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Results for “SENSORY DEPRIVATION”

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PubMed1990

The effect of sensory deprivation and ego strength on a measure of autistic thinking.

In an experiment designed to test aspects of the psychoanalytic theory of ego functioning, 18 male and 18 female subjects were assigned in equal numbers to a 3 1/2-hr period of either sensory deprivation (SD), social isolation (SI) or social participation (SP). Their level of autistic thinking was assessed by a word-association measure administered immediately before and immediately after the treatment condition to which each subject had been assigned. Results showed that subjects assigned to SD showed an increase in autistic thinking scores from pretreatment to posttreatment, whereas subjects assigned to the two control conditions (SI and SP) showed a decrease. Although Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) ego strength (Es) scores correlated negatively with the initial level of autistic thinking in all subjects, the experimental and control conditions had their greatest impact on subjects who scored low in Es. Results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that consensual functioning (particularly for subjects who scored low on Es) depends on continuing contact with reality.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Elevated incidence of a sensed presence and sexual arousal during partial sensory deprivation and sensitivity to hypnosis: implications for hemisphericity and gender differences.

As predicted by the vectorial cerebral hemisphericity hypothesis, 24 normal young women reported significantly more experiences of a "presence" than did 24 normal young men within a setting that emphasized hypnosis and partial sensory deprivation. The incidence of these experiences was positively correlated with scores on Spiegel's Hypnosis Induction Profile, while the attribution of the chamber experiences to ego-alien sources was correlated with the magnitude of (Vingiano's) right hemisphericity for the women only. Both sexes exhibited a significant association between the experience of a presence and sexual arousal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex.

A substantial decrease in the number of synapses occurs in the mammalian brain from the late postnatal period until the end of life. Although experience plays an important role in modifying synaptic connectivity, its effect on this nearly lifelong synapse loss remains unknown. Here we used transcranial two-photon microscopy to visualize postsynaptic dendritic spines in layer I of the barrel cortex in transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein. We show that in young adolescent mice, long-term sensory deprivation through whisker trimming prevents net spine loss by preferentially reducing the rate of ongoing spine elimination, not by increasing the rate of spine formation. This effect of deprivation diminishes as animals mature but still persists in adulthood. Restoring sensory experience after adolescent deprivation accelerates spine elimination. Similar to sensory manipulation, the rate of spine elimination decreases after chronic blockade of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors with the antagonist MK801, and accelerates after drug withdrawal. These studies of spine dynamics in the primary somatosensory cortex suggest that experience plays an important role in the net loss of synapses over most of an animal's lifespan, particularly during adolescence.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Sleep EEG dynamics in rat barrel cortex associated with sensory deprivation.

Sleep is involved in the development and maintenance of neural networks. We investigated how somatosensory deprivation affects EEG dynamics of adult rats during sleep, which might be a result of changes in neural organization. Rats' whiskers were clipped unilaterally daily and the resulting changes in the balance of EEG spectral powers between the intact and sensory deprived barrel cortices were recorded for a month. Both delta and theta band spectral powers in the deprived cortex initially decreased in terms of their ratio to the intact cortex. Subsequently, the ratio was restored to control levels. This non-monotonic change in EEG activity might reflect the re-organization process of the cortical circuit.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Isolation, confinement, and sensory deprivation.

Long-duration space flight involves sensory monotony, isolation, and confinement. Obviously, data from other such environments are relevant to our concerns; and the application of the concept of arousal both to interpersonal relations and to task performance in space can point to appropriate selection, training, and spacecraft design features. In the context of space flight, all of these leads remain conjectural--simulation as well as laboratory research and initiation of long-duration flights will be the crucial test of the hypotheses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Dynamic changes in area 1 somatosensory cortex during transient sensory deprivation: a preliminary study.

To investigate the neural plasticity in the somatosensory cortex, changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) during finger ischemia were evaluated and compared with those affected by touch or movement interference. Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in the vicinity of the central sulcus in four patients with intractable epilepsy. During electrical stimulation to a selected finger, ischemic anesthesia was induced in another finger. Effects of tactile or movement interference were examined during electrical stimulation to the selected finger by applying tactile stimulation to or inducing voluntary movement of the other finger. Dynamic SSEPs were recorded during varying levels of sensory deprivation and different types of interference, and the dynamic nature of the SSEP changes within an individual was studied in detail. Somatosensory evoked potential changes appeared during finger ischemia and tended to persist during the postischemic stage, which is indicative of sensory plasticity and the maintenance of new conditioning. Amplitudes of the early and late cortical components increased when complete finger anesthesia was induced-a sign of the unmasking phenomenon. Amplitudes of early cortical SSEPs decreased when ischemic anesthesia was incomplete, similar to the findings when tactile or movement interference was applied. Surrounding inhibition, therefore, may become dominant before the unmasking phenomenon appears in early cortical SSEPs.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cell death in the developing and sensory-deprived rat olfactory bulb.

