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PubMed2002

Analyses of the caries decline and incidence among Norwegian adolescents 1985-2000.

Since most studies of caries decline are descriptive time-trend analyses, the purpose of this article was to identify factors statistically associated with the caries decline among Norwegian adolescents after 1985. The DMFT scores for the age groups 12 and 18 years reported annually by 19 counties were analysed. The average caries-free proportions of 18-year-olds increased from 2% to 15% between 1985 and 2000, while the DMFT declined by 49%; 10.2 +/- 0.75 to 5.2 +/- 0.78. The decline for the 12-year-olds was 53%. The mean DT at the dentinal level remained at about 0.8 for 12-year-olds and 1.5 for 18-year-olds throughout the observation period. There was no significant difference in DMFT increment from age 12 to 18 between the birth cohorts 1973 (3.8 +/- 0.46) and 1982 (3.0 +/- 0.52) when controlling for counties. The variables migration and children per dentist were significantly associated with the DMFT decline in multivariate analyses. The caries decline for 18-year-olds was significantly steeper before than after 1990. The decline among the 18-year-olds may be attributed to fluoride and more restrictive criteria for placement of fillings in teenagers in the 1980s and fewer filled teeth before the age of 12 years in the 1990s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Caries reduction in belgian 12-year-old children related to socioeconomic status.

This study compares dental caries reduction in Belgian 12-year-old children of different socioeconomic status in 1983 and 1998. Moreover, the relative effect of dental health factors on caries reduction is estimated. In the region of Brussels, children in the 7th grade at the same schools participated in cohort 1983 (n = 533) and in cohort 1998 (n = 496). DMFT, DMFS, and dental fluorosis were clinically recorded. The socioeconomic status of the children was established on the basis of their parents' education and profession. Data on children's home-based and professional dental health care habits were registered. Caries reduction was observed in both privileged and non-privileged children. However, non-privileged children, in cohort 1983 and cohort 1998, had significantly higher DMF scores than privileged children (P < 0.01). Dental fluorosis was more often identified in privileged children than in non-privileged ones. Most of the dental factors relating to children's home based and professional care were associated with caries reduction. Caries reduction was strongly related to socioeconomic status; non-privileged children registered lower than their counterparts.

Belgium↗
PubMed2002

Number of teeth, body mass index, and dental anxiety in middle-aged Swedish women.

Risk factors for poor dental health include obesity, low socio-economic status, poor dietary habits, and dental anxiety. The aim of this study was to explore the complex relation between body mass index (BMI) and number of teeth in middle-aged women taking education, dietary intake patterns, dental care utilization, and dental anxiety into account. Three groups of women (37-60 years): reference women (group I, BMI 23.8 +/- 3.1 kg/m2), obese women (group II, BMI 35.0 +/- 2.6 kg/m2), and severely obese women (group III, BMI 41.0 +/- 3.4 kg/m2) were included. Questionnaires were used to assess education, smoking, number of teeth, dental care utilization, dental anxiety, dietary intake, and meal patterns. Age, education, and smoking habits did not differ significantly between groups. However, there were significant global differences in number of teeth (27.2 +/- 3.4, 23.0 +/- 9.2, 24.7 +/- 5.9) and reported daily energy intake (9756 +/- 3363 kJ, 10344 +/- 3850 kJ, 11970 +/- 3786 kJ in groups I, II, and m, respectively). In a multiple regression model, a lower number of teeth was independently associated with higher age, higher BMI, lower education, irregular dental care, high dental anxiety, higher energy intake, and lower iron intake. These variables explained 25% of the variation in number of teeth. In conclusion, BMI is an independent predictor of number of teeth in middle-aged women when socio-economic, dietary, and psychological factors are taken into account.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Social and behavioral correlates of oral quality of life studied among university students in Tanzania.

