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PubMed1987

A survey on growth and sexual development of adolescent students in Changhua City: growth of body height and weight.

In order to understand the physical growth and sexual development of contemporary adolescents, a cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period September 1983 to May 1984. The population came from all the pupils from 4th grade up, and all the junior and senior high students of Changhua City. By using stratified cluster sampling, 1419 boys and 1599 girls participated, ranging in age from 8 to 19 years. Body weight and height were measured. Growth spurt is a unique event during adolescence. It is well shown in the distance curves and pseudo-velocity curves of body height and weight. In boys, the growth spurt of height spanned from 12.0 to 14.8 years, with peak height velocity (PHV) at 13.5 years. In girls it was from 10.0 to 12.6 years and peaked at 11.5 years. The growth spurt of weight occurred from 12.0 to 15.9 years in boys with peak weight velocity (PWV) at 14.5 years, while girls had a growth spurt at 10.0-12.7 years with PWV at 11.5 years. Girls entered into the growth spurt about 2 years earlier, and also entered into PHV, PWV, two and three years earlier respectively than boys, while boys had a more intense and longer growth during the growth spurt than girls. Between 10.0-13.0 years girls were taller than boys, and between 12.0-13.0 years they were heavier than boys. However, from 13.5 years onward girls were soon surpassed by boys both in height and weight. Growth in height after 16.5 years in boys and after 15.5 in girls was minimal. Growth in weight in boys also became minimal after 16.5 years while girls weight even dropped a little bit after 16.5 years. At the mean age of 17.5 years, boys were 168.1 cm, girls were 156.2 cm in average, boys being 12 cm taller than girls after reaching their final height.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Virilizing hepatoblastoma: precocious sexual development and partial response of pulmonary metastases to cis-platinum.

A 42/3 year old boy with hepatoblastoma presented with precocious sexual development and an abdominal mass. During the course of disease, serial endocrinologic laboratory investigations were done, along with alpha-fetoprotein levels. A significant correlation is noted in these values at diagnosis, postsurgery, and later during a relapse. Ectopic production of chorionic gonadotropins by the tumor is evident. After extensive surgical resection, chemotherapy was started because of metastases. Although the primary tumor failed to respond, the pulmonary metastatic disease showed a greater than 50 percent response rate with cis-platinum.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1983

Male sexual development in the monkey. I. Cross-sectional analysis of pulsatile hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function.

Pulsatile secretion of serum gonadotropins and testosterone was studied in 46 monkeys of varying ages from 9 days of age through adult life. Although some of the hormonal analysis was longitudinal in nature, most comparisons were cross-sectional. On the basis of pulsatile secretory patterns, hCG and GnRH stimulation, skeletal age, testicular volume, and histology, we have arbitrarily defined four developmental age groups: postnatal (less than 7 months), prepubertal or juvenile (7-27 months), pubertal (28-59 months), and adult (greater than or equal to 60 months). In accomplishing the pulsatile studies, blood was withdrawn at 15-min intervals over 24 h without anesthesia using a mobile vest and tether assembly to support an indwelling cannula. GnRH and hCG challenge tests were done on one or more occasions on all animals. Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and delta 4-androstenedione by established RIAs and an in vitro bioassay for LH. During the frequent sampling period of 24-h duration for all except postnatal animals, testosterone pulses of large amplitude (up to 8-fold) occurred in postnatal, pubertal, and adult animals. Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion was seen at all ages; however, the highest pulses (up to 15-fold) occurred in prepubertal animals even though this was an infrequent occurrence. Time series analysis techniques were applied for objective statistical characterization of cyclic patterns. Basic rhythms corresponding to 50- to 90-min frequency cycles in gonadotropin secretion were identified. Substantive differences between LH concentrations by bioassay and RIA were seen infrequently. Our findings illustrate that: 1) circulating gonadotropin and testosterone pulses change in amplitude but not necessarily frequency during pubertal development, and 2) primate models are a useful paradym for the longitudinal study of human male sexual development. We conclude that where direct human investigation may be limited, much can be learned by study of these primate surrogates.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathogenesis of functional retardation of physical and sexual development in adolescents. Status of somatotropic and gonadotropic function].

