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PubMed1985

Personality aspects in multiple sclerosis.

To test the claim that peculiar personality bias is detectable in multiple sclerosis (MS) we used the Szondi test to investigate the psychodynamic aspects of 110 MS patients in comparison with 200 healthy subjects. MS patients appeared to have a greater need for love in a passive form than normal people, rigid defense mechanisms, difficulty in resolving their inner conflicts either by sublimation or by internalization of satisfactory new emotional experiences, feelings of autoaggressiveness, and many symptoms of depression. Some of these aspects correlate with the severity of the disease, others seem to date back to early childhood as peculiar personality patterns. An investigation of childhood events in 110 controls confirmed that MS patients had had many more unhappy experiences in childhood than might commonly be expected. Further, the oft-reported psychiatric troubles preceding MS clinical onset suggest that at least in some MS patients there are specific gaps in personality structure dating back to early phases of their development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Are differences between twins a result of mutual rivalry?

The sexual index included in the Szondi test makes it possible to define the domains of an individual's "internal sex" or gender-especially the degree of the subject's bisexuality. This index was employed in a comparison between partners reared together in 62 monozygotic and 23 dizygotic pairs of twins. The observed incongruence in 1/3 MZ pairs would not appear to derive totally from errors of measurement. In most of these pairs it is competition which underlies the incongruence seen on the sexual index. It was further observed that the congruence here as in general in female pairs is clearly more marked than in males. A hypothesis was proposed, whereby competition for dominance is a distinctively major-tonality (masculinity) characteristic. The incongruence is more conspicuous among males because males are in general more markedly major-toned than females. This hypothesis was borne out. It is thus necessary here as in general to adopt two sex variables in parallel: external (i.e. matricular) sex and internal sex (gender). It is due to the presence of these competitive pairs that the means and especially deviations of twins' test results will consistently diverge from those in the population at large.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A comparative trial of a MAOI, iproniazide, and a polycyclic agent, mianserine, for the search of the most rapidly and frequently active treatment of depressive syndromes in an oncology service.

Many cancer patients of the "Service des Maladies Sanguines et Tumorales" of Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Villejuif, are psychologically studied by: the objective and quantified Szondi test, and in the case a depressive syndrome clinical diagnosis is confirmed, this state is quantified by a quintile questionnaire requiring 25 "yes or no" answers (determined by five grades and five stages), in case an inhibition or/and hysteric component is found, the subjects are submitted to the care of a psychoanalyst. A comparative trial of the MAOI, iproniazide, and the tetracyclic analog, mianserine, has been conducted for the search of the most frequently and rapidly active antidepressant agent among them both. The hypothesis that mianserine is less frequently and rapidly active than iproniazide was drawn from our previous experience of 20 years: thus patients presenting a score less than or equal to 12/25 were given mianserine (20 up to 30 mg/day to be possibly increased according to medical decision), while those presenting a score greater than or equal to 13/25 received iproniazide (50 up to 75 mg/day). The patients who failed with mianserine received iproniazide, while those who failed with iproniazide were supposed to receive mianserine. The registered results are the following: a) out of the 25 patients with major depressive syndromes (score greater than or equal to 13) submitted to iproniazide, 16 (61%) were in complete remission (score at 0/25) and five in partial regression (score decreased by more than half); this makes 21 responses in all, i.e. 80%, obtained between the 10th and the 30th days, which is superior to all placebo responses which have varied in the reliable literature from 13 to 70%; b) out of 18 depressive patients submitted to mianserine, only one had benefited of a complete remission and four of a partial regression at the 30th day, which makes 28% responses. Among the side effects of iproniazide, they were two colon meteorism syndromes, easily corrected by prostigmine, five hyposomnia cases corrected by dipotassium chlorazepate, four anejaculation or delay at ejaculation cases which needed eserine when the patients require their disappearance or attenuation. We did not register either hepatic or hyperthermic or hypertensive complications: this is in good agreement with the true incidences, especially that of hypertensive crisis which could be found in serious and scientifically documented articles, to be 0.3 to 0.5% for their appearance, and 1 per 100,000 for their fatal evolution. Among the side effects of mianserine, we have not registered any of the hepatic, renal and cardiac complications mentioned in the literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗
PubMed1986

[Influences and psychological structures in breast cancer].