This study applies an abbreviated version of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) and the Life Satisfaction scale to oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) and quality of life (QOL) among Tanzanian university students. The following questions were addressed: Are social and behavioral status associated with overall OIDP frequency scores? Do social and behavioral variables contribute to the explainable variance of the OIDP frequency scores beyond the effect of clinical indicators of oral disorders? Do OIDP frequency scores influence general QOL as measured by the Life Satisfaction scale? A two-wave cross-sectional study was conducted during the summer of 1999, involving 19-45-year-old students at the University of Dar es Salaam. One-thousand-one-hundred-and-twenty-three students completed self-administered questionnaires and 228 respondents were re-examined clinically after 4 weeks. The rates of tooth decay and tooth loss were 34% and 37%, respectively. Medical-non-medical status (OR = 2.7) self-perceived health status (OR = 2.7), and sugar avoidance (OR = 2.2) varied systematically with OIDP scores in multivariate analyses. Tooth decay and tooth loss alone contributed 10% to the explainable variance in the OIDP scores. Entering social and behavioral variables increased the explainable variance to 19%. Finally, life-satisfaction scores varied systematically and positively with the OIDP frequency scores in bi- and multivariate analyses. This study gives some indications that the social and behavioral contexts of Tanzanian university students are important in shaping their responses to oral disorders.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with asthma control.

The aim of this study was to evaluate which factors are associated with asthma control experienced by asthma patients. In a cross-sectional study patients aged 16-60 years with mild to moderate asthma were selected. The influence of the following factors on asthma control was studied in a multivariate model: age, gender, socioeconomic status, smoking, perceived hyperresponsiveness (PHR, responding with asthma symptoms to one or more triggers), allergy (Phadiatop), long-acting bronchodilating agents, and inhaled corticosteroids. Asthma control was measured by means of the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) as developed by Juniper. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was measured by means of a portable spirometer. In this study with 311 patients, mean ACQ score was 1.39 (range 0-4.43). A stepwise backward linear regression analysis showed that low socioeconomic status (beta 0.425; p=0.001), current smoking (beta 0.555; p<0.001), high dose of inhaled corticosteroids (beta 0.364; p=0.04) and perceived hyperresponsiveness for increasing number of different triggers (PHR for 1 trigger beta 0.833; p=0.03; 2 triggers beta 0.810; p=0.03; 3 triggers beta 0.995; p=0.01; 4 triggers beta 1.131; p=0.002; 5 triggers beta 1.182; p=0.002) are independent predictors for poorer asthma control. Beside treatment with medication, stopping smoking and avoidance of triggers are factors, which may have a high impact on asthma control.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1977

Variation in allele frequencies among caste groups of the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India: an analysis with Wright's Fst statistic.

Variations in allelle frequencies at 11 serological and biochemical loci among 21 endogamous Dhangar castes of Maharashtra, India, have been studied using Wright's FST statistic. Gene differentiation among these castes is only about 4 per cent at these polymorphic loci. The distributional form of FST is explicable by random genetic drift at this early stage of differentiation of these caste groups. The empirical relationship between the average allele frequencies and the ration of within to total gene diversity of the caste groups is also studied.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Menarcheal age in Oslo during the last 140 years.

Data from maternity clinics have been used to study the trend in menarcheal age among girls born in Oslo after 1840. The investigation was based on recordings from approximately 50 women from each year. The women were divided into social categories according to their own or their husband's occupation. The results show a trend toward earlier maturation within the working class, which is characterized by two periods of rapid fall in menarcheal age. The first period covers women born between 1860 and 1880, and shows a fall in menarcheal age from about 15.6 to about 14.6 years. During the second period of rapid fall, which covers women born between 1905 and 1940, the menarcheal age was further reduced from about 14.6 to 13.3 years. The age at menarche has been stable at about 13.3 years for women born after 1940. These results contrast with those of some earlier studies of the menarcheal age in Norway. However, it is shown that the discrepancies between these investigations and our own disappear when the same computational methods and the same interpretation of the age recordings are used.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some genetical inferences from the marriage system of Reading, Berkshire, and its surround area.

