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PubMed2004

Ion uptake in Pinus banksiana treated with sodium chloride and sodium sulphate.

Within its wide range across Canada, jack pine is exposed to salinity from both natural and anthropogenic sources. To compare the effects of Cl and SO(4) on salt injury, sand and solution-culture grown jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were treated with nutrient solutions containing 60 or 120 mM NaCl, 60 mM Na(2)SO(4), or a mixture of 60 mM NaCl and 30 mM Na(2)SO(4). After 5 weeks of salt treatments, concentrations of Cl, K, Na, and SO(4) were determined in roots, stem and needles of the current and previous years growth, and in necrotic needles. To determine the role of water uptake in the absorption and translocation of salts in plants, total transpiration was measured as the loss of water from a sealed system and related to total plant uptake of Cl, Na, and SO(4). Sodium uptake and root-to-shoot transport rates were greater in treatments containing Cl. A delay in root-to-shoot transport of both Na and Cl indicates retention of these ions in the roots. Electrolyte leakage of needles was more closely related to treatment Cl concentrations than treatment Na concentrations. The transport of Na ions to the shoot was related to the presence of Cl, but was not related to transpiration rate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Expanded response surface model for predicting the effects of temperatures, pH, sodium chloride contents and sodium nitrite concentrations on the growth rate of Yersinia enterocolitica.

The previously reported data set for the low temperature (5, 12 and 19 degrees C) of Yersinia enterocolitica was expanded to include higher abusive temperature (28, 37 and 42 degrees C). In addition to temperature, the data set included the effects and interactions of pH (4.5-8.5), sodium chloride (0.5-5%) and sodium nitrite (0-200 micrograms ml-1) on the aerobic growth of Y. enterocolitica in brain heart infusion broth. Growth curves were modeled by fitting viable count data to the Gompertz equation. Quadratic models of natural logarithm transformations of the Gompertz B and M values and the derived values for lag phase durations and generation times were obtained using response surface analyses. Predictions based on the models for B and M values were comparable to predictions based on the derived values. These revised models provide an expanded means for rapidly estimating how the bacterium is likely to respond to any combination of the four variables within the specified ranges.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1985

Correlations between PRL and chloride, sodium, potassium and calcium in amniotic fluid.

The concentration of prolactin in amniotic fluid from 91 pregnant women (Group I: 51 specimens obtained at 15th-20th week of gestation; Group II: 40 specimens at term) has been correlated with the amniotic fluid concentrations of calcium, of the ions sodium, chloride, and potassium, and with the clinical data. When the week of gestation in multiple regression analyses was predetermined for inclusion in the first step, the amniotic prolactin concentration was found to be significantly correlated with sodium or chloride in both groups and the correlation coefficients in the two groups were alike. The correlation coefficients of potassium and of calcium differed between the two groups and no general pattern could be detected. The results indicate that the amniotic sodium and chloride concentrations could be of importance for the regulation of the amniotic prolactin concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Intravenous administration of hypertonic sodium chloride solution with dextran or isotonic sodium chloride solution for treatment of septic shock secondary to pyometra in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of i.v. administration of hypertonic saline (7.5% NaCl) solution with 6% dextran 70 (HSSD) or isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (ISS) to dogs with septic shock secondary to pyometra. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical study. ANIMALS: 14 client-owned dogs with septic shock secondary to pyometra. PROCEDURE: Prior to emergency ovariohysterectomy, catheters were placed in pulmonary and femoral arteries of each dog to evaluate hemodynamic and oxygenation status. Immediately prior to surgery, 7 dogs received HSSD (4 ml/kg [1.82 ml/lb] of body weight, i.v.) and 7 dogs received ISS (32 ml/kg [14.54 ml/lb], i.v.) during a 5-minute period. Measurements of hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were obtained before and 5 and 20 minutes after administration of fluids. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly 5 and 20 minutes after administration of HSSD, whereas ISS did not affect MAP. However, cardiac output, cardiac index, and oxygen delivery increased and hematocrit decreased after both treatments. Oxygen consumption and extraction rate and degree of acidosis did not improve after either treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intravenous administration of small volumes of HSSD to dogs with septic shock secondary to pyometra resulted in improvement of hemodynamic and oxygenation status. Although cardiac output, cardiac index, and oxygen delivery improved after administration of a volume of ISS equal to 8 times that of HSSD, MAP increased to > 80 mm Hg only after treatment with HSSD. Administration of HSSD may be an effective treatment for septic shock in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Successful peritoneal dialysis using 0.9% sodium chloride with modified M/6 sodium lactate solution and recycled catheters.

Acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) was carried out in 8 patients with renal failure (5 acute, 3 chronic) using 2.076-litre cycles of 0.9% sodium chloride (1,250 ml) plus M/6 sodium lactate (600 ml) to which 5% dextrose (170 ml), 50% dextrose (40 ml) and 10% calcium gluconate (16 ml) were added. Two acute catheters were recycled amongst all the patients after sterilisation in 5% formaldehyde. In all 8 patients, there was progressive clinical and biochemical improvement during 12-88 cycles of PD performed over 0.5-35 days. 2 patients with acute renal failure recovered completely. Another patient had prostatectomy for obstruction and a 4th subsequently received a successful kidney transplant abroad. 3 patients died, 2 of them after discharge from hospital, and 1 defaulted from follow-up. Peritonitis occurred in 2 patients. No side effects attributable to the dialysis solution were observed. However, repeated chemical treatment resulted in catheter opacification and blockage of perforations, but reperforation using a sterile needle usually restored good drainage. In poor countries with limited dialysis facilities, the use of 0.9% sodium chloride with modified M/6 sodium lactate solutions for PD and reuse of acute PD catheters are effective, safe and cost-saving.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sodium chloride sensitivity, intracellular sodium concentration in erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and renin profile in essential hypertension.

In order to clarify the possible relationship between changes in blood pressure after salt loading, membrane sodium transport and renin profile, 19 patients with essential hypertension (8 patients with low renin hypertension and 11 patients with normal renin hypertension), admitted to our hospital, were studied. We also examined the correlation of changes in intracellular sodium concentration after salt loading between erythrocytes and lymphocytes. After a control period of one week, all subjects were placed on a low salt intake for one week followed by one week of a high salt intake. Percent increases in mean blood pressure and intracellular sodium concentration in erythrocytes and in lymphocytes after salt loading were greater in low renin hypertensive patients than in normal renin hypertensives. Percent changes in intracellular sodium concentration in erythrocytes inversely correlated with those in ouabain sensitive sodium efflux rate constant and positively correlated with those in intracellular sodium concentration in lymphocytes. These results suggest that an increase in sodium chloride sensitivity of blood pressure in patients with low renin hypertension may be due to the inhibition of Na+-K+ pump in vascular smooth muscle cell membrane.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Early postglomerular plasma concentrations of chloride, sodium, and inulin in the rat kidney.

Sodium, chloride, and inulin concentrations were measured in plasma collected from the terminal portions of long efferent vessels at the subcapsular surface of the rat kidney. Sodium concentration equaled and the concentrations of chloride and inulin were less than those in peripheral plasma. During benzolamide infusion, chloride concentration equaled while inulin concentration remained less than in peripheral plasma. In free-flow micropuncture samples collected randomly during control conditions, chloride concentration rose rapidly in the early proximal tubule and then remained elevated and constant throughout the remainder of the proximal tubule accessible to micropuncture. These experiments indicate that normally tubular reabsorbate low in chloride and inulin is added to the blood traversing the early postglomerular vessels before reaching the kidney surface. Bases on the analyses of proximal tubular fluid, this type of reabsorbate appears available only from the early proximal tubular segment. We conclude that a close functional relationship exists between the first segment of the proximal tubule and the early postglomerular blood supply characteristic of the superficial cortical nephron.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Sodium chloride transport across the chicken coprodeum. Basic characteristics and dependence on sodium chloride intake.

1. The transport characteristics of the chicken coprodeum have been examined in vitro using the isolated mucosa. The short-circuit current (I(sc)), the transepithelial electrical potential difference (p.d.), the unidirectional transmural fluxes (J(ms), J(sm)) of sodium and chloride measured in the short-circuited state, and the unidirectional influx of sodium and chloride across the brush border membrane measured under open-circuit conditions have been studied. The effect of the sodium chloride contents of the diet on these parameters have been investigated.2. The isolated mucosa depends functionally on the presence of glucose in the incubation media. This dependence reflects the need of glucose as a fuel. There is no indication of coupling between transport of sugars and sodium across the brush border membrane. For preparations from chickens on a low sodium diet a very high and stable I(sc) can quantitatively be accounted for by the net transport of sodium. Influx of sodium across the brush border membrane is not significantly different from the net flux of sodium. By feeding the chickens a high sodium diet the I(sc) is reduced by more than 95%, the net transport of sodium is abolished, and the transepithelial electrical conductance is reduced by more than 50%.3. Both unidirectional transepithelial fluxes of chloride, and the serosa to mucosa flux of sodium appear to proceed through a paracellular shunt.4. Under the conditions of the low sodium diet the paracellular pathway appears to be anion selective. Whereas, under the conditions of the high sodium regimen the paracellular route appears to be cation selective. After adaptation to a high sodium diet the influx of sodium across the brush border membrane is only moderately reduced. Consequently the decisive event in the adaptation must be localized elsewhere.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Imidazole chloride and tris-chloride substitute for sodium chloride in inducing high-affinity AdoPP[NH]P binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