Cell death is ubiquitous in the developing brain and an important regulator of cell number. The olfactory bulb, the first central relay for information from the nose, is a particularly appropriate region for studying cell death. The bulb is constantly infused with new cells, has a strictly organized anatomy, and cell survival is known to depend on levels of afferent activation. The present study examined patterns of cell death in both the normally developing and sensory-deprived rat olfactory bulb terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). In control pups, TUNEL-labeled profiles were high at postnatal day 5 (P5, day of birth = P0), but then decreased rapidly to constant levels. In contrast, blocking airflow through half of the nasal cavity by surgically closing an external naris on P1 resulted in a gradual increase in TUNEL-positive figures within the ipsilateral olfactory bulb by P20, with the effects being seen in the mitral and granule cell layers until at least P60. The effect was largely age dependent, because subjects occluded from P30 to P60 showed only slight increases in cell death. Furthermore, although interlaminar differences were encountered, the pattern of cell death appeared uniform over much of the bulb. Finally, reopening occluded nares decreased cell death levels to control values, suggesting an inverse relationship between the level of olfactory function and the extent of cell death. Thus, the data indicate that cell death is prevalent in the normal olfactory bulb, and that it is directly regulated by the level of olfactory function.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Contribution of religiousness in the prediction and interpretation of mystical experiences in a sensory deprivation context: activation of religious schemas.

M. A. Persinger (2002) claimed that transcranial magnetic stimulation with weak, complex magnetic fields evokes mystical experiences. However, in a double-blind experiment, P. Granqvist, M. Fredrikson, P. Unge, A. Hagenfeldt, S. Valind., et al. (2005) found no effects of field exposure on mystical experiences (N = 89), though a minority of participants reported spontaneous mystical experiences. Following the conclusion of null effects from magnetic field exposure, the setup of this experiment, including pre-experimental assessments of religiousness and sensory deprivation, can be viewed as a prime/setting for such experiences. The authors analyzed subsets of experimental data from P. Granqvist and colleagues with emphasis on the contribution of religiousness in the prediction and interpretation of mystical experiences. They found that a higher degree of religiousness predicted a higher occurrence of mystical experiences with a religious quality, but not of mystical experiences without such a quality. The authors discuss findings in terms of the experimental setup serving as a prime/setting activating the religious schemas of religious participants.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of sensory deprivation and perturbation of trigeminal afferent fibers on corticomotor control of human tongue musculature.

Several recent studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in human limb muscles following modulation of sensory afferent inputs, but little is known about the regulation of the human tongue motor control. To test the effect of local anesthesia (LA) of the lingual nerve and topical application of capsaicin stimulation on tongue MEPs. Fourteen volunteers participated (21-30 years) in two randomized sessions; before, during a nerve block of the lingual nerve or topical capsaicin application (30 microl 5%) on the tongue, and after anesthesia or pain had subsided. EMG electrodes were placed on the tongue and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle (control). EMG signals were amplified, filtered (20 Hz-1 kHz), and sampled at 4 kHz (Nicolet, USA). TMS were delivered with a figure-of-eight coil (Magstim 200, UK). Scalp sites at which EMG responses were evoked in the relaxed tongue or FDI at the lowest stimulus strength were determined, i.e., motor threshold (T). MEPs were assessed using stimulus-response curves in steps of 10% T. Eight stimuli were presented at each stimulus level. The proximal hypoglossal nerve was activated by TMS delivered over the parieto-occipital skull distal to the right ear. Eight stimuli were delivered at 50% of maximum stimulator output. ANOVAs were used to analyze latency and peak-to-peak amplitudes. Capsaicin evoked mild pain (2.8+/-0.5), and a strong burning sensation (6.2+/-0.4) on 0-10 visual analogue scales. MEP amplitudes in tongue and FDI were not influenced by capsaicin (P>0.44) but by stimulus strength (P<0.001). MEP latencies in tongue (8.9+/-0.2 ms) and FDI (22.4+/-0.4 ms) were not affected by capsaicin (P>0.19). Hypoglossal nerve stimulation evoked a short-latency (3.6+/-0.9 ms) response (mean amplitude 65+/-9 microV); but was unaffected by capsaicin (P>0.54). LA did not have any effect on FDI MEPs but was associated with a significant facilitation of tongue MEPs at T+50% and T+60% about 50 min after the nerve block in the recovery phase. Also in this condition, the direct motor responses evoked by hypoglossal nerve stimulation remained constant. No direct effect of a strong burning sensation could be shown on peripheral or central corticomotor pathways to the relaxed tongue musculature, however, LA of the lingual nerve (cranial nerve V) seems able to induce a delayed change in corticomotor control of tongue musculature (cranial nerve XII) possibly related to unmasking effects at the cortical level but not completely excluding excitability changes at the brain stem level.

Adult↗