A survey of marriages celebrated in 1972/73 in Reading, Berkshire, and its urban field was carried out in 1974. It provided information about the birthplace of husband and wife and of their parents, about their joint home after marriage, and on their social class origins. These data were used to produce a migration-matrix showing the probability of movement from one part of the area (and the outside world) to all the other parts of the area. A modification of the iterative deterministic model of Hiorns et al. (1969) permitted estimates to be made of the number of generations which would elapse before all the subdivisions of the survey area shared 95% of the same ancestry, assuming an initial state of zero relatedness between them and the continuation of current patterns of marital mobility. Without contributions from the 'outside world', the 18 subdivisions of the survey area become ancestrally homogeneous with each other within 3--15 generations, while with contributions from the 'outside world', the process takes not more than six generations. Marriages between social classes combined with intergeneration social mobility make the ancestry of these classes homogeneous after four generations at most.

England↗
PubMed2003

Occurrence of vertical bone defects in dentally aware individuals.

A vertical (angular) defect is a radiographic diagnostic phenomenon of severe periodontal destruction. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of vertical defects in a population of dentally aware individuals at 2 different points in time, 1982 and 1992. Intra-oral radiographs of 251 individuals in 1982 and 247 individuals in 1992 in the age range 21-70 years were assessed with regard to presence or absence of vertical defects adjacent to a maximum of 28 teeth per person. A vertical bone defect was defined as a one-sided bone resorption of the interdental marginal bone > or = 2 mm that had a typical angulation towards either the mesial or distal aspect of the root. 'The prevalence of vertical defects in 1982 was 38% increasing from 11% in age 21-30 years to 64% in age 51-70 years, and 27% in 1992 increasing from 7% to 47% in the same age groups, respectively. The number of defects per person increased with age. The majority of affected individuals had 1-2 defects and only about 5% were severely affected. Vertical defects were more common in the posterior as compared to the anterior region of the dentition and the distribution of defects within the maxilla as well as the mandible typically revealed a right-hand to left-hand side symmetry. Vertical defects seem to be a rare phenomenon in dentally aware individuals. In particular, multiple defects were observed only in a minor proportion. Both prevalence and severity increased with age.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Statistical utopianism in the age of aristocratic efficiency.

The modern history of science is commonly associated with an inexorable move toward increasing specialization and, perhaps, a proliferation of expert discourses at the expense of public discourse. This paper concerns the standing of science as a basis for public authority in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain, and suggests that, in relation to the political order, this standing remained tenuous. These themes are exemplified by the career of Karl Pearson, founder of the modern school of mathematical statistics and something of a social visionary. Like Huxley and other scientific naturalists, Pearson wished to incorporate science into a reinvigorated "general culture" and in this way to reshape an elite. Statistics, seemingly the archetypal form of specialist expertise, was conceived as an almost utopian program to advance intelligence and mortality in what he sometimes referred to as a new aristocracy.

Government↗
PubMed2003

Prediction of outcomes of secondary alveolar bone grafting in children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

