Health sector reforms: implications for sexual and reproductive health services.
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With the advent of the AIDS epidemic the focus of family planning programmes has shifted from an emphasis on pregnancy prevention to include disease prevention. The move towards integration has meant a major re-orientation in the role of health providers. This article seeks to expand knowledge about the implementation of integrated services from the perspective of providers. It focuses more specifically on the provider's perceptions and experiences of integrated services. A range of methods is used to obtain information from providers, including an inventory of health facilities, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results suggest that the majority of providers expressed favourable attitudes to integrated services. Integrated services are seen as a more client centred approach. However, there is a lack of clarity about the precise from that integration should take. As a result, providers seem more comfortable with the traditional focus on family planning and maternal and child health than sexually transmitted infections.
CONTEXT: The use of peer providers in family planning clinics has been proposed as a strategy that could better serve sexually active adolescent populations. METHODS: Baseline and follow-up survey data from 1,424 female and 166 male adolescent clients of five California community health clinics were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of a peer provider model between 1996 and 1999. Multivariable analyses examined differences in outcomes between clients' first and last clinic visits, and by whether clients received only clinical services or other components of the model (outreach and telephone follow-up) as well. RESULTS: Female clients were significantly more likely at their last visit than at their first visit to report consistent birth control use (odds ratio, 1.9), use at last intercourse (1.8) and use of effective methods (3.5), and were significantly less likely to report consistent condom use (0.7). There were no significant differences in male birth control or condom use between first and last visits. Females who received all components of the model were more likely than those who received only clinical services to return for an annual exam (2.2) and to make three or more visits during the study period (1.7). The full model was particularly effective for females who were Hispanic, had been born to adolescent mothers or had had more than one sexual partner in the six months before their first clinic visit. CONCLUSIONS: The peer provider model appears to be a promising addition to the mix of service delivery models, particularly for certain subgroups of clients. The findings underscore the importance of tailoring programs on the basis of clients' risk profiles.
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In 1997 a consortium of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh began to implement health sector reform measures intended to expand access to and improve the quality of family planning and other basic health services. The new service delivery model entails higher costs for clients and requires that they take greater initiative. Clients have to travel further to get certain services, and they have to pay more for them than they did under the previous door-to-door family planning model. This paper is based on findings from a qualitative study looking at client and community reactions to the programme changes. It examines a number of barriers to access and constraints to cost recovery, including gender, class and ideas about entitlements, the role of government and obligations among people. The NGOs want to maximize cost recovery while making the basic services they offer accessible to most people. The findings suggest that this requires more than the establishment of an appropriate pricing structure. Attitudes related to charging and paying for services must also change, along with the institutional policies and practices that support them.
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