SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Sex Behavior--changes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

A behavior profile of the MRL/Mp lpr/lpr mouse and its association with hydrocephalus.

Since the NZB and BXSB autoimmune mouse strains have cortical ectopias and associated behavioral changes, mice from the MRL/l (MRL/Mp lpr/lpr) autoimmune strain were given a series of behavioral tests followed by anatomical analyses of their brains and immune assays of plasma. No cortical ectopias were found, but this strain was discovered to have a high incidence of hydrocephalus: 46% had severe dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles, 30% had moderate dilatation, and 24% had minimal or no enlargement of the ventricles (total N = 57). Those mice in the severe hydrocephalus group were poorer in a nonspatial discrimination learning task, had less paw asymmetry, and were less active in a swimming task. No association was found between degree of hydrocephalus and any immune parameter.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones: evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence.

The literatures on hormone changes at adolescence, hormonal influences on moods and behavior in nonhuman animals and adult humans, and mood and behavioral changes at adolescence and the small but burgeoning literature on hormonal influences at adolescence are examined. The focus is on moods and behaviors often identified as typically adolescent (e.g., mood lability, mood intensity, irritability, conflict with parents) and the primary hormones of puberty (i.e., the adrenal androgens, gonadotropins, and sex steroids). Through an integration of these literatures evidence is assessed for specific hormone-mood and hormone-behavior associations, as well as for more general types of hormone-outcome relations that transcend specific hormones or outcomes. Non-biological factors that appear to be important in moderating the role of hormones in adolescent moods and behavior are identified. Implications for the design of future studies in this area are detailed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Changes in sexual behavior among women in studies evaluating the dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention.

BACKGROUND: Access to novel HIV prevention technologies often raise concerns of risk compensation. This analysis examined changes in the sexual behaviors of MTN 020/ASPIRE participants, a placebo controlled randomized control trial, who subsequently enrolled in MTN-025/HOPE, an open-label extension using the dapivirine vaginal ring. METHODS: Both studies enrolled healthy, sexually active, HIV-negative women from Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Longitudinal data on participants' sexual behaviors, specifically sex with a nonprimary partner (past 3 months), and use of male or female condoms at the last vaginal sex act were compared between ASPIRE and HOPE. Conditional and mixed ordinal logistic regression models evaluated associations between study and sexual behaviors at enrollment, and quarterly over the first 12 months. RESULTS: Of the 2629 individuals enrolled in ASPIRE, 1456 (55%) participated in HOPE. At enrollment, the proportion of participants who reported sex with a nonprimary partner and condom use at last vaginal sex act did not differ by study. Across all quarterly follow-up visits, sex with a nonprimary partner was more common in HOPE (13.9-18.7%) than ASPIRE (10.7-12.6%); adjusted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.24-1.75, P < 0.001. There was no difference in condom use at the last vaginal act across all quarterly follow-up visits between ASPIRE (36.5-42.7%) and HOPE (43.6-46.7%); adjusted OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.94-1.18. CONCLUSION: More women reported sex with nonprimary partners in HOPE, with little change in condom use over time between the two studies. Understanding behavior changes during PrEP use allows for tailored, holistic reproductive health programming.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Gender, knowledge about AIDS, reported behavioral change, and the sexual behavior of college students.

This article reports on an analysis of the relationships among knowledge about AIDS, self-reported changes in sexual behavior, and independent measures of those behaviors--condom use, coital frequency, and number of partners. The sample consisted of 195 sexually active, heterosexual college students attending a northeastern state university in spring 1988. With other relevant variables held constant, statistically significant associations in the predicted direction were found between knowledge and reported change and each of the dependent variables among the men, especially the men not involved in relationships. Among women, however, the only significant association was that between reporting the beginning of condom use and the frequency with which condoms were used in the past year. Possible reasons for these gender differences are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Longitudinal sexual behavior changes in injecting drug users.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether injection drug users (IDU) maintained sexual behavior risk reduction over an 18-month period that had been noted previously over a 4-month period. DESIGN: A repeated measures design was utilized with IDU assessed initially at study enrollment and again 18 months later. METHODS: Sexual behaviors of a group of 220 IDU (148 men and 72 women) were assessed by a structured interview at the start of an AIDS prevention project and again 18 months later. RESULTS: Having multiple sex partners during the 12 months before initial assessment was reported by 42.6% of the men and 35.7% of the women. Significantly fewer had multiple sex partners during the 10 months before follow-up assessment (men, 20.9%; women, 14.3%). Condom use for vaginal intercourse increased from a mean of 11.9% initially to 27.8% at follow-up for men. The increase in condom use was greater for those with multiple sex partners. Women did not report significant increases in condom use. Continued involvement in unsafe sexual behaviors was associated with exchanging sex for money or drugs, using drugs to help meet sexual needs, alcohol use and drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Risk reductions noted previously were maintained over 18 months for the majority of the sample. Drug-use treatment and interventions that closely examine the interplay between drug use and sexuality for individual IDU are recommended as strategies to further reduce the sexual risk of HIV transmission among IDU.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Menstrual cycle and ovarian hormone effects on plasma and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities in the rhesus monkey.

Dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in plasma and platelets were studied in six female rhesus monkeys during three complete menstrual cycles. The same monoamine enzymes of seven bilaterally ovariectomized females were compared with a group of controls. A difference was found in platelet MAO between a mid-menstrual-cycle peak and a perimenstrual trough in these animals, while plasma MAO was unchanged. DBH showed an inverted cyclical variation to that demonstrated by platelet MAO. The ovariectomized females showed significant differences from the controls, confirming the effects of the ovarian sex steroid hormones on platelet MAO and plasma DBH. The variation in these peripheral enzymes may be reflective of changes in brain monoamine systems, which may play some role in the behavioral changes observed during the menstrual cycle in primates.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The birthday: lifeline or deadline?

This study of deaths from natural causes examined adult mortality around the birthday for two samples, totalling 2,745,149 people. Women are more likely to die in the week following their birthdays than in any other week of the year. In addition, the frequency of female deaths dips below normal just before the birthday. The results do not seem to be due to seasonal fluctuations, misreporting on the death certificate, deferment of life-threatening surgery, or behavioral changes associated with the birthday. At present, the best available explanation of these findings is that females are able to prolong life briefly until they have reached a positive, symbolically meaningful occasion. Thus, the birthday seems to function as a 'lifeline' for some females. In contrast, male mortality peaks shortly before the birthday, suggesting that the birthday functions as a 'deadline' for males.

Death↗

PubMed2025

Complimentary vertebrate Wac models exhibit phenotypes relevant to DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome.

Monogenic syndromes are associated with neurodevelopmental changes that result in cognitive impairments, neurobehavioral phenotypes including autism and seizures. Limited studies and resources are available to make meaningful headway into the underlying molecular mechanisms that result in these symptoms. One such example is DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome (DESSH), a rare disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the WAC gene. Individuals with DESSH syndrome exhibit a recognizable craniofacial gestalt, developmental delay/intellectual disability, neurobehavioral symptoms that include autism, ADHD, behavioral difficulties and seizures. However, no thorough studies from a vertebrate model exist to understand how these changes occur. To overcome this, we developed both murine and zebrafish Wac/wac deletion mutants and studied whether their phenotypes recapitulate those described in individuals with DESSH syndrome. We first show that the two Wac models exhibit craniofacial and behavioral changes, reminiscent of abnormalities found in DESSH syndrome. In addition, each model revealed impacts to GABAergic neurons and further studies showed that the mouse mutants are susceptible to seizures, changes in brain volumes that are different between sexes and relevant behaviors. Finally, we uncovered transcriptional impacts of Wac loss of function in mice that will pave the way for future molecular studies into DESSH. These studies present two new animals that begin to uncover some biological underpinnings of DESSH syndrome and elucidate the biology of Wac.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Psychotropic drugs as behavioral teratogens.

Three psychotropic drugs were administered to pregnant rats and were then evaluated for their behavioral and reproductive effects in the offspring. Control rats received either saline or vitamin A. Prochlorperazine had the most disruptive effects on reproduction and growth, but had the least effect on behavior. Propoxyphene had no apparent effects on reproduction or growth, but produced a variety of behavioral changes. Fenfluramine was intermediate in its effects on reproduction and growth and had behavioral effects that were revealed in tests of preweaning development. The data suggest that systematic tests of behavior add important information to evaluations of reproductive toxicity that cannot, at present, be obtained by other means.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Evidence for independence of circadian characters and extent of photoresponsiveness in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus.

Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to a short-day photoperiod generally respond with a syndrome of physiological and behavioral changes, such as body weight loss and molt to a white pelage. The extent of the short-day-induced responses differs among individuals. Furthermore, some hamsters show no photoresponse. In this study, we sought to determine whether variation in the photoresponse would be associated with circadian function: whether phase angle or free-running period (tau) would differ between responsive and nonresponsive hamsters; and whether changes in these circadian characters would correlate with the extent of weight loss and molt (and the timing of molt onset) in photoresponsive hamsters. Adult hamsters were kept in a short-day photoperiod (9 hr light, 15 hr dark) for 14 weeks, during which time body weight and molt were measured biweekly. Hamsters were then transferred to cages equipped with running wheels; we measured the phase angle of activity onset under a short-day photoperiod and tau in constant dark. Hamsters exhibiting a short-day-induced molt had a significantly shorter tau and a less negative phase angle than nonmolting animals. Hamsters that exhibited weight loss also had a significantly less negative phase angle, but no difference in tau. No significant Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients were found between extent (or timing) of the photoresponse and the circadian characters in responsive hamsters. Although these results indicate that threshold for photoresponsiveness is related to circadian function, the extent (and timing) of the photoresponse may not be.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Neuropsychological assessment for detecting adverse effects of volatile organic compounds on the central nervous system.

Because there are no direct biological markers for the substances implicated in indoor air exposure, it is impossible to directly measure if an individual or group of individuals has been exposed to a potentially neurotoxic substance in the workplace. Behavioral changes may be the earliest and only manifestation of central nervous system (CNS) effects and are often too subtle to be revealed by routine physical or neurological examination. Neuropsychological techniques are sensitive to subtle behavioral/cognitive changes that can result from exposure to neurotoxins. These techniques consist of oral and written tests that are administered by a trained examiner on a one-to-one basis. In general, a wide variety of cognitive domains are evaluated. The typical battery generally includes assessing orientation, attention, intelligence, language, visual memory, verbal memory, perception, visuoconstruction, simple motor speed, psychomotor speed, and mood. As with most assessment techniques, the neuropsychological methods have limitations. One major drawback is the availability of appropriate norms that are used to compare the results of a specific individual. Because these tasks are greatly affected by age, intelligence, and in some instances sex, the availability of appropriate norms is mandatory to determine if the CNS has been effected. Although neuropsychological tests are sensitive to the presence of CNS involvement, they are not specific. Patterns of performance seen with specific instances of neurotoxic exposure may also be seen with a number of other diseases of the CNS such as dementia, cerebrovascular disease, hydrocephalus, or normal aging. In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and/or depression are often manifested as cognitive difficulties that will mimic the cognitive dysfunction seen with toxicity of the CNS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain↗

PubMed1977

Adolescent pregnancy: an interpersonal skill training approach to prevention.

The research literature reports numerous negative consequences of adolescent pregnancy. Unfortunately, contemporary approaches to preventing teenage pregnancies have been largely unsuccessful. Recent evidence, however, suggests that interpersonal communication skill training may represent an important step in helping adolescents deal with their sexual and contraceptive behavior. This describes a pilot study of an interpersonal skill training model for sexually active inner-city teenagers. Results show that this training model is a feasible and attractive approach to modifying the youths' communication patterns. Findings indicate that such training is a fruitful direction for future pregnancy prevention research with the adolescent target population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Rehabilitation experiences of women ex-addicts in methadone treatment.

In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 female "hard-core" heroin addicts on a methadone maintenance treatment program 1 year or longer to learn what the rehabilitation process is like for women and how their life-styles had changed since being in treatment. The paper describes the adjustments and special difficulties experienced by women through patients' own accounts. Behavioral changes were verified by clinic records and staff. Cessation of criminal behaviors, regulation of daily living patterns on methadone, increased social productivity, and adoption of new social values were noted. Persisting problems include loneliness, motivational difficulties, and an incomplete transition to ordinary society.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Complementary vertebrate Wac models exhibit phenotypes relevant to DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome.