The aim of this cross-sectional clinical outcome study using retrospective data capture of treatment histories was to examine the characteristics of children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in the United Kingdom (UK) who were not grafted at the appropriate age or who had an unsuccessful secondary alveolar bone graft. The subjects were born with complete non-syndromic UCLP between 1.4.82 and 31.3.84 and were aged between 12.0 years and 14.7 years at the time of data collection under the care of 48 cleft teams. The success of secondary alveolar bone grafting was assessed using a modification of the Bergland index. There were no independent predictors for unmet bone grafting need. The outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting was assessed for 164 subjects; 90 (55%) had a successful first graft. Non-Caucasian (P = 0.037) and increasing age at grafting (P = 0.007) were risk factors for poor outcome. After adjustment for other risk factors, increased age at grafting was independently associated with having a seriously deficient or failed graft (OR = 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06 P = 0.036). All the non-Caucasians in this sample had an unsatisfactory graft. Increasing age in months at grafting and ethnicity are predictors for poor outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting in children born with UCLP in the UK.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Association of inflammatory markers with socioeconomic status.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and inflammatory markers in well-functioning older adults and seeks to determine whether any association remains after adjusting for biomedical and behavioral factors typically related to elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers. METHODS: Data were obtained from 3044 men and women, aged 70-79 from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Memphis, Tennessee participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. Three indicators of SES were used: education, income, and ownership of financial assets. Serum levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured. RESULTS: Low SES was associated with significantly elevated levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha compared to high SES. Behavioral factors (including smoking, drinking, obesity) explained a substantial part of the inverse association between SES and inflammatory markers. Adjustment for prevalent diseases (including heart diseases, lung disease, and diabetes) associated with inflammation explained less of the association. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that interventions to improve health behaviors, even in old age and especially in low SES groups, may be useful in reducing risks associated with inflammation.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Indicators of socioeconomic status for adolescents: the WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey.

Many indicators of socioeconomic status used for adults are inappropriate for use in research on adolescents. In a school-based survey of 4079 Scottish schoolchildren using a self-completion questionnaire, over 20% of 11-15 year olds were unable to provide a substantive response on father's occupation. In contrast, indicators derived to construct a family affluence scale, which included car ownership, telephone ownership and the child having their own unshared bedroom, resulted in a 98% response rate; and 92% of children responded to a question on their weekly spending money. The intercorrelations between the conventional indicator of father's occupation and each family affluence and spending money were examined, and their associations with a range of health indicators and health behaviour measures compared. Father's occupational status and family affluence were moderately correlated and showed broadly similar patterns of association with the selected health measures although there were also some distinct differences. Child's spending money was only weakly correlated with father's occupation and showed rather different patterns of association with health measures. A case is made for the use of multiple indicators of socioeconomic status in adolescent health surveys, and it is argued that that the family affluence scale provides a useful and easily applied additional indicator to father's occupation or an alternative measure of socioeconomic background where occupational data are unavailable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Lead, IQ and social class.

Social class (SC) conveys information about a child's potential lead exposure (PB) as well as other, independent determinants of cognition (IQ). Thus, depending on the way in which SC is handled in statistical analyses, the PB-IQ association may be either 'overadjusted' or 'underadjusted' for SC. Two assumptions that underlie the inclusion of SC in correlation/regression analyses of the PB-IQ relationship are: 1) SC is an interval scale and 2) the PB-IQ relationship is homogeneous in all social strata. Simulation analyses are presented to illustrate the impact that different values of the bivariate correlations PB-SC, IQ-SC, and PB-IQ have on the estimate of the PB-IQ adjusted for SC. Alternative approaches to addressing these issues are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Mantel-Haenszel analysis of Oxford data. I. Independent effects of several birth factors including fetal irradiation.

Data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were subjected to the Mantel-Haenszel procedures to recognize independent effects of associated factors in retrospective data. Our results showed that several birth factors, including fetal irradiation, social class, maternal age, and sibship position, exerted separate effects on childhood cancers in general, and reticuloendothelial system neoplasms in particular.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Analysis of the components of a linear trend in proportions.

The standard epidemiologic methods for evaluating trends in the prevalence or incidence of disease are reviewed, and a method is presented for assessing the contribution of a specific disease subgroup to the overall trend, based on the slope obtained by a grouped weighted linear regression of the proportions of persons experiencing the outcome of interest in each exposure level. The slopes for specific disease subgroups contribute to the overall slope in an additive manner, and measures based on the individual slopes can be used to assess the relative strengths of the trends for specific disease subgroups as well as their relative contributions to the overall trend. This approach is illustrated with data on social class patterns of mortality in New Zealand males aged 15-64 years during 1974-1978; it is shown that the strongest mortality gradients were for mental disorders, infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, and accidents. The latter two categories together accounted for approximately two thirds of the overall social class mortality gradient.

Adolescent↗