A sample of 16 patients with malignant breast tumors were examined by means of an interview, a questionnaire, and the Szondi Test together with a comparison group of 56 patients with benign breast tumors. The patients were divided into two age groups, those below and above 40 years of age. In this way studies done in other countries to investigate the personality structure of cancer patients were replicated. Emphasis was given to the following issues: self-destructive and/or masochistic tendencies, attitudes of depressive resignation, and conflicts with respect to femininity and motherhood. The results showed several significant differences by which benign tumor patients can be better characterized. These patients presented symptoms, experiences and structures of the neurotic type. The cancer patients presented structures closer to the psychosomatic type, with rigid negation of conflicts (in relation to sex, identification, violence and aggression), and with an unreal insertion in the world. Their somatizations are not conversive; they are interpreted as effects of the destructive and violent tendencies which, without release for the lack of adequate contacts with objects, are directed toward themselves. However, this cannot properly be called a masochistic structure because the destructive tendencies do not have a sexual origin, rather they are part of a vehement negation of others and of life itself, in the sense of a primary death drive. It is impossible to tell, however, to what point these characteristics are already the effects of the breast problems, or whether they have more causal relevance as certain previous personal experiences indicate.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Psychological and psychodynamic aspects of the diabetic].

The diabetic patient, because of his similarities with the psychosomatic one, became an interesting subject of study for the clinical psychologist. Also, the question has been raised of the relationship between diabetes and depression, particularly in their somatized or disguised states. The present study reports data about the psychological characteristics as well as the psychodynamic structure of the diabetic patient. Twenty diabetic women (with a mean age of 36 years) were examined through a personal data questionnaire and the Szondi Test (five applications). Responses showed many family and personal psychopathological histories as well multiple psychosomatic complaints. The results of the projective test were compared with those of twenty depressed women. The differences appeared highly significant. This results shows that the psychodynamic structures of the diabetic and the depressed individual are quite different. However, in agreement with the results of previous researchers, we cannot consider the diabetic structure to be a specific one, since it appears to be quite similar to the psychosomatic one. It seems that we are here dealing with the "common person" basic structure, adapted to the milieu in a defensive manner and maintaining a rigid control over his drives. When discharged, these tensions manifest themselves in a preferred implosive manner, thus producing psychosomatic symptoms. From this point of view, the diabetic illness appears to be related to a psychodynamic cluster which utilizes the somatization as the preferred defensive mechanism. The relation, however, does not seem to be a causal one, but it seems rather to be parallel to the somatic problem of the diabetic subject.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

["Analysis of fate" in psychiatry and psychotherapy. II. Correlations withe the level of general psychopathology].

We demonstrated in a group of 166 psychiatric patients, with disorders of schizophrenic and cyclothymic circle and with neuroses too, significant relations between the results of the projection test of Szondi and between the greatness of total psychopathology, evaluated by means of the Minnesota Multiphasic Inquiry (M.M.P.I.). We could ascertain, that the patients with the higher level of total psychopathology (evaluated by means of M.M.P.I.) have also a greater number of abnormal results according to the projection test of Szondi. At these patients we saw significantly more "valve groups", which witness to the irresolution in the instinctive motivations of behaviour. At these patients we could ascertain further the greater number of those personalities, which according to the projection test of Szondi suffered from a lack of breaking and self-critical elements in their behaviour. Subjects with heightened values of M.M.P.I. have significantly more results with abnormal relations of masculinity and of feminity according to the sexual index of Szondi test. The choices and the selection from the set of 48 fixed photographies, which the patient realises at the Szondi test in teen repeated sessions, form so a significant relation not only to the psychiatric diagnoses, as was ascertained in the first part of this work, but also to the height of total psychopathology, evaluated by means of the M.M.P.I. The familial subconsciousness influences so significantly the consciousness of personality and can participate substantially in the development of psychopathologic symptoms.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Influence of the pathological psychological state of cancer patients on their decisions.

The diagnosis of cancer in many cases provokes a crisis, resulting in an increase of regression and defence mechanisms (splitting, projective identification, projection, denial, repression). This article reviews the increased sensitivity, the partial and temporary narrowing of consciousness, and the weakening of reality control. In many cases fluctuating depersonalisation and derealisation develop. At our Institute we performed a complex psychological examination of 41 patients, suffering from malignant lymphoma, immediately after informing them of the diagnosis but prior to their first treatment. The psychological examination of volunteering patients involved an initial interview, Rorschach and Szondi projective tests, a Wechsler intelligence test and a discussion of the results with the patient. The relatively frequent temporary pathological psychic conditions exert an influence on the decisions of patients make about their treatment and interventions, and may also influence the doctor patient relationship.

Adolescent↗