A study of somatotropic and gonadotropic functions in male adolescents with functional retardation of physical and sexual development has shown an important role of the deficiency of gonadotropins, especially FSH, in the pathogenesis of this condition. LH secretion in retarded physical development (RPD) is lowered to a lesser degree and positively correlates with testosterone deficiency. The feedback in the hypothalamohypophyseogonadal function in RPD is less frequently affected and to a lesser degree than gonadotropic functions. Of the tested methods (tests with TRH, L-DOPA and bromocriptine) STH reserves are better revealed with L-DOPA and TRH tests, gonadotropic reserves, especially LH,--with TRH and bromocriptine tests. The stimulating TRH effect on the growth hormone is indicative of the versatility and nonspecificity of its action on the pituitary gland in functional developmental disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Influence of testosterone and/or luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue on precocious sexual development in the juvenile rainbow trout.

The influence of testosterone, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist and combinations of these hormones on gonadotropic hormone (GtH) levels in the sexually immature trout was investigated. Both the steroid and releasing hormone preparations, testosterone in Silastic capsules and cholesterol-pelleted LHRH-A, were formulated for sustained release and long-term biological action following a single hormone implantation. Marked increases in pituitary GtH followed testosterone and/or testosterone and LHRH analogue treatment combined, but the low pituitary GtH level in controls remained unchanged after LHRH analogue administration alone. Plasma GtH titers increased with time after testosterone treatment, indicating a positive steroid feedback effect by androgen on GtH in the juvenile rainbow trout. When combined with testosterone treatment, LHRH analogue augmented plasma GtH levels compared to fish receiving testosterone treatment alone. In males the elevated plasma GtH levels were associated with testes stimulation and onset of spermatogenesis; in females, however, no significant stimulation of the ovaries was observed. It can be concluded from these studies that the testosterone stimulus is sufficient to induce onset of sexual development in immature males but not females. Whereas LHRH analogue releases GtH from the testosterone-primed trout pituitary, LHRH treatment alone under these conditions fails to stimulate the juvenile trout reproductive system.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Male sexual development in the monkey. II. Cross-sectional analysis of pulsatile hypothalamic-pituitary secretion in castrated males.

Pulsatile secretion of serum gonadotropins was studied in 16 castrated monkeys from 4 weeks of age through adult life. Animals were castrated at various ages from birth through adult life. Although some studies of the gonadotropin-secretory patterns were longitudinal in nature, most comparisons were cross-sectional. On the basis of our observations, we have arbitrarily grouped the animals into 4 developmental ages: postnatal (less than 7 months), prepubertal or juvenile (7-27 months), pubertal (28-59 months), and adult (greater than or equal to 60 months). In carrying out these studies, blood was withdrawn at 15-min intervals over 24 h without anesthesia using a mobile vest and tether assembly to support an indwelling catheter. GnRH challenge tests were done on 1 or more occasions on all animals. Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of FSH and LH by established RIAs and an in vitro bioassay for LH. During the frequent sampling period (24 h for all except postnatal animals), the amplitude of gonadotropin pulses was greatest in adult animals followed by postnatal and pubertal monkeys. During pubertal development, there was a marked increase in the magnitude of gonadotropin pulses, and remarkedly, there was a substantial increase in the LH bioassay: RIA (greater than 5:1) by adult life. GnRH challenge tests of gonadotropins correlated with these observations. Time series analysis was applied to the data for objective statistical characterization of cyclic patterns. Our findings can be summarized: 1) during pubertal maturation there is a change in amplitude but not frequency of gonadotropin pulses, 2) pubertal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis advances in the absence of gonadal feedback, and 3) there is a significant increase in the LH bioassay: RIA during pubertal development. We conclude that the castrate monkey is a valuable adjunct to direct clinical investigations of the mechanisms controlling human sexual development.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Effect of zeranol on sexual development of crossbred bulls.