Optimal binding of [2,8-3H]AdoPP[NH]P to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase requires 25 mM Na+ (Cl-), 50 mM imidazole+ (Cl-) or 50 mM Tris+ (Cl-). Chloride is essential as counterion. We conclude that imidazole+ and Tris+ are able to bind to the Na+ site, and recommend the use of dilute buffers for studying the partial reactions of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. In NaCl or the substituting buffers the dissociation constant for the enzyme-AdoPP[NH]P complex at 0 degrees C and pH 7.25 is 0.4 microM, whereas in millimolar MgCl2 it is about 2 microM. These distinct levels in affinity with MgCl2 as compared to NaCl, together with the MgCl2-dependence of photolabelling of the enzyme with ATP analogues (Rempeters, G. and Schoner, W. (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. 121, 131-137), suggest significant changes within the substrate site of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase upon binding of Mg2+ (Cl-)2.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1992

Amiloride sensitivity of the chorda tympani response to sodium chloride in sodium-depleted Wistar rats.

Peripheral gustatory mechanisms that may contribute to the expression of sodium (Na) appetite have been a focus of interest for many years. Because amiloride-sensitive Na transport is involved in the generation of neural signals in response to NaCl stimulation, the present study assessed whether changes in amiloride sensitivity of the neural response to NaCl accompany the induction of a Na appetite in the rat. Na deprivation was achieved by acute depletion with the diuretic furosemide. The magnitude of the whole-nerve chorda tympani response to 0.5 M NaCl was reduced in Na-depleted, compared with Na-replete, rats, which provides qualified support for previous reports that the induction of a Na appetite is associated with reduced neural responses to NaCl. However, changes in sensitivity to the specific Na channel blocker amiloride hydrochloride as a result of Na depletion were not evident. These findings suggest that the behavioral and neural changes that occur after Na depletion are not based on changes in amiloride sensitivity in the taste bud.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1983

Sodium-chloride transport in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop: evidence for a sodium-chloride cotransport system in plasma membrane vesicles.

Sodium transport mechanisms were investigated in plasma membrane vesicles prepared from the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) of rabbit kidney. The uptake of 22Na into the plasma membrane vesicles was investigated by a rapid filtration technique. Sodium uptake was greatest in the presence of chloride; it was reduced when chloride was replaced by nitrate, gluconate or sulfate. The stimulation of sodium uptake by chloride was seen in the presence of a chloride gradient directed into the vesicle and when the vesicles were equilibrated with NaCl, KCl plus valinomycin so that no chemical or electrical gradients existed across the vesicle (tracer exchange experiments). Furosemide decreased sodium uptake into the vesicles in a dose-dependent manner only in the presence of chloride, with a Ki of around 5 X 10(-6) M. Amiloride, at 2 mM, had no effect on the chloride-dependent sodium uptake. Similarly, potassium removal had no effect on the chloride-dependent sodium uptake and furosemide was an effective inhibitor of sodium uptake in a potassium-free medium. The results show the presence of a furosemide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransport system in the plasma membranes of the medullary TALH. There is no evidence for a Na+/H+ exchange mechanism or a Na+ -K+ -Cl- cotransport system. The sodium-chloride cotransport system would effect the uphill transport of chloride against its electrochemical potential gradient at the luminal membrane of the cell.

Anions↗
PubMed1998

Antimicrobial effects of electrolytic products of sodium chloride--comparative evaluation with sodium hypochlorite solution and efficacy in handwashing.

We examined the in vitro bactericidal effects and efficacy on handwashing of water containing electrolytic products of sodium chloride (electrolytic water). The electrolytic water, whose pH and concentration of free residual chlorine were 6.7-6.9 and 20-22 ppm, respectively, showed equal reduction of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to dilution of commercially available sodium hypochlorite containing 60 ppm of free residual chlorine. This bactericidal effect was calculated to be due to hypochlorous acid, based on the pH and the amount of chlorine in solution. Handwashing with the electrolytic water reduced the numbers of S. aureus on hands by 1/10(2), while running water and 0.2% benzalkonium chloride with 80% ethanol gave a 1/10 and 1/10(5) reduction, respectively. We conclude that electrolytic water might be applicable for handwashing in place of running water.

Chlorine↗