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Results for “Reproductive parameters”

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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1980

Effect of male to female ratios on reproduction of caged coturnix D1 breeders.

Two separate trials were conduced with Coturnix quail (D1 strain) to determine the effect of sex ratios on reproductive efficiency over five 28-day periods. Periods 1 to 3, 1 to 4, and 1 to 5 were analyzed for treatments which housed one male with either one, two, or three females to determine which ratio was the most efficient for a given period of time and for continued efficiency throughout the period analyzed. Results indicated that increasing the sex ratio up to one male to three females per cage had no significant detrimental effect on reproductive parameters and resulted in greater overall efficiency.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of cellular and whole-animal bioassays for estimation of radiation effects in the polychaete worm Neanthes arenaceodentata (Polychaeta).

The polychaete worm Neanthes arenaceodentata was used in experiments to determine possible relationships between short-term genotoxicity tests and reproductive and lethal consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation. Groups of juvenile N. arenaceodentata received one of four different radiation doses (2, 4, 8, and 16 Gy) to determine dose-effect estimates for chromosomal aberration induction, and groups of both adult and juveniles received one of seven different radiation doses (1, 4, 8.4, 46, 102, 500, and 1000 Gy) to determine dose-effect estimates for reproduction, mortality, and life span. Effects on reproduction and genetic material were observed at the lowest doses and in the same range; detrimental reproductive effects were observed at 1 to 4 Gy, and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was significantly increased at 2 Gy. Only high doses resulted in acute mortality (greater than 500 Gy) and decreased life span (greater than 100 Gy). Dose-effect estimates for chromosomal aberration induction were dependent on radiation dose and on the stage of the cell cycle at the time of irradiation. Dose-effect estimates for reproduction were dependent on dose and the potential for repopulation of gonadal tissue. It is concluded that short-term genotoxicity test can be predictive of detrimental reproductive effects in those model systems for which basic cell kinetics and reproductive parameters are well known.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Safety of a new anticoccidial agent, clazuril, during reproduction in carrier pigeons].

In a six-month study, the safety of repeated treatments with clazuril, a new anticoccidial agent for the treatment of pigeons, was evaluated during 4 to 5 consecutive reproduction cycles. Clazuril was administered weekly at the recommended therapeutic dose level of 2.5 mg/pigeon and at twice this dose. The results were compared to placebo treatment. Evaluation was based on the following parameters: reproductive behaviour, egg laying, fertilisation, embryonic mortality, hatching, percentage of weaning and time interval between consecutive reproductive cycles. Maternal-paternal toxicity (body weight evolution, feather coat) and tolerance in newborn pigeons (general behaviour, daily gain in body weight, feathering, skeletal anomalies) were also evaluated. In all the treatment groups, reproductive performance was comparable and no drug- or dose-related side-effects were observed. Fertilisation, embryonic mortality and the time-interval between the consecutive reproductive cycles remained within the normal physiological range. Hatched pigeons showed a satisfactory daily weight gain and deaths among these birds were exceptional. Tolerance of clazuril in adult as well as in day-old pigeons was exceptionally good and body weight evolution, feathering and mortality were not adversely affected. No drug-related pathological findings or skeletal anomalies were detected in the animals at autopsy. It can be concluded that repeated treatments with clazuril are entirely harmless for pigeons during reproduction, even at double the therapeutic dose level. Clazuril is well tolerated by newborn and growing pigeons, which means that pigeon house group treatments during reproduction may be performed without any risk.

Acetonitriles↗

PubMed1995

Carisoprodol: reproductive assessment by continuous breeding in Swiss mice.

Carisoprodol (CARI), a commonly prescribed neuromuscular relaxant, was evaluated for reproductive toxicity in Swiss CD-1 mice using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB) protocol. Male and female mice were given CARI in corn oil suspension by daily gavage at doses of 0, 300, 750, and 1200 mg/kg body wt/day. Clinical signs of general toxicity in F0 animals included sedation, primarily in the high-dose group during the first week of exposure, and reduced body weight in high-dose females. CARI administration for 14 weeks did not affect the ability of the F0 animals to produce litters. However, decreases in proportion of pups born alive (4%) and absolute (5%) and adjusted live pup weight (7%) were observed at 1200 mg/kg CARI when compared to controls. In a crossover mating trial to determine the affected sex, there were no significant differences in the measured reproductive parameters. CARI at the high dose increased the proportion of time spent in proestrus and estrus, but cycle length was unaffected. At F0 necropsy (Week 27 of treatment), all sperm parameters were normal. Right epididymis and liver weights, relative to body weight, were increased (12 and 23%, respectively) over the control group for high-dose males. A mating trial to determine the fertility and reproductive competence of the F1 generation showed no effect of CARI on indices of mating, pregnancy, or fertility, the proportion of F2 pups born alive, the sex ratio of live F2 pups, live F2 pup weight, or gestation length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of suplatast tosilate (IPD-1151T) (4)--Perinatal and postnatal study in rats by oral administration].

