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A single, however gravid, female filarioid worm collected from the peritoneal cavity of a giraffe in East Africa was identified as Setaria labiatopapillosa. Further filarioid worms recovered from the subcutaneous tissue and the Ligamentum nuchae of the same giraffe were recognized a new species and were described as Pseudofilaria giraffae.
Setaria scalprum (Von Linstow, 1908) and Setaria saegeri (Le Van Hoa, 1961) are closely related filarid species that occur in the smaller antelope of Africa. Material previously collected from common dulker, Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok, Raphicerus campestris and grysbok, Raphicerus melanotis, from several localities in the northern and eastern regions of South Africa was re-examined and measurements of adult worms were compared with those given in the original descriptions of the species. Scanning electron microscopy of the anterior and posterior regions of the female worms confirmed the validity of the two species. Differences in the postdeirid, ventral transverse bands and bosses on the cuticle of the male specimens were also observed. Setaria saegeri in common duiker and grysbok is a new parasite record for these hosts.
The levels of biogenic amines, viz., epinephrine, histamine and dopamine were significantly altered in the blood and brain of the proxy host mice which were infected with the mf of Setaria digitata, a filarial parasite. When DEC, the drug of choice was administered to the infected mice, serotonine level was enhanced while the histamine level was decreased. The results were similar in normal mice which were given DEC.
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The surface antigens of S. digitata were isolated by treatment with Triton X-100. In non SDS-PAGE the surface antigen preparation resolved into more than 6 protein bands. Electroelution of gel slices corresponding to the protein bands with relative mobilities 0.09, 0.32, 0.41, 0.53, 0.61 and 0.76 gave 6 purified surface antigen fractions (SAF). Analysis of SAFs by SDS-PAGE showed that the proteins with molecular weights 17, 29 and 36 KD were the three major polypeptides and different combination of these gave rise to the 6 native surface proteins. The 29 KD protein existed as a monomer and as cross-linked with the 17 and 36 KD proteins. All surface antigen fractions showed antigenicity, where as 29 KD protein remained as a high avidity surface antigen.
Mönnig (1933) described Setaria thwaitei from a sable antelope, Hippotragus niger, the type host, as well as from roan antelope, Hippotragus equinus, and waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Yeh (1959) considered Setaria thwaitei to be synonym of Setaria hornbyi. Material collected from roan antelopes, sable antelopes and gemsbuck, Oryx gazella, from several localities in the north and south of South Africa, together with Mönnig's (1933) material, were re-examined. Measurements of the adult worms obtained in this study were compared with those in the original description of the species. Scanning electron microscopy of the anterior and posterior regions of the female worms confirmed S. thwaitei as a valid species.
Surface antigens of adult filarial parasite S. digitata was isolated by employing techniques from manual dissection to treatment with detergents. Among the surface antigen preparations (SAPs), the activities of marker enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and 5' nucleotidase were higher with that isolated by triton X-100 technique (SAP2). On SDS-PAGE, the SAP2 has three major proteins with molecular weights 17, 29 and 36 KD which were consistent with the PBS soluble cuticular proteins (SAP1). Besides these, few other minor protein bands were also observed with the other SAPs. All SAPs were antigenic and showed positive reaction against antiserum to SAP2, and the results confirmed the SAP2 as a better preparation. The release of 29 KD surface protein during in vitro culture of adult parasite and its cross-reactivity with antiserum to surface antigens revealed the possible natural shedding of surface molecules into the host system.
Release of macromolecules by S. digitata, in 9 different media under in vitro condition have been studied. A direct relationship between microfilariae (mf) release and associated folin positive materials was seen in majority of the cases. High activities of hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, collagenase, alkaline phosphatase and lipase were detected in the excretary-secretary products and worm preparations. Activity of collagenase could not be detected in the male worm under experimental conditions.
This paper reports for the first time the morphology of larval stages of Setaria labiato-papillosa. The infective larvae of this species had two circles of small papillae on the cephalic end, 4 papillae for outer circle and 6 for inner circle. The caudal end of S. labiato-papillosa is in digital form with 3 transversally arranged papillae. There are 2 circles of small papillae on the cephalic end of S. leichungwingi and S. equina, 4 for each circle; the caudal terminal of the former species is willow-shaped with 3 pearl-like papillae, and that of the latter is conical shaped with 1 bulbed papilla, 2 slightly protruded papillae at sub-terminal. The anal ratios of all the above 3 species are below 3. Morphology of larval stages of Dirofilaria repens was also primarily described in China. The 3 bulbed caudal papillae of the infective larvae are closely arranged, and the anal ratio being less than 2. A key to infective larvae of 8 species of filaria was worked out according to relevant literature and the present study.
