrasts its concept and principles to its predecessor, the conventional forest resource management approach. It explains the conceptual framework, provides the principles and the improvements over conventional management planning, and discusses different design approaches towards the landscape management concept. However, the paper points out that the evolutionary process of forest management provides sustainable healthy forest ecosystems. Smarter use of information technology, such as geographic information systems and remote sensing, a comprehensive digital spatial database, better understanding of spatial forest ecosystem dynamics across spatial and temporal scales, effective public involvement, better decision-making tools, and development of workable management strategies towards sustainability are prerequisite to make the realization of holistic management approach on the ground happen.KEY WORDS: Forest landscape management; Holistic approach; Spatial structurehttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n4p437.html</HEA

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Disease transmission models for public health decision making: toward an approach for designing intervention strategies for Schistosomiasis japonica.

Mathematical models of disease transmission processes can serve as platforms for integration of diverse data, including site-specific information, for the purpose of designing strategies for minimizing transmission. A model describing the transmission of schistosomiasis is adapted to incorporate field data typically developed in disease control efforts in the mountainous regions of Sichuan Province in China, with the object of exploring the feasibility of model-based control strategies. The model is studied using computer simulation methods. Mechanistically based models of this sort typically have a large number of parameters that pose challenges in reducing parametric uncertainty to levels that will produce predictions sufficiently precise to discriminate among competing control options. We describe here an approach to parameter estimation that uses a recently developed statistical procedure called Bayesian melding to sequentially reduce parametric uncertainty as field data are accumulated over several seasons. Preliminary results of applying the approach to a historical data set in southwestern Sichuan are promising. Moreover, technologic advances using the global positioning system, remote sensing, and geographic information systems promise cost-effective improvements in the nature and quality of field data. This, in turn, suggests that the utility of the modeling approach will increase over time.

Bayes Theorem↗

PubMed2004

[Dynamic analysis of land use and land coverage in mid-eastern China during 1988-2000].

Using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies and based on the documentary and field sampling data, this paper constructed and analyzed the 1988 and 2000 landscape maps of mid-eastern China. The mapping area of mid-eastern China was about 2.87 x 10(6) km2. With the rapid increase of economy and population, the area of farmland and town in mid-eastern China increased 10.921 x 10(5) hm2 and 13.754 x 10(5) hm2, accounted for a 2.14% and 19.25% increase, respectively from 1988 to 2000. At the same time, the forest area decreased 17.83 x 10(4) hm2, declined by 1.12%, because of the increasing demand for lumber provision and reclamation. The meadow area in 2000 increased 19.287 x 10(5) hm2, ascending 7.75%, while the coverage and quality of grassland declined, owing to the deteriorating environment. The untilled land in 2000 dropped 34.31%, contrast with 1988 by the reason of a large number of lands being exploited.

China↗

PubMed2000

Farming from a new perspective: remote sensing comes down to earth.

Farmers strive to increase the yield of their fields by adding nutrients and water to the land, and using pesticides to control insects and disease. In addition to bountiful harvests, the results of their endeavors may include elevated amounts of fertilizers in surface waters and aquifers and potential risk to themselves and their neighbors from exposure to pesticides. Precision agriculture is the use of modern information technologies such as geographic information systems, the global positioning system, and remote sensing from the air to reduce the environmental effects of these chemicals while enhancing the productivity of farming. By combining crop yield maps with soil survey maps and remote sensing output, farmers can identify areas that need more or less fertilizer, water, or pesticide.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

Multispectral imaging fluorescence microscopy for living cells.

Multispectral imaging technologies have been widely used in fields of astronomy and remote sensing. Interdisciplinary approaches developed in, for example, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL, USA), or the Communications Research Laboratory (CRL, Japan) have extended the application areas of these technologies from planetary systems to cellular systems. Here we overview multispectral imaging systems that have been devised for microscope applications. We introduce these systems with particular interest in live cell imaging. Finally we demonstrate examples of spectral imaging of living cells using commercially available systems with no need for user engineering.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Vector-borne parasitic diseases: new trends in data collection and risk assessment.

Climates and topography effectively restrict vector-borne infections to certain geographical areas, a clear illustration of how strongly the spatial distributions of these diseases rely on environmental factors. This is hardly a new revelation, but just a few years back, without the support of computer-assisted collection and handling of data, we were far less able to grasp the full picture. Fortunately climate data collection by Remote Sensing (RS) by earth-observing satellites, a technology particularly well suited to pinpointing constraining endemic factors, has not only become affordable but also reached a high degree of sophistication. Meanwhile, geographical information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) permit spatial information of great accuracy as well as digitalization of collected data on the spot enabling visualization of the data in relation to physical maps and facilitating comparisons of the results of longitudinal investigations. Adoption of these technologies at the national level promotes intersectoral collaboration and promises improved planning and management in the control of endemic diseases. Applications in areas such as malaria, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis are briefly reviewed. Reports in the fields of the former two diseases dominate the literature, while information is lagging with regard to the others. The need for a broadening of the GIS approach is emphasized with the aim of rejuvenating the dynamic aspect of epidemiological studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Current situation and some intending problems of landscape spatial dynamic model].

Along with the rapid development of remote sensing, geographic information system, computer and other supporting technologies, model approach has become the major method of landscape dynamic study. Based on literature review, this paper analyzed the current situation and some intending problems of the development of landscape spatial dynamic model. Three kinds of models, i. e., stochastic landscape model, neighborhood rule model and landscape process model (including percolation model, individual-based landscape model and spatial ecosystem model) were mainly introduced, and their development status, existing problems and related improvement work were analyzed. The development of model test technologies, such as verification analysis, validation analysis, and sensitivity analysis, were also analyzed. Finally, this paper summed up six major problems that should be dealt with in the future development of the landscape spatial dynamic models. These problems included model arithmetic optimization, scale conversion, model complication and predigesting, model test and assessment, bringing forward of general model, and integration of the traditional model with social-economic factors.

Algorithms↗