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PubMed1956

[Cardiac lobe].

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Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1985

Internal organs of the conjoined twins.

Described are the alimentary system, the respiratory system, the urogenital system and the endocrine glands of conjoined female twins. There were found to be present 2 esophagi, 2 stomachs, 2 duodeni, 2 pancreas and one large liver. The intestine is unique from the region of the jejunum to it's end. There were found to be present 2 tracheae and 4 lungs. The urogenital system appeared to be normal. A single deviation was noted with respect to the endocrine glands, in particular, the right adrenal gland had an additional part which entered the thorax through a cleft in the diaphragm.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1998

Parapagus conjoined twin Holstein calf.

BACKGROUND: Conjoined twins with a doubling of all cranial structures, having two vertebral columns along their entire body length yet with a single pelvis, have not been described in the literature. The cause of conjoined twinning is incompletely understood; however, two main theories (fission and fusion) have been proposed and disputed. METHODS: A dicephalus, tetrabrachius (parapagus) conjoined twin Holstein heifer calf was studied. RESULTS: Two normal heads were present on two necks. The twins were fused in the thoracic region. There were four forelimbs and an abnormal orientation of ribs. Two separate vertebral columns along the length of the animal ended with two tails. There was a single pelvis, and only two hindlimbs were present. The musculature of the medial forelimbs was complete but abnormally positioned. Some medial structures, caudal to the thorax, failed to develop in these twins. There were two hearts, each one supplying one half of the body. The cranial vasculature was doubled and normal. Caudally there were two aortas, each supplying the respective half of the twin. The right caudal vena cava drained all caudal parts of the body while the left caudal vena cava drained only the liver. There were two sets of lungs. Each twin had a separate esophagus that entered a separate stomach. The right abomasum (fourth stomach chamber) was herniated through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. The two duodenums from each stomach fused distal to the pyloric sphincters. Caudal to this point of fusion, all structures of the digestive and urogenital systems were single. The calf had a single anus and vulva. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical findings in this twin suggest a fission event followed by fusion of parallel embryonic axes.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1977

Incidence of some surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia.

A retrospective 5 yr survey of the incidence of some neonatal surgically correctable congenital abnormalities in South Australia has been carried out. Meaningful figures have been obtained for the incidence, in terms of the live birth rate, of obstructive malformation of the gastrointestinal tract, major abdominal wall and diaphragmatic defects, and some anomalies of the genitourinary system. In the main, the incidence of these malformations is similar to that reported from other centers. However the incidence of exomphalos and small bowel obstructions is lower in this series than in others, and the incidence of tracheoesophageal and anorectal anomalies appears to be slightly higher in South Australia than in Victoria. The incidence of diaphragmatic defects, excluding esophageal hiatus, is very similar to that ascertained by the perinatal mortality survey carried out by Butler and Claireaux.

Australia↗
PubMed1995

Foregut duplication cyst: a report of a case.

During the early embryonal stage of foregut development, malformations may be encountered. Foregut duplications are considered to be due to abnormal cannulization of the gastrointestinal tract and may be communicating or non-communicating cystic or tubular. They are lined by mucosal membrane. The case herein records the first instance of a foregut duplication cyst that contained both gastric and bronchial mucosa. The patient was a 35-year-old female complaining of epigastric pain and nausea for the past several months. Physical examination revealed no abnormal findings, but an upper gastrointestinal X-ray series demonstrated an irregularity of the greater curvature of the stomach. On CT scan, a left upper quadrant mass was noted. At laparotomy, a soft, retroperitoneal mass was seen between the stomach and the left adrenal gland, measuring 5.5 x 2.5 x 2 cm. It was excised and sent for histopathology. Pathology showed the mass to be of a cystic nature, containing both gastric and bronchial mucosa. After surgery the patient made an uneventful recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation in association with diaphragmatic eventration.

Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations are uncommon anomalies, and their association with diaphragmatic eventration is rare. This report presents 2 cases with this association. Embryologically, a simultaneous disturbance in the development of pulmonary vessels and developing esophagotracheal septum may explain the etiopathogenesis of this association. Abnormal budding along the developing foregut tube may lead to foregut cysts. In both cases, the bronchopulmonary foregut malformations were excised, and the diaphragm was repaired. The results of surgery were gratifying in both cases.

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration↗