The electrochemical properties of dental amalgam.
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Acetates↗
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Results for “SILVER CITRATE”
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Lung disease associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Assessment of interlobar variation by bronchoalveolar lavage and comparison with noninvasive evaluation of disease activity.
Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), or scleroderma, is a disease of unknown etiology that involves many organ systems, including the lungs. The interstitial lung disease of systemic sclerosis is becoming an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. This process has been previously evaluated with single-site bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), gallium scanning, pulmonary function testing, and, occasionally, by open lung biopsy. As BAL has been shown to correlate well with open lung biopsy in systemic sclerosis, we sought to determine if single-site BAL accurately reflects alveolitis in a second site in the lung, and if BAL results correlate with other noninvasive tests of lung inflammation: gallium uptake, chest radiography, or arterial blood gas analysis. We performed 17 studies in 13 patients with scleroderma and found no significant lobar differences in lavage results or gallium scanning. By our criteria for normal versus active alveolitis, only two of 17 patient lavages would have been classified as normal by one side and abnormal by the other side. Although percent gallium uptake was equal bilaterally and supported the concept of alveolitis uniformity, gallium uptake intensity did not correlate with activity as measured by BAL. Furthermore, chest radiograph and arterial blood gas analysis did not correlate with BAL results or gallium scanning. We believe these data support the suitability of single-site lavage in the investigation of systemic-sclerosis-associated alveolitis and diminish the importance of gallium scanning in the investigation of systemic sclerosis pulmonary disease.
Blood Gas Analysis↗
[Histological study of the change of pulp tissue during shedding of the deciduous tooth].
To understand the pulp change of root resorption of human deciduous teeth from a histological point of view, one hundred and twenty specimens were collected for study. The teeth (caries-free) were extracted for occlusal reason or because they exhibited various degrees of mobility and discomfort. The extent of root resorption was classified into five grades: Res. i, Res. 1/4, Res. 1/2, Res. 3/4 and Res. Co., according to Moorrees et al. and Haavikko. All teeth were fixed in 10% formalin (pH 7.2) immediately after extraction for 3-7 days. They were then decalcified for 14 days in 5% formic acid-sodium citrate, sectioned serially at 7 microns and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's stain, and silver impregnated stain. All sections were examined under a light microscope. The results obtained were as follows: 1. While the root was resorbed more than one half way, some normal pulp was replaced by the connective tissue as in inflammation. Internal resorption could be seen. 2. By the time deciduous root resorption was essential as complete, normal pulp tissue was no longer present. 3. Because the nerve degenerated during initial tooth resorption, there was no evidence that deciduous root resorption was under nervous control. 4. The present observation suggests that in addition to odontoclasts, several other cells such as fibroblast-like cells and macrophages, were actively involved in root resorption during the shedding of deciduous teeth.
Child↗
Monolayer cell culture of freshly isolated adipocytes using extracellular basement membrane components.
Cell biological techniques requiring cells attached to surfaces, such as monolayer cell culture, microspectrofluorometry, and confocal microscopy, have not been readily available for use on adipocytes because they float and tend to lyse when attached to charged non-biological surfaces. A new method for attaching freshly isolated rodent adipocytes to thermanox plastic surfaces using Matrigel (a defined mixture of extracellular matrix components that resembles the basal lamina surrounding adipocytes in vivo) is described. The method takes advantage of an unusual physical characteristic of Matrigel, i.e., that it is a liquid at cold temperatures and a hydrated gel at higher temperatures. To attach the isolated cells, chilled thermanox plastic coverslips were coated with a thin uniform layer of ice-cold Matrigel and inverted into warm floating adipocytes. Adipocytes floated up against the liquid Matrigel and became immediately attached when the Matrigel changed to a gel in response to the warmth of the cells and media. Cell volume measurements of the attached versus freshly isolated cells indicate no significant difference in the centroid cell volume of the attached cells. This indicates that the method does not select for small or large cells. Adipocytes maintained for 6 days in culture did not display any change in their size or differentiated microscopic appearance. The relative concentrations of major proteins in silver-stained SDS-PAGE gels and several differentiation state-dependent proteins, including ATP-citrate lyase, carbonic anhydrase III (CA III), adipocyte lipid binding protein (ALBP), and pyruvate carboxylase, were examined. No significant change was observed in the relative concentrations of these proteins when the matrigel-cultured adipocytes were compared to freshly isolated cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adipocytes↗
Sulfide silver stainability of a type of bouton in spinal cord motoneuron neuropil: an electron microscopic study with Timm's method for demonstration of heavy metals.
