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PubMed2005

Sesame seed products contaminated with Salmonella: three outbreaks associated with tahini.

In November 2002, the first of three outbreaks of Salmonella Montevideo infection in Australia and New Zealand was identified in New South Wales, Australia. Affected persons were interviewed, and epidemiologically linked retail outlets inspected. Imported tahini was rapidly identified as the source of infection. The contaminated tahini was recalled and international alerts posted. A second outbreak was identified in Australia in June-July 2003 and another in New Zealand in August 2003. In a total of 68 S. Montevideo infections, 66 cases were contacted. Fifty-four (82%) reported consumption of sesame seed-based foods. Laboratory analyses demonstrated closely related PFGE patterns in the S. Montevideo isolates from human cases and sesame-based foods imported from two countries. On the basis of our investigations sesame-based products were sampled in other jurisdictions and three products in Canada and one in the United Kingdom were positive for Salmonella spp., demonstrating the value of international alerts when food products have a wide distribution and a long shelf life. A review of the controls for Salmonella spp. during the production of sesame-based products is recommended.

Australia↗

PubMed2000

Simultaneous determination of carbaryl, malathion, fenitrothion, and diazinon residues in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.).

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), malathion [diethyl (dimethoxythiophosphorylthio) succinate], fenitrothion (O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate), and diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate) in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds. Sesame seeds were Soxhlet extracted with n-hexane, and the extract was subjected to a liquid-liquid partitioning and column cleanup to remove the oily coextractives prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean percent recoveries (+/- standard deviations) from sesame seeds fortified with carbaryl (0.004 to 0.035 microgram/g), malathion (0.53 to 4.25 microgram/g), fenitrothion (0.22 to 1.78 microgram/g), and diazinon (0.54 to 4.35 microgram/g) were 83.3 +/- 5.7, 85.5 +/- 6.6, 85. 6 +/- 7.2, and 88.4 +/- 4.8, respectively. The method was used for the simultaneous analysis of carbaryl, malathion, fenitrothion, and diazinon residues in sesame seeds obtained from an Ethiopian field crop that had been treated with the pesticides during its growing period.

Carbaryl↗

PubMed1999

Traditional processing treatments as a promising approach To enhance the functional properties of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. toria) and sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) meals.

Different processing treatments were applied to rapeseed and sesame seed meals, and the functional properties of these products were assessed. All treatments except puffing for both meals and pressure cooking in sesame meal increased water absorption capacity (WAC). Fat absorption capacity (FAC) of rapeseed meals was enhanced significantly by all treatments. The full-fat meals of both sources showed maximum protein solubility when fermented and minimum protein solubility when pressure-cooked. Germinated and microwave-cooked meals enhanced foaming properties of rapeseed meals. Heat treatments, except microwave cooking, considerably reduced emulsifying properties of both meals. Fermentation and germination increased the specific viscosity of rapeseed meals, whereas processed sesame meals showed lower viscosity than dry sesame meals.

Absorption↗

PubMed2006

Sesamin is one of the major precursors of mammalian lignans in sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) as observed in vitro and in rats.

Plant lignans occur in many foods, with flaxseed presently recognized as the richest source. Some plant lignans can be converted by intestinal microbiota to the mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, which may have protective effects against hormone-related diseases such as breast cancer. This study determined whether plant lignans in sesame seed, particularly sesamin, could be metabolized to the mammalian lignans. The total plant lignan concentration in sesame seed (2180 micromol/100 g) was higher than that in flaxseed (820 micromol/100 g). In vitro fermentation with human fecal inoculum showed conversion of sesamin to the mammalian lignans, although at a lower rate (1.1%) compared with that of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (57.2%). However, when fed to female Sprague-Dawley rats for 10 d, sesamin (15 mg/kg body weight) and a 10% sesame seed diet resulted in greater (P < 0.05) urinary mammalian lignan excretion (3.2 and 11.2 micromol/d, respectively), than the control (< 0.05 micromol/d). We conclude that sesame seed is a rich source of mammalian lignan precursors and sesamin is one of them. From intermediate metabolites of sesamin identified in rat urine by GC-MS, a tentative metabolic pathway of sesamin to mammalian lignans is suggested.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism in sesame by over-expression of carrot calmodulin gene.

