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PubMed2002

The cannabinoids R(-)-7-hydroxy-delta-6-tetra-hydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210), 2-O-arachidonoylglycerylether (HU-310) and arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) increase isoflurane provoked sleep duration by activation of cannabinoids 1 (CB1)-receptors in mice.

Cannabinoids produce antinociception via specific cannabinoid receptor activation, but there are also non-receptor mediated effects like for example the activation of the arachidonic acid cascade. Here we investigate the influence of cannabinoids (CB) on sleep duration after isoflurane anesthesia. We found that the CB receptor agonists R(-)-7-hydroxy-delta-6-tetra-hydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl (HU-210) (0.1 mg/kg), 2-O-arachidonoylglycerylether (30 mg/kg) and arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (3 mg/kg) significantly prolong the duration of isoflurane induced sleep in mice (P<0.05). This effect was absent when co-injecting the selective CB(1) antagonist N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (1 mg/kg). Furthermore, HU-210 was ineffective in CB(1) receptor knockout mice (CB(1)-/-). Our behavioral tests (tail flick, rotarod) indicate that the sleep latency can be prolonged even at low drug dosages which do not influence thermal nociception. In the chosen dosages thimerosal (20 mg/kg), 2-AG (10 mg/kg), R(1)-methanandamide (R(1)-MAEA) (10 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen (27 mg/kg) were ineffective to increase sleep duration.

Anesthesia Recovery Period↗

PubMed1986

Cholinergic reduction of REM sleep duration is reverted by auditory stimulation.

It was previously shown that an auditory stimulus given prior to and throughout a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep period was capable of inducing a significant increase in REM sleep duration and pontogeniculo-occipital (PGO) spike density. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the increase in REM duration is dependent on PGO spike density. We administered atropine to cats at doses of 0.1-0.6 mg/kg and the effects on REM duration and PGO spikes was determined. The doses of 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg of atropine were then utilized to compare REM sleep periods with and without auditory stimulation. The results showed that both REM duration and PGO spikes were decreased by atropine, but could be dissociated from each other depending on the doses. In addition, it was shown that the auditory stimulus protected the animals from the effects of atropine but only in relation to REM sleep duration. The results indicate that both REM sleep duration and PGO spikes have a cholinergic component and that the auditory stimulus exerts its REM enhancing properties in a manner which seems to be independent of the PGO spike density. The results are discussed in terms of receptor availability and/or excitability levels of medial reticular neurons.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1987

Level of stress and sleep duration.

30 subjects kept daily diaries of sleep-duration and stress levels for 4 mo. From these data, it was determined that during periods of high stress, sleep was reduced by about one standard deviation while during periods of low stress, sleep increased by about one-half a standard deviation. The relationship of these results to the relevant sleep-stress literature was briefly discussed.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2025

The impact of sleep duration on the incidence of new-onset chronic kidney disease in community-dwelling adults: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This research examined the association between sleep duration and new-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD) among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly individuals in Korea. METHODS: This prospective cohort study utilized data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001-2002 (baseline) to 2019-2020 (tenth follow-up visit). New-onset CKD was the primary outcome, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or the proteinuria. Study populations were classified into six self-reported sleep length categories: <5h, 5h ≤ to <6h, 6h ≤ to <7h, 7h ≤ to ≤8h, 8h < to <9h, and 9h/day ≤. Cox proportional hazards models were used to ascertain the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD incidence across these categories. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up duration of 17.41 years, CKD was identified in 551 (14.4%) of 3835 participants (mean age 48.7 ± 7.5 years). After adjusting for confounding variables, a U-shaped relationship between sleep lengths and CKD was identified. Participants with insufficient (<5h) and excessive (9h ≤) sleep length exhibited HRs for CKD incidence of 1.44 (1.09-1.89) and 1.85 (1.04-3.27), respectively, compared to individuals with normal sleep length (7h ≤ to ≤8h). Age and sex differences were observed in the association between sleep length and CKD incidence. The association between sleep duration and new-onset CKD was significant only in participants aged 40 to 64 years, with no significant association observed in individuals aged 65 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: This research identified a relationship between the amount of sleep and CKD in Korean adults. Maintaining an appropriate sleep duration of 7-8 h/day is important for preventing new-onset CKD.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Sleep duration during the 24-hour day is associated with the severity of dementia in nursing home patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of 24-h sleep patterns in nursing home patients with dementia, and to determine whether various degrees of dementia have any influence on total sleep duration. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a nursing home population (n = 23) consisting of patients with varying degree of dementia. Sleep was measured with actigraphy for a consecutive period of 14 days, based on individual bed and rising time, which was registered by nursing home staff. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Mean age +/- standard deviation was 86.1 +/- 7.0 (range 72-96) and mean Mini-Mental Status Examination Score (MMSE) was 13.4 +/- 5.3 (range 1-21). Ten patients had MMSE < or = 12. Sleep was extremely fragmented, with frequent wake bouts during nighttime and frequent naps during daytime. During the 24-h period, patients spent nearly 13 h asleep, distributed as more than 9 h of nighttime sleep and more than 3 h of daytime sleep. Patients with severe degree of dementia (MMSE < or = 12) slept significantly longer during the 24-h day than patients with lesser degree of dementia (MMSE > 12). There was no significant difference in age between the dementia sub-groups. CONCLUSION: Sleep duration during the 24-h day was positively correlated with the severity of dementia in nursing home patients. This is in contrast with total sleep time seen in healthy elderly, which shows a gradually decline with age. Changes in sleep patterns in dementia could be explained by co-morbid and environmental factors, as well as unknown pathological changes related to dementing illnesses.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