Spinal cord motoneuron neuropil (cervical and lumbar enlargements) has been studied at the ultrastructural level after fixation with glutaraldehyde and staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Based on the appearance of the synaptic specializations, different types of boutons were identified and correlated with the classification of bouton types based on osmicated tissue. The sulfide silver method for histochemical demonstration of heavy metals was applied to the same region. The localization of reaction products (silver grains) was predominantly in the terminals. Within the bouton, the grains were mainly in the specialized region of the synaptic contact, and the presynaptic network has also labelled, but to a lesser degree. All stained boutons had the same type of paramembranous synaptic specialization, but not all of the boutons with this type of specialization were stained. The stained boutons are interpreted as a fraction of the 'F' boutons.
Animals↗
Periodic fibrillar material in intracellular vesicles and in electron-dense bodies in chondrocytes of rat costal and tracheal cartilage at various ages.
The occurrence of intracellular fibrillar material (frequently banded) has been studied in normal costal and tracheal chondrocytes of rats at various ages ranging from 1 to 90 days. The study methods have included digestion with collagenase, electron histochemical techniques and routine electron microscopy. Banded fibrillar material has been observed intracellularly in vesicles or in electron-dense bodies in perichondrial and subperichondrial chondrocytes from rats of all ages. These fibrils and extracellular collagen fibrils are partially and equally degradable by collagenase, they are positive after staining with phosphotungstic acid or with silver nitrate methenamine, and their lucency corresponds with that of collagen when they are stained only with lead citrate. They have not been observed in intracellular clefts. They, therefore, seem to be formed intracellularly and to be exocytosed subsequently. Large vesicles and electron-dense bodies seem to be derived from Golgi saccules. A mechanism whereby banded intracellular fibrils could be formed from tropocollagen molecules is postulated. The frequency of occurrence and the diameter of intracellular fibrils seems to increase with increasing age.
Age Factors↗
[Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the lame walking reaction in adjuvant-induced edematous rats].
Acute inflammatory paw edema of rats was formed by the injection of 0.5% Mycobacterium tuberculosis-liquid parraffin suspension into the hind paw, and then the pain threshold of the inflamed paw decreased. At that time, the rats showed a three-legged gait, namely, the lame walking reaction. The reaction was inhibited by acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g., indomethacin, ibuprofen and aspirin, inhibitors of prostaglandins biosynthesis, at a lower dose level than those in the Randall-Selitto test using yeast edematous rats and in the flection tests using adjuvant arthritic or silver nitrate arthritic rats. On the other hand, basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g., tiaramide HC1, mepirizole and perisoxal citrate, not inhibitors of prostaglandins biosynthesis, were less potent than the acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the inhibition of the lame walking reaction. When prostaglandin E2 was injected into the inflamed paw, the inhibitory effects of acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the reaction disappeared, but those of the basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs didn't disappear. Bradykinin had no influence on the effects of both acidic and basic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the inhibition of the reaction. Analgesic evaluation with the lame walking reaction is more sensitive than with the Randall-Selitto or the flection methods. Morphine, pentazocine and acetaminophen inhibited the reaction, and these effects didn't disappear by the injection of prostaglandin E2 into the inflamed paw. These results suggest that prostaglandins play important roles in inflammatory pain, and the lameness test can serve as a new method for evaluating analgesics such as anti-inflammatory drugs and for investigating the mechanism of inflammatory pain.
Analgesics↗
Thiéry test in combination with a uranyl acetate-lead citrate staining.
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Coloring Agents↗
Differential staining of the X-chromosome during meiosis of orthoptera by a silver impregnation procedure.
Differential staining of the X chromosome of Orthoptera, which normally cannot be distinguished from the autosomes during the more condensed stages of meiosis, has been achieved by a silver impregnation procedure involving a pretreatment with 2 x SSC at 60 degrees C. The results suggest that the saline citrate solution preferentially extracts proteins from the X chromosome. This method may be useful for distinguishing chromosome regions composed of facultative heterochromatin in Orthoptera.
Animals↗
Combining optical lithography with rapid microwave heating for the selective growth of Au/Ag bimetallic core/shell structures on patterned silicon wafers.
