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PubMed1986

[Ultrastructural changes in cells of the white pulp of the spleen during experimental salmonella infection].

The electron microscopic investigation of the immuno-competent cells in various zones of the spleen has revealed certain subcellular bases of the organ's reaction to the experimental salmonellosis. Alterations at early stage of the experiment (3-24 h after infection with Salmonella) are predominantly of destructive character: pyknosis of nuclei, dilated cisterns of the karyotheca, lysis of crests in mitochondria of some cells. On the 3d-14th day hyperplasia and hypertrophy of organelles in the immune-competent cells are revealed; it is connected with increasing processes of immunogenesis. At late stages of the investigation, normalization of the spleen cells ultrastructure and increased functional fibroblastic activity are noted.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Systemic Salmonella infections in sickle cell anaemia.

Salmonella infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease. In Jamaica, 16 episodes of systemic Salmonella infection were recognized in 308 children with sickle cell disease followed prospectively in a cohort study from birth. There were eight cases with osteomyelitis, seven with septicaemia, and one with meningitis. Salmonella dactylitis was the commonest presentation of osteomyelitis in the young child. Comparison of clinical features between children with Salmonella dactylitis and dactylitis owing to avascular bone necrosis showed that children with osteomyelitis had significantly higher fever, prolonged history and fluctuant swellings. Fever above 38.5 degrees C occurred in four of five children with Salmonella dactylitis, but in only one of 59 with uncomplicated dactylitis (P = 0.01). Chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were both effective for systemic infection, and ampicillin alone was inadequate. Three deaths occurred, two from septicaemia and one from meningitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Epidemiology and molecular identification of Salmonella infections in children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of foods and the environment in the development of infections with Salmonella in infants and children. DESIGN: Case-controlled survey and the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to establish DNA fingerprint patterns. SETTING: Ambulatory and hospitalized patients at a children's hospital. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive sample of children younger than 4 years old who were infected with Salmonella and 3 age-matched controls per patient were to be surveyed. Of the 103 eligible cases of salmonellosis, 90 cases and 264 controls were included in the study. DATA ANALYSIS: Univariate analysis was done using the Mantel-Haenszel chi2 test or the Fisher exact test. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. DNA fingerprints were inspected for identical banding. RESULTS: Results demonstrated similar diets between cases and controls with the exception of more potato or macaroni salad or coleslaw consumption in the control group (P<.001). DNA fingerprints of Salmonella newport and Salmonella typhimurium demonstrated that all cases were due to unique isolates except in 5 instances involving 12 patients. Seven of these patients could be connected geographically. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the cases of salmonellosis in children younger than 4 years are of a sporadic nature and the major source of infection remains unidentified. For patients infected with identical isolates of Salmonella, a common food source could not be incriminated with the methods used. Environmental contamination or other sources of Salmonella are suggested by these epidemiological data.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1987

Diffuse abdominal gallium-67 citrate uptake in salmonella infections.

Two pediatric patients with salmonella infections (one with typhoid fever and the second with salmonella C2 gastroenteritis), had a diffuse abdominal uptake of Ga-67 citrate. The possible explanation for this finding is discussed. Salmonella infection should be included as a cause in the differential diagnosis of diffuse accumulation of Ga-67 citrate.

Abscess↗
PubMed1996

Classifying extraintestinal non-typhoid Salmonella infections.

Non-typhoid Salmonella infection in man has been divided into five clinical groups: gastroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteraemia, chronic carrier state and localized infection. This classification has neither pathogenic nor prognostic significance. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 183 patients with extraintestinal salmonellosis who presented to our institution during a period of 32 years. Patients were classified into four groups: primary bacteraemia (PB), enteritis-associated bacteraemia (secondary bacteraemia) (SB), digestive focal infection (DI) and non-digestive focal infection (NDI). Sex, age, acquisition, underlying disease and outcome were compared between patients with bacteraemia and diseases with focal infection. The differences found between PB and SB were: community acquisition (66% in PB and 85% in SB, p = 0.06) severe immunosuppression (53% in PB and 15% in SB, p < 0.001) and mortality (37% in PB and 3% in SB, p < 0.001). The differences found between NDI and DI were: age over 60 years (45% in NDI and 18% in DI, p < 0.05), severe immunosuppression (51% in NDI and 12% DI, p < 0.001) and associated bacteraemia (38% in NDI and 6% in DI, p < 0.001). This classification of extraintestinal salmonellosis may have pathogenic and prognostic implications, and could help us to understand the clinical significance of this disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Interferon-gamma plays a critical role in intestinal immunity against Salmonella typhimurium infection.