The prospective impact of sleep duration on depression and mania.

OBJECTIVE: Many patients report sleeping less than 6 h per night during episodes of depression and mania. This type of sleep deficit may also be a risk factor for subsequent mood episodes; however, the long-term impact of sleep deficit remains unclear. The current study is among few longitudinal studies to assess the prospective effect of sleep deficit on depression and mania. METHODS: A subsample of 54 individuals from a longitudinal study of bipolar I disorder was selected. Participants entered the study during a mood episode. Baseline symptom data were collected at month 4 to allow for recovery from the initial episode, sleep was assessed at month 6, and follow-up symptom data were obtained during months 7-12. RESULTS: Sleep deficit predicted depressive symptoms across the 6-month follow-up but not mania. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that the impact of sleep deficit on mania was probably missed because assessments covered a full month. Monitoring sleep duration may help predict depression in bipolar disorder and provide an opportunity for targeting intervention.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Sleep duration and caffeine consumption in a French middle-aged working population.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: To explore the association between sleep duration and daily caffeine intake in a working population. Caffeine acutely disrupts sleep in the laboratory, but the inter-relations between sleep and caffeine intake in daily life are ill-known. METHODS: Questionnaire and diary based survey of 1498 persons from the GAZEL cohort of employees of the National Electricity and Gas Company (EDF-GDF) working in various locations in the Paris and South-West France areas. We analyzed total sleep time, our primary measure, and time in bed, both by sleep logs. We assessed daily intake of caffeine, consumption of alcohol and tobacco, use of hypnotics, and daytime somnolence, all by questionnaire. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analysis did not find a significant relationship between total sleep time and daily caffeine intake less than 8 cups of coffee per day, after controlling for age, gender, alcohol intake, smoking status, and use of hypnotics. By contrast, time in bed was reduced as caffeine intake increased (beta=-0.125; P<0.001). Higher caffeine intake was not related to a higher daytime somnolence. CONCLUSION: Despite the well-known acute effects of caffeine on sleep, habitual use of up to 7 cups of coffee (or 600 mg of caffeine equivalent) per day was not associated with decreased duration of sleep.

Beverages↗

PubMed2006

Impact of total sleep duration on blood pressure in preschool children.

The onset of some adult diseases, e.g., cardiovascular disease, is known to be associated with lifestyles in childhood. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between total sleep duration (TSD) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) among 117 children at ages 5-6 years. Parents reported their children's typical bedtimes and wake times for weekdays, and questions about mandatory nap times were answered by the preschool teachers. In the children, the mean TSD, SBP, and DBP were 624 +/- 57 (standard deviation) min, 99 +/- 10 mmHg, and 62 +/- 9 mmHg, respectively. When the children were divided into quartile groups based on TSD, the SBP was significantly higher in the highest group (TSD > 660 min) than in the lowest group (TSD < or = 585 min). The TSD was significantly correlated with SBP (r = 0.265) but not with DBP (r = 0.105), these relationships were similar when TSD and possible confounders such as age and body mass index were set as independent variables of multiple regression analysis. These findings suggest that sleep duration in preschool children is associated with SBP, and extremely short or long sleep may invite subclinical health problems.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed2006