In order to assess the effect of suplatast tosilate (IPD-1151T) on pregnancy of the rat, and the post natal development to maturity of the F1 generation, daily doses of 0 (control), 200, 600 and 1800 mg/kg/day were administered orally to female Wistar rats from day 17 of pregnancy to day 21 after delivery. All females were allowed to give birth and rear their young to weaning. F0 dams showed no treatment-related changes in general conditions including the state of delivery or nursing, gestation period, birth rate, or autopsy findings. The dams at 1800 mg/kg/day showed a tendency to reduction in body weight gain and a decrease in food consumption. F1 offspring showed no treatment-related changes in clinical signs on the birth day or during the nursing period, external examination on the birth day, general condition, physical or reflex development, open-field test, water multiple T-maze test, autopsy findings, organ weights, skeletal examination, reproductive ability, or histopathological examination on the reproductive organs of the animals of both sexes that failed to produce pregnancy. The offspring at 1800 mg/kg/day showed a reduction or its tendency in body weight gain. There were no treatment-related changes in any of reproductive parameters of F1 dams including external examination of F2 fetuses. The results suggest that the non-effective dose level of IPD-1151T is 600 and 1800 mg/kg/day for F0 dams in general toxicity and reproductive ability, respectively, and 600 mg/kg/day for F1 offspring in post natal development under the conditions of this study.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1984

[Effect of movement on feed digestibility and reproduction in pregnant dry cows].

Two experiments were carried out--in October and November and in May and June--with two groups of cows of 25 each, belonging to the Black-and-white breed. Up to the time of the tests and during the experimental period itself both groups of animals were given a ration that was one and the same in terms of composition and size. However, the test group was subjected to a regular daily walk of 3 km on a proper field terrain. It was established that regular movement produced a favourable effect on the health condition, digestibility, parturition, and puerperal affections as well as on the milk capacity and reproduction parameters. The health status and development of offsprings was also favourably affected.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection limits of different approaches in behavioral teratology, and correlation of effects with neurochemical parameters.

Five laboratories collaborated in the evaluation of detection limits of different testing concepts in behavioral teratology. In one laboratory, rat dams were treated by gavage with five doses of methylmercury (0.0, 0.25, 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mg/kg/day). The treatment period was restricted to days 6 to 9 of gestation. The usual reproduction parameters were assessed in the dams. The offspring (88-99 per group) were subjected to a routine developmental and behavioral testing battery. After completion of these tests, random samples of the animals were further investigated in four other laboratories using the following techniques: auditory startle habituation, visual discrimination and figure-8 activity monitor; wheel-shaped activity monitor and spatial alternation operant conditioning; two-compartment locomotor activity, passive avoidance and male ultrasonic vocalization during sexual behavior; assays of the weight of different brain areas, their glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and S-100 protein concentration. The following dose-dependent effects were noted in ascending dose sensitivity order: delayed vaginal opening; increased and more variable passiveness in spatial alternation; impaired swimming behavior, increased GFA protein concentration in the cerebellar vermis; increased auditory startle amplitude, decreased intertrial interval pokes in the visual discrimination test, increased percentage of visits in passive area of figure-8 activity monitor, increased path iteration frequencies and decreased local activity in the wheel-shaped activity monitor, decreased locomotor activity in the two-compartment monitor, increased cerebellar vermis weight, and decreased S-100 protein in the hippocampus. Therefore, this study showed comparable sensitivities for the behavioral testing battery, for some automated multiparametric test systems and for the neurochemical assays.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effects of ivermectin (MK-933) on the reproductive rate of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti (L.) females were blood fed a single time on rabbits previously injected subcutaneously with ivermectin at 10 or 50 times the labeled dose recommended for cattle (0.2 mg [AI]/kg body weight). Although adult mosquito survival was unchanged by the low dose, fecundity and hatch were depressed slightly. Females fed on rabbits at the high dose exhibited reduced survival and egg production compared with females fed on control rabbits. Eggs from these females also were less likely to hatch, and subsequent larval survival was lower than controls. The effect of ivermectin on these reproductive parameters diminished as the time between drug administration and blood meal increased.