Monogenic syndromes are associated with neurodevelopmental changes that result in cognitive impairments and neurobehavioral phenotypes, including autism and seizures. Limited studies and resources are available to make meaningful headway into the underlying molecular mechanisms that result in these symptoms. One such example is DeSanto-Shinawi Syndrome (DESSH), a rare disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the WAC gene. Individuals with DESSH syndrome exhibit a recognizable craniofacial gestalt, developmental delay/intellectual disability, neurobehavioral symptoms that include autism, ADHD, behavioral difficulties, and seizures. However, no thorough studies from a vertebrate model exist to understand how these changes occur. To overcome this, we developed both murine and zebrafish Wac/wac deletion mutants and studied whether their phenotypes recapitulate those described in individuals with DESSH syndrome. We first show that the two Wac models exhibit craniofacial and behavioral changes, reminiscent of abnormalities found in DESSH syndrome. In addition, each model revealed impacts on GABAergic neurons and further studies showed that the mouse mutants are susceptible to seizures, changes in brain volumes that are different between sexes and relevant behaviors. Finally, we uncovered transcriptional impacts of Wac loss-of-function in mice that will pave the way for future molecular studies into DESSH. These studies present two new vertebrate models that begin to uncover biological underpinnings of DESSH syndrome and elucidate the biology of Wac.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The relative autonomy of schools and educational interventions for substance abuse prevention, sex education, and gender stereotyping.

This paper evaluates intervention programs in schools using the theoretical framework of the critical sociology of education, and most specifically, the extent to which schools are autonomous from the larger society. Three different types of intervention programs are reviewed: drug abuse prevention, sex education, and programs to change gender stereotypes, all of which were found to have limited effectiveness. Schools appear unable to change behaviors which are prevalent in a culture because they themselves are strongly influenced by that culture, and because adolescents are influenced by forces outside school. To be effective, such interventions would seem to require governmental agencies, community groups, and the media to work with the schools in order to influence the culture and thus produce behavioral changes in individuals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Publicly funded HIV counseling and testing--United States, 1991.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing (CT) services provided by health departments are a major component of the national HIV-prevention program. The purpose of HIV CT is to 1) reinforce perception of risk by those who are unaware or uninformed, 2) help uninfected persons initiate and sustain behavior changes that reduce their risk for becoming infected, and 3) identify HIV-infected persons who can be referred for early medical care and counseled to practice safer behaviors. The use of publicly funded HIV CT has steadily increased; in 1991, nearly 2,091,000 HIV-antibody tests were performed, compared with approximately 79,000 tests in 1985. CT services are provided by health departments in 65 HIV-prevention project areas including the 50 states, the District of Columbia, six cities, and eight territories. Each calendar quarter, the programs report to CDC data regarding the number of pretest counseling sessions. HIV-antibody tests, positive tests, and posttest counseling sessions. Information is also provided on self-reported risk category, age group, sex, and race/ethnicity. This report summarizes data reported for 1991.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1992

AIDS knowledge and attitudes among injection drug users: the issue of reliability.

Among injection drug users (IDUs), AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes have not consistently predicted AIDS risk behavior. This may be due in part to the limited reliability of indexes used to measure drug users' AIDS knowledge and attitudes. In addition, the substantive interpretation of findings is confounded if index reliability is lower for particular demographic groups (e.g., ethnic populations and women). This report is based on 8 measures of AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes in a sample of 332 injection drug users in Los Angeles. The reliability of knowledge and attitude indexes for the overall sample is generally acceptable for the purpose of group comparison (average alpha = .60). But reliability is consistently lower for respondents who are Hispanic (average alpha = .49) and respondents with less formal education (alpha = .56). The reliability of 2 measures of sex-related attitudes is lower for female respondents. It is therefore important that the reliability of knowledge and attitude indexes be assessed not just for drug-user samples as a whole, but also within demographic groups of substantive interest.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Common sleep disorders in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment.

Insomnia and daytime sleepiness in an elderly patient may be a normal consequence of aging, the result of a primary sleep disorder, or an adverse effect of medication or medical illness. Effective management requires a differential diagnosis. Adjustment sleep disorder, primary snoring, inadequate sleep hygiene, and mood disorders are common in the aged. The physician needs to review the patient history, including stressful events, medications, medical illness, and the possible presence of a psychiatric disorder. Treatment often involves behavioral changes and conservative use of medications, including antidepressants or benzodiazepines.

Aged↗