We demonstrate a novel approach for the production of patterned films of nanometer-sized Au/Ag bimetallic core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) on silicon wafers. In this approach, we first self-assembled monodisperse Au NPs, through specific Au...NH(2) interactions, onto a silicon substrate whose surface had been modified with a pattern of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) groups to form a sandwich structure having the form Au NPs/APTMS/SiO(2). These Au NPs then served as seeds for growing the Au/Ag bimetallic core/shell NPs: we reduced silver ions to Ag metal on the surface of Au seeds under rapid microwave heating in the presence of sodium citrate. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed that the Au/Ag bimetallic core/shell NPs grew selectively on the regions of the surface of the silicon wafer that had been patterned with the Au seeds. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that we could synthesize well-scattered, high-density (>82%) thin films of Au/Ag bimetallic core/shell NPs through the use of this novel strategy. The patterned structures that can be formed are simple to produce, easily controllable, and highly reproducible; we believe that this approach will be useful for further studies of nanodevices and their properties.
Journal Article↗
Ultrastructural localization of glycogen in the granulocytes of normal rabbit bone marrow.
The glycogen of rabbit granulocytes has been studied in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixed bone marrow by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate procedure (PA-TCH-SP). The PA-TCH-SP procedure involved the staining of intracytoplasmic glycogen more densely than the routine lead citrate staining. The PA-TCH-SP procedure demonstrated the intracytoplasmic glycogen in all three kinds of granulocytes. Though a sequence of intensity was observed in each stage of cell maturation, intracytoplasmic glycogen increased generally in accordance with cell maturation in the granulocytes. Functional significance of the glycogen in the granulocytes was discussed in relation to its staining. A very weak reaction in the granules of the granulocytes was described in relation to their contents.
Animals↗
Ultrastructural autometallography: a method for silver amplification of catalytic metals.
The autometallographic technique involves application of a silver bromide-containing emulsion on the surface of ultrathin sections placed on grids that are subsequently exposed to a photographic developer. In tissue sections from animals treated intravitally with gold, silver, or mercury compounds, accumulations of the metals are visualized by autometallography and can be used for quantitative studies. After amplification, sections can be stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Using autometallography, particles of colloidal gold dispersed in a film of gelatin showed a time-dependent growth and were gradually amplified up to 3.5-fold after 15 min of development. Hence the method may prove useful tracing colloidal gold particles in sections with low particle density, and be a powerful tool for revealing metals in biological tissues.
Animals↗
Electrically-assisted transdermal delivery of buprenorphine.
The objective of this study was to explore the electrically assisted transdermal delivery of buprenorphine. Oral delivery of buprenorphine, a synthetic opiate analgesic, is less efficient due to low absorption and large first-pass metabolism. While transdermal delivery of buprenorphine is expected to avoid the first-pass effect and thereby be more bioavailable, use of electrical enhancement techniques (iontophoresis and/or electroporation) could provide better programmability. Another use of buprenorphine is for opiate addiction therapy. However, a patch type device is subject to potential abuse as it could be removed by the addict. This abuse can be prevented if drug particles are embedded in the skin. The feasibility of doing so was investigated by electro-incorporation. Buprenorphine HCl (1 mg/ml) in citrate buffer (pH 4.0) was delivered in vitro across human epidermis via iontophoresis using a current density of 0.5 mA/cm(2) and silver-silver chloride electrodes. Electroporation pulses were also applied in some experiments. For electro-incorporation, drug microspheres or particles were driven into full thickness human skin by electroporation. It was observed that the passive transdermal flux of buprenorphine HCl was significantly enhanced by iontophoresis under anodic polarity. The effectiveness of electro-incorporation seemed inconclusive, with pressure also playing a potential role. Delivery was observed with electro-incorporation, but the results were statistically not different from the corresponding controls.
Administration, Cutaneous↗
An evaluation of mechanical and adhesive properties of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements.
Mechanical and adhesive properties of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements were studied. Water had an adverse effect on the compressive and tensile strengths of both materials. Both cements showed good bonding to enamel and dentine. Bonds between polycarboxylate cement and sterling silver were strong enough to cause cohesive failure of the cement rather than adhesive failure, when the specimens were tested. Surface cleaning and conditioning with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution showed an improvement in the bonds of the cements to dentine and they were significantly stronger than the bonds formed after the use of 50% citric acid solution (ASPA conditioner.)