Bovine filariid worm (Setaria cervi) antigen was evaluated for the immunodiagnosis of human filariasis. Patients with manifestations of filarial infection; [1) microfilaremia cases, (2) chronic clinical cases, (3) tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) cases) were taken for the investigations along with (4) normal endemic and non-endemic human subjects. CIEP, IFAT and ELISA tests were employed for detection of serum antibodies. There was a high degree of sensitivity shown by IFAT (1:64-1:256) and ELISA (1:200-1:20,800) in microfilaraemia cases and higher in chronic clinical cases with IFAT (1:128-1:1,024) and ELISA (1:12,800-1:102,400). Only one TPE case showed positive titre by IFAT (1:64) and ELISA (1:200) whereas sera from controls and patients with helminth infections did not show positive titres (1:100). In the case of CIEP, positive reaction was seen in only one case from group I.
Certain excretory/secretory proteins released by adult females of the bovine filarial parasite, Setaria digitata, along with the release of microfilariae when chromatographically analysed has three major protein fractions of molecular weights 70 kD (ESF1), 16.5 kD (ESF2) and 11 kD (ESF3). Of these ESF2 and ESF3 cross reacted with antibodies from Wuchereria bancrofti infected humans. ESF2 was more specific and accurate in detecting human filarial infection. Similar proteins secreted by human filarial parasites could be targets for combating the disease by cure or control.
S. cervi showed particulate bound Ca2+ ATPase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activities while Mg2+ ATPase was detected in traces. ATPase of S. cervi was also differentiated from the nonspecific p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. Female parasite and microfilariae exhibited higher Ca2+ ATPase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activities than the male adults and the enzyme Na+,K(+)-ATPase was mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal tract of the filarial parasite. Na+,K(+)-ATPase of the filariid was ouabain-sensitive while Ca2(+)-ATPase activity was regulated by concentration of Ca2+ ions and inhibited by EGTA. Phenothiazines, viz. trifluoperazine, promethazine and chlorpromazine caused significant inhibition of Ca2+ ATPase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Diethylcarbamazine was a potent inhibitor of these ATPases. Mebendazole, levamisole and centperazine also caused significant inhibition of the ATPases indicating this enzyme system as a common target for the action of anthelmintic drugs.
Localization of different enzymes of PEP-succinate pathway has been done in Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial worm. Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase were localized in mitochondria rich particulate fraction while all other enzymes were cytosolic. The in vitro effect of certain antifilarial/anthelmintic agents on these enzymes was also investigated. Sumarmin, at low concentration, could cause a marked inhibition of most of the enzymes of this pathway. Centperazine, an antifilarial drug being developed by CDRI showed significant inhibitory action on pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, fumarase and succinate dehydrogenase while CDRI compound 72/70 showed significant inhibition of PEP-carboxykinase activity. Diethylcarbamazine and levamisole, however, were found to be more or less ineffective at lower concentrations against all the enzymes of this pathway.
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A fairly clean antigenic cuticle was isolated from the S. digitata by dissection. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of cuticular antigens against rabbit antiserum to cuticular antigens gave 30 anodic and 5 cathodic precipitin arcs. The cuticle antiserum cross reacted with muscle, uterus and pseudocoelomic fluid. When the antiserum was absorbed individually with these cross reacting somatic preparations, analysis against cuticle antigens gave only a limited number of precipitin arcs. But the results are clear enough to indicate the presence of cuticle specific antigens. As the cuticle of the parasite is in contact with the host system, an antigenic preparation from it may prove a useful tool for the detection of filariasis.
Excretory Secretory (ES) material isolated from the culture fluid of S. digitata was highly antigenic. Neither oesophagus nor excretory cells and excretory pore of the parasite showed reasonable fluorescence with ES antisera. However, the uterine tissue and the egg showed strong fluorescence. The egg showed fluorescence mainly in the space between embryo and egg membrane (amniotic fluid). The amniotic fluid was highly antigenic and appears to be the most important source of ES material released by the filarial parasites.
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