Transgenic sesame (Sesamum schinzianum ASCH.) was produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transfection of a carrot calmodulin gene, cam-4, which was specifically expressed upon the contact of carrot cells with oligogalacturonide elicitor. Coding region of cam-4 was ligated to the downstream of 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus and subcloned into pMATGBO-DB3.1. A. tumefaciens 4404 was transformed with the constructed vector, and the crown gall tissues formed in the sesame seedlings were transferred onto appropriate media to obtain the re-differentiated plants. The reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot analysis revealed that cam-4 gene was appreciably expressed in the transgenic plants. Activities of two key enzyme regulating phenylpropanoid metabolisms, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, and the contents of phenolic compounds in the transformed sesame were markedly elevated as compared with those of the control. These results suggest that the over-expression of cam-4 gene enhances the biosynthetic activities of phenylpropane derivatives in the transformed sesame plants.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗

PubMed2003

Enhanced methionine and cysteine levels in transgenic rice seeds by the accumulation of sesame 2S albumin.

A chimeric gene encoding a precursor polypeptide of sesame 2S albumin, a sulfur-rich seed storage protein, was expressed in transgenic rice plants under the control of the glutelin promoter with the aim of improving the nutritive value of rice. Rice grains harvested from the first generation of ten different transformed lines inherited the transgene, and the accumulated sesame 2S albumin was presumably processed correctly as its mature form in sesame seed. This transgene was specifically expressed in maturing rice seeds with its encoded sesame 2S albumin exclusively accumulated in the seeds. The crude protein content in rice grains from five putative homozygous lines was increased by 0.64-3.54%, and the methionine and cysteine contents of these transgenic rice grains were respectively elevated by 29-76% and 31-75% compared with those of wild-type rice grains.

Albumins↗

PubMed2005

Anaphylaxis to sesame paste.

Anaphylaxis reaction to sesame paste could be a possible complication of vegetarian diet. This paper presents a case of a 6-year-old child who developed anaphylactic reaction after eating bread and sesame paste (obtained by grinding sesame seeds). The child suffered atopic dermatitis and had no incidence of anaphylaxis before. Because the sesame, as seeds, oil or paste is mostly used in bakery and in different foods, by non diagnosing this allergy in children with atopic dermatites could be life-threatening.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1984

[Enzymatic modification of proteins of commercial sesame meals (Sesamum indicum, L.)].

Sesame (Sesamum indicum, L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in Venezuela. However, the low solubility of the flour made of commercial meals does not allow its use in the preparation of fluid foods. To solve this situation, the alternative of solubilizing the sesame proteins by an enzymatic method, using commercial proteases, was studied. Hydrolysis was carried out with two types of bacterial proteases: neutrasa 0.5L, and alcalase 0.6L. Basically, the process consisted of milling and sieving the sesame cake (60 mesh), concentrating the proteins by solubilizing them at a pH of 9.5, and then precipitating at a pH of 4.5. Proteins were hydrolyzed by an enzymatic method, and the hydrolysates freeze-dried and spray-dried. Optimal conditions of hydrolysis using neutrase 0.5L at a pH of 7 were: 6% substrate concentration, 3% enzyme:substrate ratio, temperature 50 degrees +/- 1 degree C, and hydrolysis degree of 8%. When alcalase 0.6L was used at a pH of 8, optimal conditions were: 8% substrate concentration, 2.3% enzyme:substrate ratio, temperature 58 degrees +/- 1 degree C, and hydrolysis degree of 10%. The enzyme affinity (Km) was best at temperatures near the optimal temperature for the hydrolysates. Dried hydrolysates had protein values which ranged between 66.3% and 66.9% and a nitrogen solubility in water, of approximately 85%. Hydrolysis yields referred to the concentrate dried mass were 42% for the atomized hydrolysate, and 56% for the freeze-dried one. In conclusion, the enzymatic hydrolysis process improved the nitrogen solubility in water of the sesame proteins.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Lysine: arginine ratio of a protein influences cholesterol metabolism. Part 1--Studies on sesame protein having low lysine: arginine ratio.

The effect of globulin fraction with a lysine: arginine (lys:arg) ratio 0.67, isolated from sesame (Sesamum Indicum) seeds on cholesterol metabolism was studied in rats fed cholesterol free and cholesterol containing diet and compared with casein (lys:arg ratio-2.0). Rats fed sesame seed globulin showed significantly lower concentrations of cholesterol in the serum and aorta. The decrease in serum was manifested in both HDL and LDL + VLDL fractions. There was increased cholesterogenesis in the liver as was evident from increased incorporation of labeled acetate into cholesterol and increased activity of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Increased hepatic diversion of cholesterol to bile acid synthesis and increased fecal excretion of bile acids and sterols were also observed in rats fed sesame seed globulins. Rats fed sesame globulins also showed significantly higher activity of lipoprotein lipase in the heart and adipose tissue and that of plasma Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). These studies suggest that low lysine: arginine ratios of a protein exert hypocholesterolemic effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of sesame seed flour on millet biscuit characteristics.

Defatted sesame seed flour replaced millet flour at 30, 40, and 50% and was used to prepare biscuits. Protein content of the biscuits was significantly (p < or = 0.05) increased by replacement with sesame seed flour. Millet flour biscuits were heavier than those from the blends. Diameters and weights of biscuits were reduced and thicknesses and spread factors were increased with increasing level of sesame replacement. Sensory evaluation results showed that the biscuits were highly rated for flavor and crispiness but considered poor in color.

Bread↗

PubMed1997

Studies on the mechanism of absorption of depot neuroleptics: fluphenazine decanoate in sesame oil.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of fluphenazine (FLU) and its decanoate (FLU-D) after intravenous and intramuscular administration to dogs. METHODS: A group of four beagle dogs was used in all intravenous and intramuscular experiments, with washout periods of no less than three months between doses. RESULTS: After intravenous FLU-D, the pharmacokinetics of the prodrug (mean +/- SD) were as follows: Clearance (CL) 42.9 +/- 6.3 L/h; terminal half-life (t1/2) 3.5 +/- 0.8 h; volume of distribution (Vd) 216 +/- 61 L. The fractional availability of FLU was 1.0 +/- 0.2. After intravenous FLU, the volume of distribution of FLU (51 +/- 17.8 L) was some 4 fold less than that of the prodrug. Simulations (Stella II) suggested that the rate limiting step was slow formation of FLU from the prodrug in the tissue compartment. After intramuscular FLU-D in sesame oil, the apparent t1/2 of FLU was 9.7 +/- 2.0 days whereas after intramuscular FLU base in sesame oil, the apparent t1/2 was only 7.7 +/- 3.4 h showing that the absorption of FLU itself from the intramuscular site and proximal lymph nodes is relatively rapid. CONCLUSIONS: The rate limiting step after intramuscular FLU-D appeared to be the slow partitioning of the prodrug out of the sesame oil at the injection site and in proximal lymph nodes.

Absorption↗

PubMed1993

Coconut oil and sesame oil affect lymphatic absorption of cholesterol and fatty acids in rats.

Five groups of male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 g consumed 12 or 24% sesame oil or coconut oil diets or a control diet (14% corn oil) ad libitum for 4 wk. The thoracic ducts of these rats were cannulated, and a lipid emulsion containing [3H]cholesterol and [14C]oleic acid was given through a duodenal catheter. Lymph was collected for 24 h and the isotopic tracers for cholesterol and fatty acid were measured. Rats fed the 24% sesame oil diet had significantly lower lymphatic cholesterol and fatty acid compared with the control group. Absorption of oleic acid in rats fed 24% coconut oil was significantly greater than in controls during 0-8 h but was not significantly different during 0-24 h. There were no differences among groups in the distribution of cholesterol and oleic acid either in the lymph lipoproteins or in the lipid classes. The significant reduction in lymph cholesterol and fatty acids due to sesame oil feeding may be an important factor in reducing hypercholesterolemia.

Absorption↗

PubMed2006

Sesame oil attenuates acute iron-induced lipid peroxidation-associated hepatic damage in mice.

Acute iron intoxication from the accidental ingestion of iron-containing preparations is one important cause of death in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of sesame oil on acute iron-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) and hepatic injury in mice. Acute iron intoxication was induced by giving ferric nitrilotriacetate to mice. Hepatic function was assessed using blood biochemistry. Free radicals were determined using a high-performance chemiluminescence analyzer. Ferric nitrilotriacetate increased serum ferrous (Fe) and LPO levels, and induced acute hepatic injury. Sesame oil (a) dose-dependently decreased acute iron-induced LPO and hepatic injury, (b) reduced acute iron-associated hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion generation, and (c) inhibited the activity of xanthine oxidase in acute iron intoxication. Thus, sesame oil might ameliorate LPO and acute hepatic injury by inhibiting xanthine oxidase-initiated superoxide anion generation, thereby reducing hydroxyl radical production, at least partially, in acutely iron-intoxicated mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Contact sensitivity to unsaponifiable substances in sesame oil.