Three groups of 1/2 Simmental X 1/4 Brahman X 1/4 Hereford bull calves were used during two different years to study effects of zeranol on sexual development. At 154 d of age, half the calves were implanted with 36 mg zeranol and half, not implanted, served as controls. Implanted calves were reimplanted at 90-d intervals throughout the trial (9 mo) each year. Trial 1 was conducted with 24 calves and Trial 2 was conducted the following year with 10 bulls. Twenty-four days after weaning (200 d of age) and at 28-d intervals thereafter, bulls in drylot in Trial 1 were weighted, scrotal circumference (SC) was measured and an ejaculate of semen was collected by electroejaculation to determine puberty. At these times, bulls were given 200 micrograms of GnRH i.m. and blood was collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after GnRH. Serum concentrations of LH and testosterone (TEST) were determined. At slaughter, testis weight, length and circumference and pubertal status were recorded. Bulls implanted with zeranol had smaller SC than control bulls during the entire 9-mo period (P less than .0001). More control bulls reached puberty than did implanted bulls (82.4 vs 23.5%, respectively; P less than .001). Control bulls had larger testis measurements at slaughter (P less than .0001). Implants did not alter total weight gain or ADG (P greater than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Effects of age and live weight on the sexual development of gilts and boars fed two planes of nutrition.

The aim of the present study was to determine the respective influences of age and live weight on the sexual development of boars and gilts. The Large White animals used were fed on a liberal plane of nutrition close to ad libitum (CTRL group) or restricted on a live weight basis (SA and SW groups). CTRL and SW pigs were slaughtered and their genital tracts examined at 125 kg of live weight; those in the SA group were slaughtered and examined at the same age as their CTRL littermates. Control and SA boars and gilts were about 180 and 200 days old, respectively, while SW boars and gilts were about 240 and 260 days old, respectively. The SA group pigs weighed about 90 kg. Testis weight was influenced by live weight but not by age, while epididymis and seminal vesicle weights and bulbourethral gland weight and length were dependent on both age and live weight. Age had a significant influence on puberty attainment in gilts while live weight had nearly no effect. Percentages of cyclic gilts in the CTRL, SW and SA groups were 32, 79 and 20, respectively. Ovarian weight was mainly dependent on live weight in cyclic as well as in prepuberal gilts. In the latter animals, the weight and length of uterine horns and cervix were influenced by both age and live weight, whereas in cyclic gilts the only obvious effect was that of age on uterine horn weight. Season of birth (autumn vs spring) had no effect on the puberty attainment of gilts.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

Studies on the gonadotropin secretion during sleep in patients with abnormal sexual development--the role of the CNS in the onset of puberty.

In order to evaluate the secretory patterns of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones in various forms of abnormal sexual development, plasma levels of these hormones were measured every 20-30 minutes during sleep in 9 patients with true precocious puberty and 2 patients with primary hypogonadism. Seven patients with idiopathic precocious puberty and 2 patients with organic CNS lesion-related precocious puberty exhibited fluctuating plasma concentrations of these hormones that resembled findings in normal pubertal subjects who had significantly increased concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone during sleep. Two patients with primary hypogonadism also showed episodic fluctuation of both hormones and augmented luteinizing hormone concentrations during sleep. These results suggest that the pubertal sleep-related gonadotropin secretion is dependent on the sleep-entrained CNS mechanism, and that the central nervous system plays an important role in sexual maturation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Pharmacologic stimulation in delayed female sexual development (response of androstenedione vs. 17 beta-estradiol). Presentation of 2 cases].