Salmonella bacteria are a major cause of food-borne infectious diarrhoea and there is great interest in understanding the pathogenesis of Salmonella infection and in vaccine development. Potential vaccines include the aromatic mutants of S. typhimurium. Such non-lethal Aro mutants have also been useful for studying Salmonella infections in mouse models. Studies of systemic infection, using these Aro mutants, in both normal and cytokine gene knockout mice, indicate that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plays a key role in the resolution of Salmonella infection. The present studies have investigated the outcome of oral infection in mice with attenuated Salmonella because this infection route mimics natural infection in humans. In IFN-gamma gene knockout (IFN-gamma-/-) mice, intestinal immunity was impaired and oral challenge resulted in disseminated septicaemia 2 weeks later. No dissemination of infection was seen in wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, both CD4 and CD8 cell numbers increased in the gut following Salmonella challenge, together with increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). No such changes were seen in IFNgamma-/- mice. Following oral challenge, antilipopolysaccharide (LPS) and antiphosphoryl choline antibodies increased by more than 100-fold in both serum and faecal pellet extracts of IFNgamma-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Our data show that IFN-gamma production is essential for resolution of enteric Salmonella infection and that antibody has little effect on this process.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cervical abscess caused by Salmonella infection.

A 69-year-old man had an abscess in the neck caused by Salmonella hador (enteritidis) infection. Salmonella infection of the head and neck are rare, and often occur in association with Salmonella infection in other parts of the body. The patient described may have had seeding to the neck from previous gastrointestinal infection. Treatment by drainage of the abscess and oral administration of ampicillin was successful. To the authors' knowledge, this is the sixth case of pure Salmonella infection of the head and neck reported in the world literature.

Abscess↗
PubMed1980

Combined therapy of Salmonella infection in chickens by antimicrobial agents followed by cultured cecal bacteria.

Week-old chickens infected with Salmonella infantis when one day old were treated with antimicrobial drugs either given alone or followed by peroral inoculation of bacterial culture. The bacteria were derived from the cecal contents of adult chickens. The antimicrobial drugs used were: neomycin, neomycin plus oxytetracycline, neomycin plus polymyxin, and sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim. The combined therapy with oxytetracycline plus neomycin and bacterial culture seemed to be the most effective, although the efficacy varied between the parallel trials. Sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim followed by treatment with the bacterial culture decreased the infection rate. The bacterial culture alone also had a slight anti-salmonella effect. When only antimicrobials were given, salmonellae rapidly reappeared in the intestines when the therapy was stopped.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic regulation of host responses to Salmonella infection in mice.

Salmonella spp are Gram-negative bacteria capable of infecting a wide range of host species, including humans, domesticated and wild mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. The outcome of an encounter between Salmonella and its host is dependent upon multiple factors including the host genetic background. To facilitate the study of the genetic factors involved in resistance to this pathogen, mouse models of Salmonella infection have been developed and studied for years, allowing identification of several genes and pathways that may influence the disease outcome. In this review, we will cover some of the genes involved in mouse resistance to Salmonella that were identified through the study of congenic mouse strains, cloning of spontaneous mouse mutations, use of site-directed mutagenesis or quantitative trait loci analysis. In parallel, the relevant information pertaining to genes involved in resistance to Salmonella in humans will be discussed.

Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reiter's syndrome after Salmonella infection].

Two patients with Reiter's syndrome, after Salmonella infection were treated on the Infections disease ward at Clinical hospital center in Kragujevac. In the first patient, ten days after the onset of Salmonella infection, signs of edema and pain in the right ankle occurred, accompanied by expressed conjunctivitis. Within next two months consecutive metatarsophalanges changes joint of the right foot have appeared. In the second patient, two weeks after the onset of Salmonella infection, edema of the left hand joints and a week later edema of the right hand and right ankle joints appeared. In both patients inflammatory syndrome was expressed (high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein) along with negative rheumatoid factors and positive antigen HLA-B27. Outcome of the disease in both cases was favourable upon receiving nonsteroid antirheumatic therapy. Signs of arthritis disappeared after three months. No signs of recurrent arthritis have been seen during the next four years in the first and next two years in the second patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Intracranial Salmonella infections: meningitis, subdural collections and brain abscess. A series of six surgically managed cases with follow-up results.