Aedes↗

PubMed2026

Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy on Male Sexual Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity negatively impacts male sexual function and fertility through hormonal imbalances, endothelial dysfunction, and psychosocial factors. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) constitutes an effective intervention; however, procedure-stratified changes in male reproductive parameters after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) remain incompletely synthesized. METHODOLOGY: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted in November 2024. Sexual function, testosterone levels, and semen quality were included. Risk of bias was assessed using MINORS criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed separately for each surgical modality, with heterogeneity quantified via I2 statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies comprising 848 patients were included. Meta-analysis of pre-post data demonstrated that both RYGB and SG were independently associated with improvements in sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone levels. In studies examining SG, significant improvements were observed in erectile function (SMD: 1.38, 95% CI: 0.66-2.10, p = 0.0002) and sperm concentration (SMD: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.56-1.26, p < 0.00001). Studies evaluating RYGB did not demonstrate statistically significant changes in erectile function (SMD: 0.62, 95% CI: -0.06 to 1.30, p = 0.07) or sperm concentration (SMD: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.45 to 0.42, p = 0.95). CONCLUSION: The meta-analytical findings suggest beneficial effects of both RYGB and SG on male hormonal parameters. Studies of SG demonstrated significant improvements in erectile function and sperm concentration. However, direct comparative analyses between the two procedures were not performed, precluding definitive conclusions regarding their relative efficacy. Future research necessitates head-to-head comparisons with standardized reproductive endpoints and extended follow-up periods.

Humans↗

PubMed1987

Pinealectomy or superior cervical ganglionectomy do not alter reproduction in the wolf (Canis lupus).

Twelve wolves (6 male and 6 female) were used to study the role of the pineal in photoperiodic mediation of seasonal reproduction. Eight wolves were pinealectomized (PNX) or sham-pinealectomized (S-PNX) at 5 mo of age, and 4 were superior cervical ganglionectomized (SCGX) at 16 mo of age (2 males and 2 females per treatment). All attained puberty at the species-typical time, during their second breeding season, except 2 SCGX males that did not survive. Reproductive cycles of an additional male that was SCGX as an adult and the PNX and S-PNX wolves, followed for a minimum of 3 yr, did not differ from each other or from those of unoperated colony wolves on measures of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone for males, or of serum estradiol and progesterone for females. Nor was the range of dates for ovulation different for treated vs. untreated females. Surgical transection of the olfactory tracts of 1 male and 1 female PNX wolf, inducing anosmia to control for the possibility of pheromonally synchronized cycles, also failed to alter the seasonality of these reproductive parameters. These results do not conform to the model of pineal mediation of sexual cycles for photoperiod-sensitive species. In spite of evidence for photoperiod influence, the wolf apparently relies on a system other than the pineal for seasonal control of reproduction.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Oral bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in pregnant mice. I. Potential influence of maternal behavior on postnatal mortality.

Pregnant Swiss mice were treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) on d 6-15 of gestation. At birth litters were normalized to eight pups, and postnatal evaluation of pup growth rate and behavioral observations of dams were carried out. Litters were sacrificed on postnatal days (pnd) 7, 14, and 21, to perform hematological analysis, in connection with another study. Dam weight gain was impaired in all the treated groups (except at the lowest dose level) in the late phase of gestation. A high incidence of anticipated or delayed parturitions, without any correlation with fetal mass, was observed in the treated groups. All the treated dams showed a significant increase in resorptions, and a decrease in body weight gain between gestational day (gd) 6 and pnd 1. At birth, only the 20 and 30 mg/kg dose groups showed reduced litter size and reduced pup weight. Body weight gain reduction of pups persisted in wk 1 of life only in the 10 and 20 mg/kg dose groups. In addition, the maternal weight trend was affected during the lactation period in the higher dose groups. Postnatal death rate and growth rate of treated pups were affected by an altered maternal behavior; pups, apparently viable and with normal weight, were found often scattered throughout the cage with signs of wounds, and the percentage of dams that had not built a nest increased in the 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg dose groups. Total absence of parental care was noted in many litters, and many infanticidal events were reported. Our results seem to confirm low TBTO embryofetotoxicity, and strongly support the assumption that TBTO's toxicity to the mother is much stronger than its embryo-fetotoxic potential. Most of the reproductive parameters examined in this study were unaffected in the low-dose group, while some indices, such as gestation length and maternal weight gain between gd 6 and pnd 1, were markedly altered also at the 5 mg/kg dose level and appear to be sensitive parameters in assessing maternal toxicity.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Teratogenic and reproductive studies of policosanol in the rat and rabbit.