Sleep duration and smoking cessation in student nurses.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess predictors of smoking cessation in young adults. DESIGN: Prospective study of smoking cessation. SETTING: 32 Schools of Nursing in Southwest Germany. PARTICIPANTS: 500 student nurses, 82% female, median age 19.9 years, who smoked at baseline. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Smoking status and potential predictors of smoking cessation were assessed by two questionnaires within a median time interval of 13.1 months. At follow-up, 10.6% of the participants had stopped smoking. Sleep duration was positively associated with smoking cessation. One hour additional sleep per night at baseline increased the relative probability to stop smoking by 1.48 (95% CI 1.14-1.93). The number of cigarettes per day and the 'self-assessment of smoking behaviour in 5 years' were additional factors predicting smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep duration may influence smoking cessation and may have relevance for advising people who want to quit smoking.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Sleep in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): the effects of individual and environmental factors on sleep duration and quality.

Various abiotic and social factors are hypothesized to influence sleep in primates. Chimpanzee sleeping behavior has been examined only in a limited fashion, both in the wild and in captivity. Previous research, however limited, has suggested that chimpanzee sleep is non-dynamic. This study used an objective behavioral model of sleep as a framework in which to test the hypothesis that changes in individual (age and sex) and environmental (temperature and humidity) factors influence sleep patterns in 20 captive chimpanzees. The nocturnal behavior of the subjects was recorded continuously using video cameras equipped with enhanced nighttime visibility connected to time-lapse videocassette recorders. Chimpanzees in this study slept 8.81 h per night, close to the averages reported for both industrialized and traditional human societies (7-9h), as opposed to that of previous chimpanzee studies (11-12h). Also, the idea that chimpanzees sleep in one continuous period with little to no nocturnal awakenings was also refuted. Captive chimpanzee sleep behavior was, in fact, dynamic and complex with frequent awakenings. Older chimpanzees slept longer, had higher sleep quality, and shorter nighttime disturbances than prime adult chimpanzees. Finally, ambient temperature and humidity affected sleep duration and quality. The results of this study reveal that chimpanzee sleep behaviors are complicated interactions between both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

Sleep duration and the power spectral density of the EEG.

In a sleep loss experiment with 8 subjects night sleep was restricted to either 8, 4, 2 or 0 h. The restrictions caused a strong dose-dependent increase in the duration of subsequent day sleep. Still, only a fraction of the sleep loss was recovered. Spectral analysis of the EEG demonstrated a strong dose-dependent increase also of power density. This parameter showed an almost perfect match between loss and recovery. Furthermore, daytime sleep duration was closely determined by the prior loss of EEG power density. Day sleep was maintained until the prior loss of power density had been recovered, at which point the sleep episode was spontaneously terminated. It was suggested that EEG power density reflects the homeostatic process in sleep regulation and that this process is a major determinant of sleep duration and content.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A prospective study of night shift work, sleep duration, and risk of Parkinson's disease.

The authors prospectively investigated whether working rotating night shifts was associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease among 84,794 female nurses who reported years of night shift work in 1988 (the US Nurses' Health Study). After 975,912 person-years of follow-up (1988-2000), 181 incident Parkinson's disease cases were documented. Compared with nurses who never worked rotating night shifts, those with 15 years or more of night shift work had a 50% lower risk of Parkinson's disease after adjustment for age and smoking (95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.97; p(trend) = 0.01). Sleep duration was positively associated with Parkinson's disease risk: The relative risk was 1.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.99, 3.42) when comparing nurses who reported 9 or more hours of sleep per day with those who slept 6 hours or less (p(trend) = 0.005). These data suggest that working night shifts may be protective against Parkinson's disease or that low tolerance for night shift work is an early marker of Parkinson's disease. Conversely, habitual longer sleep duration may be an earlier marker of Parkinson's disease. Because of the novelty and the exploratory nature of these findings, confirmation is needed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2000