Two girls of 13 and 18 years of age, XX chromosomic pattern, complaining of delay in sexual development (Stage 1) and primary amenorrhea, were studied. Height, weight and surface area in the 13 years subject were three standard deviations below the anthropometric characteristics of already menstruating girls of the same age. Presence of uterus and ovarian tissue was demonstrated by laparoscopy in both, and afterwards, simultaneous measurements of androstenedione (delta 4) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) were performed in peripheral blood, before and after: placebo, clomiphene (25 and 50 mg), LH-RH, FSH/LH. Under this trials the gonadal structures produced delta 4 and E2, being the former in many instances a good index of ovarian steroid production and associated to growth of pubic and axillary hair. In the patient whose menstruation began after the pharmacologic stimuli, the steroid production was higher as compared to the one, with initiation of no menstrual bleeding. Critical aspects of the various phases of the study are revised to better understand the physiology of some biological processes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

[Concentrations of estradiol in the quail magnum during sexual development. Relation to the levels of cytoplasmic receptors for this hormone].

Estradiol 17 beta concentration and cytoplasmic estradiol binding sites were determined in the magnum of immature and developing female Quail. In the immature magnum, estradiol concentration per gram of tissue was 26 times higher than in the plasma. Early sexual development was correlated with an increase in plasma and magnum concentrations of estradiol and of cytoplasmic binding sites in the magnum. However, the ratio of binding sites concentration to that of intra-tissue of estradiol, and the intracellular distribution of estradiol (cytoplasm versus nucleus) were similar in immature and developing Quail. The results indicate that the presence of estradiol and of binding sites in the target cells of the magnum are not sufficient to induce cell proliferation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility and sexual development after bilateral orchiopexy for cryptorchidism.

Data were collected on 27 patients operated on for bilateral undescended testes. The information included age at operation, reoperations, testis size and location at first operation, testis size in adulthood, sexual behavior and presence of secondary sexual characteristics. The data were related to fertility, as assessed on the basis of spermatograms. A fertility rate of 33.3% was found. The ideal age for operation could not be established, but it was concluded that operation should not be delayed beyond the age of 12 years and that reoperation significantly reduced eventual fertility. It was found that the initial size and location of the testes had no influence on fertility, but that there was a higher rate of infertility in adults with small testes. Despite the high rate of infertility, all patients showed normal sexual development and behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Sexual development and behavior in black preadolescents.

As part of a longitudinal study of the sociosexual development of black preadolescents, sexual maturation and sociosexual behaviors were assessed and the relationships between these variables determined in a sample of 101 nine- to eleven-year-old middle- and low-income boys and girls. Sexual maturation was measured by Tanner's staging criteria of specific secondary sex characteristics. Involvement in heterosexual behaviors was elicited via self reports and was classified on a five-point heterosexual physical activity scale (HPA). The data corroborate other studies in demonstrating that girls were more advanced than boys in the process of sexual maturation. Considerable variation in stages of maturation for chronological age existed in both boys and girls, but was more pronounced for girls. In girls, there was no significant association between HPA and degree of biologic maturation. However, genital development in boys was significantly related to their sexual behavior. Income level was not significantly associated with the HPA score. A baseline from which to chart the progress of sociosexual behaviors in these developing preadolescents was established.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1992

Physical characteristics and factors related to sexual development and behaviour and the risk for prostatic cancer.

A case-control study of prostatic cancer was carried out to examine the association between selected physical characteristics and factors related to sexual development and behaviour and the risk for this disease. In consideration of an endocrinologic mechanism for these putative risk factors, the association between selected factors and serum hormone level in a comparison group, free of prostate cancer, was also examined. One-hundred cases and 113 controls were included for study. An elevated risk for prostatic cancer was found for those currently married (odds ratio (OR) = 4.0), those who had been married once (OR = 2.8), and those who were currently practising a religion (OR = 2.0). Compared to subjects with one child, those with more than one child and those with no children were more common among cases than controls. Prostatic cancer risk was associated with large body size and, in particular, with greater weight (p < 0.01). Early age at attainment of adult height was also associated with prostatic cancer risk (p < 0.01). Only moderate associations were found between increased frequency of sexual intercourse and prostatic cancer risk. The levels of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone, salivary testosterone and T/SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) did not vary with age. Older men had higher oestradiol levels. Further, little association between hormone levels and risk factors was found, except for married subjects having increased serum androgens (p < 0.05) and heavy subjects having decreased serum androgens (not significant).