The present studies evaluated the teratogenic potential and reproductive toxicity of Policosanol, a new hypocholesterolemic drug. Policosanol was administered by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits during the period of organogenesis at dosages up to 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/day, respectively. There was no evidence of teratogenicity or any other embryonal toxicity. In a fertility and reproductive study female rats were treated with Policosanol by oral gavage at dosages up to 500 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout mating and pregnancy to day 21 of lactation. Males were given treatment 60 days before and during mating. Reproductive parameters of mothers were normal. There was no evidence that treatment affected the survival, postnatal growth, or behavior of the offspring. No maternal treatment-related adverse side effects occurred in these studies. It is concluded that Policosanol was not teratogenic in either rats or rabbits, nor did it induce reproductive toxicity in rats.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicologic and reproductive effects of inhaled 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in male rabbits.

Groups of 10 male New Zealand white rabbits were exposed by inhalation to 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 ppm of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) vapor for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks, except that the 10 ppm group was exposed for only 8 weeks due to mortality. The semen of rabbits was evaluated on a weekly basis during the exposure period and at periodic intervals during a recovery period (32 weeks for all groups except the 10 ppm groups which was for 38 weeks). In order to assess the fertility of the exposed rabbits, each male was allowed to mate with an unexposed female at the 14th and 41st week of the study. Exposure of rabbits to 1 and 10 ppm of DBCP by inhalation produced adverse reproductive effects as well as decreases in sperm count, motility and viability. Rabbits treated at 1 and 10 ppm had decreased sperm counts between the 8th and 14th weeks of the study. All of the 10 ppm rabbits were infertile when mated during the 14th week. The effects of DBCP on spermatogenesis were shown to be essentially reversible in rabbits exposed to 1 ppm; however, at 10 ppm, recovery was not complete under the conditions of the test. Rabbits exposed to 10 ppm had severe testicular alterations as early as 4 weeks into the study and these progressed to severe testicular atrophy by 8 weeks. Those exposed to 1 ppm for 14 weeks developed moderate testicular atrophy (approximately 50% reduction in size). Following the recovery period, the rabbits in the 10 ppm group had evidence of partial reversibility of the testicular atrophy. Electron microscopic evaluation of testicular tissue confirmed findings by light microscopy effects and also indicated increased numbers of abnormal sperm within the seminiferous tubules of rabbits at both the 10 and 1 ppm exposure levels. Those exposed to 0.1 ppm had an equivocal increase in abnormal sperm after the 14-week exposure period but not after the recovery period. Based on these results 0.1 ppm level of DBCP is considered as a no effect level for reproductive parameters.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Comparing alternative approaches to establishing regulatory levels for reproductive toxicants: DBCP as a case study.

This paper compares four alternative approaches for deriving regulatory levels for reproductive toxicants by applying them to the available data on the human spermatotoxicant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP). The alternatives examined include the Proposition 65 approach (application of a mandatory 1000-fold uncertainty factor to a no-observed-adverse-effect level [NOAEL]), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approach (application of flexible uncertainty factors to a NOAEL), the Benchmark Dose approach (application of flexible uncertainty factors to a dose associated with a known level of change in a reproductive parameter), and the Quantitative Risk Estimation approach (using low-dose linear extrapolation and a model of the relationship between sperm count and infertility). Applied to DBCP, these approaches do not produce substantially different estimates of allowable exposure levels. However, the approaches do have different data requirements and provide different amounts of information on reproductive hazards to risk managers and the public. Neither the Proposition 65 nor the EPA approach provides information about the extent of health risk remaining at a regulatory level. In contrast, the Benchmark Dose approach can provide estimates of the magnitude of sperm count reduction at a regulatory level, and the Quantitative Risk Estimation approach can provide estimates of exposure-induced infertility.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The effect of Aroclor 1254 (PCB) on the physiology of reproduction in the female rat--I.