A case of contact sensitivity to the unsaponifiable substances in sesame oil is reported. An ointment composed of 60% sesame oil was used for the treatment of a burn on the forearm. 10 days later, contact dermatitis developed. The allergens were shown to be sasamin and sesamolin, which are unsaponifiable substances in sesame oil.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Avoidance of solidification of sesame oil at low temperature by self-interesterification with immobilized lipase.

To reduce the freezing point of sesame oil, the lipase-catalyzed interesterification of sesame oil in a solvent free system was studied. The lipase was immobilized on Celite and refined sesame oil was used as the only substrate for the reaction. After interesterification, the oil did not solidify at 0 degrees C even after 24 h, and even longer storage at 2-4 degrees C did not result in solidification. The change of physical behavior was investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction, and reduction in the thermodynamic and crystallographic stability of the interesterified oil was demonstrated. The change in triacylglycerol species composition after the reaction was analyzed, showing that content of trisaturated acylglycerol was decreased.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗

PubMed2002

Gene family of oleosin isoforms and their structural stabilization in sesame seed oil bodies.

Oleosins are structural proteins sheltering the oil bodies of plant seeds. Two isoform classes termed H- and L-oleosin are present in diverse angiosperms. Two H-oleosins and one L-oleosin were identified in sesame oil bodies from the protein sequences deduced from their corresponding cDNA clones. Sequence analysis showed that the main difference between the H- and L-isoforms is an insertion of 18 residues in the C-terminal domain of H-oleosins. H-oleosin, presumably derived from L-oleosin, was duplicated independently in several species. All known oleosins can be classified as one of these two isoforms. Single copy or a low copy number was detected by Southern hybridization for each of the three oleosin genes in the sesame genome. Northern hybridization showed that the three oleosin genes were transcribed in maturing seeds where oil bodies are being assembled. Artificial oil bodies were reconstituted with triacylglycerol, phospholipid, and sesame oleosin isoforms. The results indicated that reconstituted oil bodies could be stabilized by both isoforms, but L-oleosin gave slightly more structural stability than H-oleosin.

Blotting, Northern↗

PubMed2006

Phytase production by thermophilic mold Sporotrichum thermophile in solid-state fermentation and its application in dephytinization of sesame oil cake.

The phytase production by Sporotrichum thermophile TLR50 was recorded on all the commonly used animal feed ingredients tested to varying degrees in solid-state fermentation. Enzyme production increased to 180 U/g of dry moldy residue (DMR) in sesame oil cake at 120 h and 45 degrees C at the initial substrate-to-moisture ratio of 1:2.5 and aw of 0.95. Supplementation of sesame oil cake with glucose and ammonium sulfate further enhanced phytase titer (282 U/g of DMR). An overall 76% enhancement in phytase production was achieved owing to optimization. The mold secreted acid phosphatase, amylase, xylanase, and lipase along with phytase. By the action of phytase, inorganic phosphate was liberated efficiently, leading to dephytinization of sesame oil cake.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1993

Falafel burger anaphylaxis due to sesame seed allergy.

With the increasing demand for vegetarian food the consumption of vegetable burgers as an alternative to beef burgers has now become widespread. Since products of this kind are often not provided with a clear description of their components or ingredients, potential allergens generally cannot be identified by the consumer. Their ingestion, however, may lead to severe allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. Here we describe nine systemic allergic reactions to sesame seeds that were diagnosed at the Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Zürich, Switzerland between 1978 and 1991. In 1991 alone, we registered three cases of anaphylactic reaction to falafel vegetable burgers in patients allergic to sesame seeds. A falafel is an oriental specialty consisting of a wheat flour bun filled with chickpea balls. It is served together with a white sauce containing freshly ground sesame seeds. Our cases highlight the potential danger of vegetarian food and underline the importance of a proper allergologic assessment to recognize food allergy promptly so that the patient can eliminate the causative allergen and use suitable medication in the event of a dietary indiscretion.

Adult↗