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

Ontogeny of the androgen receptor in rat ventral prostate during sexual development.

Concentrations of cytosolic androgen receptor, DNA and soluble protein, contents of DHT, and in-vivo uptake of 3H-DHT were measured in rat ventral prostates at 5-day intervals during sexual development. Regarding prostate weight two phases of growth were noted being separated by a period of stagnation from Day 40 to 45. Cytosolic androgen receptor, particle-bound DHT, and uptake of 3H-DHT into the 100,000-g sediment showed a clear pattern: a maximum in the prepubertal animal at age Day 20, a minimum at age Day 30 (4 days after the early pubertal rise of LH, testosterone, and DHT) followed by a second maximum on Day 55 (2 days before the beginning of fertility), and a second minimum in the young mature animal on Day 70. An intermediate peak seen at age Day 37 was not significant. Neither the time-dependent profile of the cytosolic androgen receptor nor the contents and in vivo uptake of DHT were correlated to concentrations of circulating gonadotrophins, growth hormone, and sex-steroids measured during puberty in the same strain of animals. Therefore, the regulating mechanism remains unclear.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Attitudes, opinions, and sexual development of 205 homosexual women.

Two hundred and five homosexual women, aged 15 to 50, were surveyed as to their attitudes and experiences in the areas of education, religion, family experiences, marriage, friendship, personal happiness, sexual development and satisfaction, psychological adjustment, and occupational status. The investigation discovered a high rate of only-child status among lesbian women, a tendency toward ambivalence of opinion on many issues, and a general lack of insight into self and others. Comparisons with other research on female homosexuality were made.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

The role of sterility genes (ste and aff) in the initiation of sexual development in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Haploid homothallic strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe with mutations in any of nine "sterility genes" (ste) do not mate with wild-type fertile strains. Those defective in genes ste1 to ste4 and ste7 to ste9 are also deficient in meiosis and sporulation. I found that the ste1, ste3 and ste8 genes act very early in the sexual development, presumably before the pat1-controlled conjugation-specific event. ste5 and ste6 exert their function downstream of pat1 in the initiation of conjugation and do not play any role in the meiotic pathway. ste2, ste4, ste7 and ste9 are involved in both sexual pathways: they seem to act downstream of pat1 in conjugation but upstream of pat1 in the initiation of meiosis. A new gene, aff1, whose defective allele suppresses the pat1-114-provoked haploid sporulation and arrest of vegetative growth is also described. It is supposed that the aff1+ gene product participates in a cascade of regulatory events, as a factor antagonistic to pat1.

Alleles↗

PubMed1986

Phagocytic specificity during sexual development in Dictyostelium discoideum.

During the sexual cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum, zygote giant cells develop and serve as foci for further development by chemoattracting and cannibalizing hundreds of local amoebae. Previous work has shown that the phagocytic process bears similarities to and differences from asexual endocytosis. In the present study, sexual phagocytosis in D. discoideum was found to be species and developmental stage specific. It was inhibited selectively by glucose and concanavalin A. Although a partial, inhibitory effect of mannose on phagocytosis was not statistically significant, alpha-methylmannosamine, like alpha-methyl-glucose, significantly restored the phagocytic competence of giant cells treated with concanavalin A. Other sugars (N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and galactose) and lectins (wheat germ agglutinin, Ulex europus type I, and Ricinis communis agglutinin type I) had no significant effect on sexual phagocytosis. Together these data indicate that a glucose-type receptor is involved in selective uptake of D. discoideum amoebae by giant cells.

Carbohydrates↗