Focal intracranial infections due to Salmonella are rare. So far, around 80 cases have been reported in the world literature. The authors present their experience of 6 cases of intracranial Salmonella infections, mainly subdural empyema in 5 and effusion in 1. In 1 case, subdural empyema was bilateral, and in another case, there was an associated brain abscess. Positive blood cultures and positive Widal tests were noticed in 2 patients each. Early diagnosis and prompt evacuation of subdural collections and brain abscess and antibiotic therapy lead to satisfactory results. This study suggests that a high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and quick evacuation lead to success; this point is highlighted with the help of a review of the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infection among hospitalized horses.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infections among hospitalized horses. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 1,583 horses hospitalized in an intensive care unit between January 1992 and June 1996. PROCEDURE: Survivor functions were used to estimate time to shedding salmonellae for various Salmonella serotypes. Survival analysis was then used to determine how variables associated with patient management, environmental conditions, hospital conditions, and other disease processes affected the risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection. RESULTS: 78 horses shed Salmonella organisms: 35 shed Salmonella krefeld, 26 shed S typhimurium, and 17 shed other Salmonella serotypes. Mean time from admission to shedding was significantly longer for horses shedding S krefeld or S typhimurium than for horses shedding other Salmonella serotypes. Therefore, infection with S krefeld or S typhimurium was considered nosocomial. Seven variables were found to be significantly associated with risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection: mean number of horses in the hospital shedding S krefeld during the 4 days prior to and the day of admission, mean number of horses shedding S typhimurium during this period, a diagnosis of large colon impaction, withholding feed, number of days fed bran mash, duration of treatment with potassium penicillin G, and mean daily ambient temperature. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that risk of nosocomial Salmonella infections is greater for horses with large colon impactions. In addition to implementing hospital protocols that minimize cross contamination between patients, strategies to reduce the risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection should include minimizing use of potassium penicillin G and regulation of environmental temperature in the hospital.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of new immunoglobulin isotype-specific ELISA-systems to detect Salmonella infections in pigs].

In Germany, the program for controlling salmonella infections in pigs is based on tests detecting salmonella-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced antibodies in meat-juice or blood. These conventional tests which are based on the technology of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detect exclusively or mainly immunoglobulin(lg)G antibodies. Meanwhile, novel ELISA systems (WCE-ELISA, 3-Isotype-Screening-ELISA) have been developed, which additionally detect the antibody classes IgM and IgA.This fact enables the registration of fresh salmonella infections (starting with day 5 p.i.) and thus, the distinction between early and older infections. The results show that animals with early salmonella infections appear significantly more often in herds with a high than with a low prevalence. With the newly developed tests this group of animals can be detected much more efficiently and precisely than with the tests used so far. Due to their clearly improved sensitivity the application of the WCE-ELISA and the 3-Isotype-Screening-ELISA in terms of the QS-Salmonella-Monitoring program can therefore significantly improve the selection of farms with potential salmonella excretors. Additionally, the WCE-ELISA can be applied very suitable for the examination of individual animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Management of Salmonella infections during pregnancy and puerperium.

The case history of a neonatal infection caused by Salmonella enteritidis group D is presented. The mother suffered from gastroenteritis 1 week ante partum. The newborn was treated with ampicillin, gentamicin and later amoxicillin but 5 months later was still a carrier of Salmonella. The possible route of infection and the guidelines for therapy and management of Salmonella infections during pregnancy and puerperium are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Salmonella infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Salmonella infections occurred in six patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and one patient with probable AIDS. The immune system defects increase the susceptibility of patients with AIDS to salmonella infections. Recognition of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS is important because of a high propensity of this organism to invade the bloodstreams of these patients, and because, unlike other infections in patients with AIDS, this infection can be easily treated.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