Time spent watching television, sleep duration and obesity in adults living in Valencia, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association of time watching television (TV) and physical activity with obesity in the Mediterranean area of Spain with the highest prevalence of obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Valencia Region in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 814 men and 958 women, aged 15 y and older, participating in a Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 1994. MEASUREMENTS: Height and weight were directly measured during home interviews. The outcome measure was obesity, defined as a body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2. Covariates were self-reported hours of TV viewing, physical activity habits, sleeping duration, age, gender, educational level, smoking and marital status. Prevalence odds ratios (POR) estimated by logistic regression were used as effect measures. RESULTS: Obese people reported to spend more time watching TV (mean +/- s.d.: 3.6 +/- 1.5 h/day) than non-obese ones (3.0 +/- 1.4 h/day), and less sleeping time. In multivariate analysis, obesity was associated with TV viewing, sleeping time and physical activity at work. People watching TV > 4 h/day showed a higher adjusted prevalence odds ratio of obesity, POR = 2.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.54-3. 69), compared with those watching TV < or = 1 h/day. People who reported to sleep > or = 9 h/day presented a lower POR of obesity than those sleeping < or = 6 h/day, POR = 0.43 (0.27-0.67). Statistically significant dose-responses were observed for both associations, so that the prevalence odds ratio of obesity was 30% higher for each hour of increased TV viewing and 24% lower for each additional hour of sleeping time. In addition, the prevalence of obesity was lowest among single people, those more physically active at work, and those with a high educational level. CONCLUSION: Time spent watching television and a low physical activity at work were related to obesity in adults. The inverse association between obesity and sleep duration deserves further research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Habitual sleep duration and eating disorders in college students.

To measure the relationship between habitual sleep duration and eating disorders, the responses of groups of 34 short- and 43 longer-sleeping college students to the EAT-26 Test were compared. The short-sleepers scored twice as high and were five times more likely to exhibit abnormal eating patterns than the longer-sleeping group.

Feeding Behavior↗

PubMed1990

Relationship between habitual sleep duration and diet.

Speculation and indirect evidence have suggested a relationship between habitual sleep duration and food intake. We tested this hypothesis by asking groups of short- and longer-sleeping students to keep 21-day sleep and food-intake diaries. We found no reliable evidence that sleep habits are linked to any major dietary variables as measured in this study and concluded that the differences between our results and those of an earlier study may reflect differences in the methodologies used.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Changes in the self-reported consistency of normal habitual sleep duration of college students (1978 and 1992).

Changes in the consistency of self-reported sleep habits within two large samples of 763 and 782 college students were assessed for 1978 and 1992. Noteworthy changes over the 14-yr. period included significant decreases in the percentage of students who claimed stable (> or = 5-year) sleep-duration habits and the percentage reporting satisfaction with their sleep.

Follow-Up Studies↗

PubMed2002

The siesta and mortality in the elderly: effect of rest without sleep and daytime sleep duration.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of daytime rest without sleep and duration of the siesta on mortality. DESIGN: Longitudinal observation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Population sample of 442 community-dwelling 70-year-old subjects examined both at home and in a geriatric hospital. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Overall mortality for those who neither rested nor slept was 9.3%, for those who rested without sleep 10.9%, and for those who slept 19%, p<0.02. Males had higher mortality (19%) than females (10%), p<0.006. Rest without sleep had no effect on mortality: in males, 13%, 21%, 18% for no rest, rest of less than one hour, or more than one hour with respective 8%, 6% and 4% in females. However, daytime sleep in males of more than one hour had 28.2% mortality, whereas sleep of one hour or less had 13.6% mortality, p=0.02. In females mortality rate was not different by sleep duration: 16% and 13.6% for those who slept for one hour or less, or more than one hour, respectively. In a multivariate analysis in females, a siesta of one hour or less was associated with risk odds ratio (ROR) of 4.67 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-17.80 and of one to two hours, ROR was 5.57 and 95% CI 1.05-29.49. For males, siesta of less than one hour was not associated with excess risk, ROR 0.9 and 95% CI 0.39-2.38; a siesta of one to two hours with ROR of 2.61 and 95% CI 1.01-6.80; and two hours or more ROR 13.6 and 95% CI 0.98-2.10. CONCLUSIONS: Rest without sleep is not associated with excess risk of mortality. However, siesta of one to two hours is associated with increased mortality in males whereas, in women, a siesta of less than one hours confers the excess risk.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Reduction of human sleep duration after bright light exposure in the morning.

In 8 subjects the spontaneous termination of sleep was determined after repetitive exposure to either bright or dim light, between 6.00 and 9.00 h, on 3 days preceding sleep assessment. Sleep duration was significantly shorter following bright light than following dim light. During sleep the time course of EEG energy was not affected by the light treatment. Analysis of the time course of body temperature during sleep indicated an earlier rise of body temperature following the bright light treatment. In terms of the two-process model of sleep regulation this can be interpreted as a direct effect of light on the circadian phase of the wake up threshold.

Adult↗