Adhesiveness↗
Adsorption of polyethyleneimine on silver nanoparticles and its interaction with a plasmid DNA: a surface-enhanced Raman scattering study.
Raman spectroscopy is applied in this work to study the adsorption of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) on Ag nanoparticles obtained by reduction with citrate, as well as to the study of the interaction between PEI and a plasmid. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) affords important information about the interaction and orientation of the polymer on the particles. In particular we have found that this polymer interacts with the surface through their amino groups in an interaction which also involves a change in the protonation state of amino groups as well as an increase of the chain order. This interaction implies a charge-transfer effect as deduced from the strong resonant effect in Raman spectra obtained at different excitation wavelengths. The complex formed by PEI and a plasmid, obtained by encoding the HBV (hepatitis B virus) genome inside the EcoRI restriction site of pGEM vector, was also studied by SERS. The interaction between both polymers leads to a conformational change affecting both macromolecules that can be detected by Raman at different excitation wavelengths. PEI undergoes a change to a more disordered structure as well as an increase of the number of protonated amino groups. The plasmid undergoes a structural change from A-DNA structure to B-DNA, along with a change in the superhelicity resulting in a more lineal structure when the plasmid interacts with PEI.
Adsorption↗
Identification of different forms of human C4b-binding protein lacking beta-chain and protein S binding ability.
Human C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a multimeric regulatory component of the complement system that circulates in plasma either as a free protein or in a noncovalent complex with the vitamin K-dependent protein S. The major form of C4BP is composed of seven identical alpha-chains (70 kDa) and one beta-chain (45 kDa). C4BP was purified from human plasma after barium citrate adsorption using anti-C4BP monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. C4BP-high and low Mr forms were both obtained from the barium citrate precipitate and the supernatant. C4BP-high and low forms from the barium citrate precipitate were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and extracted with Triton X-100. Both forms contained the beta-chain as was demonstrated on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis under reduced conditions after silver-staining and with Western-blotting using monoclonal antibodies specific for the beta-chain. The C4BP-high and low forms demonstrated similar protein S binding affinity (KA: 3.18 x 10(8) and 3.21 x 10(8) M-1, respectively) in a C4BP-protein S binding assay and a protein S ligand blot using a peroxidase-conjugated monoclonal anti-protein S antibody. The barium citrate supernatant contained two forms of C4BP-high and one form of C4BP-low. One form of C4BP-high did contain the beta-chain and was capable of protein S binding (KA: 4.35 x 10(8) M-1). The two other forms of C4BP lacked the beta-chain and were unable to bind protein S.
Binding Sites↗
Demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets by means of the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method.
The glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets has been investigated in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixed tissues by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrozide-silver proteinate method (PA-TCH-SP). The PA-TCH-SP method involves the staining of intracytoplasmic glycogens more densely than the routine lead citrate method. Glycogen having a mean particle diameter of 21.1 nm has been shown localizing in the matrix of mature megakaryocytes, while that of glycogen in the platelets was 26.2 nm. The staining pattern of the glycogen in blood platelets was classified into three groups according to staining intensity. It is found that the PA-TCH-SP method is a very suitable one for the demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen from the viewpoints of reaction specificity, reproducibility, fineness of reaction products, sufficiency of electron density, and experimental cost. This method is also a very useful one for differentiating intracytoplasmic glycogens and ribosomes.
Animals↗
[Electrophysical analysis of Escherichia coli cell damage caused by silver ions].
The influence of Ag+ (0.5-10 microM) on Escherichia coli K-12 cells was studied by electrophoresis and electro-orientation spectroscopy methods. It was shown that the pH-dependency of the cell electrokinetic potential (phosphate-citrate buffer with ion strength 0.02) practically didn't changed after Ag+ treatment, but in low-conductive media electrophoretical mobility of intact and inactivated by heat (70 degrees, 15 min) cells gradually decreased as the Ag+ concentration increased. It was due to the Ag+ adsorption on the cell surface and could not be used for the definite characterization of the cell damage. The high-frequency decrease in the cell electro-orientation spectrum shifted to the region of lower frequencies, K+ was excreted by cells, slight raise of the medium pH occurred and significant changes of cell osmotic properties were observed as a result of Ag+ action. All these changes showed the disturbance of barrier properties of the cytoplasmic membrane. Besides the damaging action of Ag+ on cell membranes increased with the decrease of pH and decreased after the addition of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ in low concentrations.
Adsorption↗