Daily oral exposure of rats to 30 mg/kg of Aroclor 1254 for 1 month caused deleterious effects on the reproductive process, which were reflected in a decrease in the reproductive potential. The following disturbances were observed: prolongation of the estrous cycle; decrease in sexual receptivity; delay in timing of copulation; vaginal bleeding during gestation; decrease in litter size and delay in the time of parturition. The offspring, whether exposed to PCBs either prenatally and/or postnatally, showed a slower rate of body weight gain than controls. This was accompanied by high mortality until weaning of treated pups. Vaginal opening in the PCB-treated (as young) females occurred precociously, while other reproductive parameters were not affected at adulthood. Discontinuance of PCB treatment reversed the above symptoms.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The effects of uranium on reproduction, gestation, and postnatal survival in mice.

Uranyl acetate dihydrate was tested for its effects on reproduction, gestation, and postnatal survival in Swiss mice. Four groups of animals, each of which consisted of 25 males and 25 females, were administered 0, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day of uranyl acetate dihydrate. Mature male mice were treated orally for 60 days prior to mating with mature virgin female mice treated orally for 14 days prior to mating. Treatment of the females continued throughout mating, gestation, parturition, and nursing of the litters. One-half of the dams in each group were sacrificed on Day 13 of gestation and the remaining dams were allowed to deliver and wean their offspring. Postnatal development was monitored after 0, 4, and 21 days of lactation. No adverse effects on fertility were evident at the doses employed in this study. Nevertheless, embryolethality could be observed in the 25 mg/kg/day group. Significant increases in the number of dead young per litter were seen at birth and at Day 4 of lactation in the 25 mg/kg/day group. The growth of the offspring was always significantly lower for the uranium-treated animals. However, the present results suggest that uranium does not cause any adverse effects on fertility, general reproductive parameters, or offspring survival at the concentrations usually ingested by man.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Studies on reproduction in rats with pirmenol, an antiarrhythmic agent.

Fertility and perinatal-postnatal studies were performed in CD rats given pirmenol, an antiarrhythmic agent, at dosages of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The drug was administered orally as diet admixtures in all studies. In the male fertility study, mature male rats were treated for 61 days prior to mating with virgin, untreated female rats. In the female fertility study, mature virgin female rats were treated for 15 days prior to mating with untreated partners with treatment continuing throughout mating, pregnancy, parturition, and weaning of the litters. In both studies, one-half of the dams in each group were killed on Day 21 of pregnancy and the remaining dams were allowed to deliver and wean their offspring and postnatal development was monitored. At weaning, two males and two females were arbitrarily selected from each litter, allowed to mature on unmedicated diet, and then mated within treatment groups to produce the F2 generation. In the perinatal-postnatal study, pregnant females were treated continuously from Day 15 of pregnancy until weaning of the litters on Day 21 postbirth. No adverse effects on fertility, general reproductive parameters, or offspring survival and development were evident at doses employed in these studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Use of a body condition index (BCI) for the study of the reproduction in snakes].

A body condition index (BCI = actual body mass/optimal theoritical body mass of the studied animal) was estimated in females of 3 species of snake. From dissections of 88 Vipera aspis and 18 Coluber viridiflavus, strong relationships between body reserves (such as mass of fat bodies and liver) and BCI were found. Furthermore, BCI explained most of the variance in the mass of the fat bodies and in the mass of the liver; however BCI and body length together increased the percentage of variation explained. Thus, a satisfactory estimation of body reserves in relation to body length is possible in living snakes. We have studied reproductive parameters (clutch size and litter size) in Vipera aspis (Viperidae) and Elaphe longissima (Colubridae) during a 3 year period. In the two species positive relationships between maternal body length and number of offspring were found. At the beginning of vitellogenesis, litter size is related to the BCI level in V. aspis but not in E. longissima. In both species, BCI must exceed a threshold value for reproduction to take place. However this threshold value is much lower in E. longissima (0.55) than in V. aspis (0.70). This indicates that in the latter species, large body reserves are necessary for the induction of vitellogenesis. In E. longissima, maternal body length is an important determinant of reproductive success, body reserves playing a minor role. In contrast, in female V. aspis the reproductive success is related to BCI and to a lesser extent to body length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