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Editorial: Shellfish and public health.
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Ozone detoxification of paralytic shellfish poison in the softshell clam (Mya arenaria).
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Diarrhoeic shellfish toxins in Adriatic Sea mussels evaluated by an ELISA method.
A competitive enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was used to determine the presence of okadaic acid (OA) and/or dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) in mussels. The accuracy and sensitivity of the ELISA method has been checked. The sensitivity of the method (100 ng/g of hepatopancreas) makes it possible to determine OA concentrations ten times lower than the tolerance limits established by the Health Authorities of many countries. For the first time, OA and/or DTX-1 were detected in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected in different stations along the Adriatic Sea coasts.
Taxonomic difficulties in red tide and paralytic shellfish poison studies: the "tamarensis complex" of Gonyaulax.
The type illustrations of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis contain an apparent reversal of the epithecal plates. Furthermore a culture from the type locality has been found not to be toxigenic. These two features have led a recent author to doubt the appropriateness of the allocation of toxic populations in the North Atlantic to this species or a variety of it (var. excavata Braarud). The latter has been raised to the status of a distinct species but the wrong name has been applied to it (G. excavata) as, according to the rules of priority, it should be G. phoneus (Woloszynska & Conrad) nov. comb. A history of this confused situation is provided. The criteria by which other similar species are recognised are summarised. The necessity for further study on the specific distinction of these taxa is stressed. G. conjuncta has been so inadequately described or rejected. Variability in the plate pattern of a culture of G. tamarensis var. excavata from British Columbia is illustrated and its bearing on the taxonomy of the group discussed. The presence of this toxic variety on the west coast of N. America is a new record for the Pacific Ocean.
The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarography.
Arsenite ion, as arsenic trichloride was extracted into benzene from strongly acidified tissue homogenates. Following this, arsenite was extracted from the benzene into water, made up in 1N HCl and analyzed polarographically. Arsenate ion, left in the homogenate after arsenite extraction is isolated in exactly the same way following treatment of the homogenate with cuprous ion to reduce arsenate to arsenite ion. Treatment of the acidified homogenate with cuprous ion prior to extraction gives a homogenate which is readily analyzed for total "inorganic" arsenic. The method was efficient to a maximum level of about 20 mug inorganic arsenic since at higher levels lower recoveries were found. Analysis of a variety of marine biological specimens, with levels of total arsenic up to 40.5 ppm, indicated little of this arsenic was present in an inorganic form. Post mortem reduction of arsenate to arsenite was found to occur rapidly in fish tissue.
Isolation and identification of 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP) in shellfish.
1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP), a widely used herbicide in Japan, has been identified in environmental biota for the first time. CNP was isolated from mussel collected in Tokyo bay and confirmed by GC-MS, IR and UV spectra. The level of CNP in the mussel sample was approximately 1 ppm on wet basis.
Structural studies on glycolipid of shellfish. II. Occurrence of 3-O-methylgalactosamine in oyster glycolipid.
3-O-Methyl hexosamine was found for the first time and characterized as one of the sugar components of oyster glycolipid. The alditol acetate of this sugar was identified as 3-O-methyl-N-acetylgalactosaminitol acetate by comparing its retention time on gas chromatography and mass spectrum with those of the authentic sample synthesized in this laboratory. The new sugar, 3-O-methylgalactosamine, occupied the non-reducing terminal position of the carbohydrate moiety of the lipid and was linked to the penultimate hexose by a (1 leads to 3) bond.
Recovery of Escherichia coli and coliforms from macerated shellfish.
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Vibrio anguillarum and larval mortality in a California coastal shellfish hatchery.
Vibrio anguillarum was isolated as a pathogen in the commercial culture of oyster spat at Pigeon Point, Calif. A water-soluble, heat-stable exotoxin extracted from cultures of the vibrio inhibited larval swimming and contributed to larval mortality. Although the vibrio was insensitive to penicillin in standard plate testing, this antibiotic proved useful in preventing mass larval mortalities in the hatchery.
Recent environmental studies of neoplasms in marine shellfish.
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Failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in certified shellfish from New England.
In this study, hard- and soft-shell clams harvested during a one-year period from state approved (certified) clam beds in Maine, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were tested for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. HBsAg could not be detected in clam viscera. The role of bivalve mollusk ingestion in transmission of Hepatitis B remains speculative.
Editorial: Shellfish emotionalism.
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Demonic toxin. A new shellfish toxin threatens fisheries.
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High-pressure liquid chromatography of benzo(a) pyrene and benzo (ghi) perylene in oil-contaminated shellfish.
A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of benzo(a) pyrene and benzo(ghi) perylene. These polynuclear aromatics are extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned into petroleum ether, the petroleum ether is removed, and the residue is saponified. The compounds are purified and isolated by passing the residue through a silica gel column and a high-pressure liquid chromatographic column, and detected by their ultraviolet absorption. Recoveries of standards through the procedure averaged 104%.
[On shellfish lipids (author's transl)].
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[Isolation of Salmonella from marine shellfish].
The present paper reports the isolation of Salmonella from oysters and clams encountered in the marine waters of Santos and destined to the human consumption. The results obtained showed the characterization of 41 (59,43%) strains of Salmonella arizonae and 28 (40,57%) of Salmonella typhimurium, by its cultural biochemical and serological properties. The drug resistance of Salmonella to several antibiotics was also investigated by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration in serial agar plate dilutions of the therapeutic agents.
Human enteroviruses in oysters and their overlying waters.
The presence of enteroviruses in oysters and oyster-harvesting waters of the Texas Gulf coast was monitored over a period of 10 months. Viruses were detected in water and oyster samples obtained from areas both open and closed to shellfish harvesting. Viruses were detected periodically in waters that met current bacteriological standards for shellfish harvesting. No significant statistical relationship was demonstrated between virus concentration in oysters and the bacteriological and physiochemical quality of water and shellfish. Viruses in water were, however, moderately correlated with total coliforms in water and oysters and with fecal coliforms in oysters. Total coliforms in water were realted to total coliforms in sediment were related only to total coliforms in sediment. Among the physiochemical characteristics of water, turbidity was related statistically to the organic matter content of water and to fecal coliforms in water. There was a marked effect of rainfall on the bacteriological quality of water. Of a total of 44 water samples, 26 yielded virus in concentrations from 4 to 167 plaque-forming units per 100-gallon (ca. 378.5-liter) sample. Of a total of 40 pools of 10 to 12 oysters each, virus was found in 14 pools at a concentration of 6 to 224 plaque-forming units per 100 g of oyster meat. On five occasions, virus was found in water samples when no virus could be detected in oysters harvested from the same sites. This study indicates that current bacteriological standards for determining the safety of shellfish and shellfish-growing waters do no reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses.