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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed1977

Technique for sampling subcutaneous fat from the tailhead of sheep.

Previously reported fat biopsy techniques (either omental or subcutaneous) require extensive restraint of the animal, require anesthesia methods, are time-consuming to do, or demand much postoperative care. The biopsy technique reported in the present paper involves the subcutaneous fat located around the tailhead of sheep. With minimal restraint of the sheep and local anesthesia, up to 1 g of subcutaneous fat can be obtained using this surgical procedure. Michel clips facilitate closure of the surgical wound, making this method brief in operative time.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Quantification of mitochondrial DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and subcutaneous fat using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

BACKGROUND: With decreased rates of HIV mortality and disease progression attributable to treatment with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), attention has now become focused on the toxicities of these forms of treatment. It is believed NRTIs cause a decrease in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis due to their inhibition of DNA polymerase gamma. This hypothesis is supported by in vitro data from muscle biopsies and human lymphoblastic cell lines. The resulting mitochondrial toxicity is thought to manifest itself in a variety of clinical symptoms including fatigue, fat wasting and peripheral neuropathy. A non-invasive test of mitochondrial toxicity is needed to assess toxicity and optimise HIV treatment strategies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and subcutaneous fat could be ideal and accessible sources of mtDNA for examining toxicity. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were (a) to develop an assay to quantify the mtDNA copy number of PBMC and obtain reproducible results and (b) to establish the utility of subcutaneous fat as a source of mtDNA for quantification. STUDY DESIGN: PBMC were isolated from blood by centrifugation over Ficoll-Paque and subcutaneous fat was obtained from two 3 mm punch skin biopsies. Following DNA extraction, the mtDNA copy number in each sample was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The real-time PCR assay was found to generate consistent and reproducible results with replicates of samples undertaken within the same run, and in two or more different runs, having a mean coefficient of variation of 11.3 and 17.2%, respectively. PBMC and subcutaneous fat contained 409+/-148 and 2042+/-391 copies of mtDNA per cell, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: From the work carried out it can be concluded that firstly, the real-time PCR assay generates consistent and reproducible results, and secondly that mtDNA can be extracted and quantified from PBMC and subcutaneous fat.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations in infants with subcutaneous fat necrosis.

Two infants with subcutaneous fat necrosis had hypercalcemia that normalized during glucocorticoid treatment. The combination of hypercalcemia, normal concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, an elevated concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, a suppressed parathyroid hormone level, and low-normal bone turnover indicated abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production with increased intestinal absorption of calcium. Unregulated production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by the granulomatous cells of fat necrosis may cause hypercalcemia.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Etidronate therapy for hypercalcemia in subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) is characterized by indurated violet skin nodules and, occasionally, life-threatening hypercalcemia. Current treatments of patients with SCFN-related hypercalcemia are often only partially successful and may be associated with prolonged hypercalcemia. We now report the use of etidronate, a bisphosphonate, to control hypercalcemia in an infant with SCFN.

Etidronic Acid↗

PubMed1978

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SFNN) developed in a 1-week-old black boy. His mother had received numerous medications for eclampsia. Birth was by Caesarean section and complicated by meconium aspiration. There were numerous nodules over the back, buttocks and extremities that yielded a caseous-like material. Microscopically, these nodules showed crystallization and necrosis of the fat. Hypoglycemia, pneumonia, oliguria, thrombocytopenia, seizures and urinary infection were associated with the cutaneous problem and led to a fatal outcome 2 weeks after birth.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SFN) is an uncommon disease that affects newborns who have suffered from tissue hypoxia during or following delivery. This disease appears during the first weeks of life. It consists of indurate, erythematous or purple-erythematous nodules and plaques in the skin. Histology of a biopsy specimen shows granulomatous necrosis in the subcutis with radial crystals in lipocytes and giant cells. Spontaneous resolution in a few weeks is usual, but the mobilization of calcium from the necrosed subcutis together with the action of some hormones may cause hypercalcemia and certain serious complications. A newborn female child developed SFN after dystocic delivery causing cerebral frontal lobe hemorrhage. The skin nodules resolved spontaneously in a few weeks and no complications were observed 1 year later.

Fat Necrosis↗

PubMed1980

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn and idiopathic hypercalcemia. Report of a case.

A female infant who was anoxic at birth had lesions of subcutaneous fat necrosis at the age of 16 days. She also had problems with poor feeding, frequent vomiting, and failure to thrive. Hypercalcemia was discovered at the age of 28 days and she died at 11 1/2 weeks despite return of the serum calcium level to normal with oral prednisone therapy and a diet low in calcium and devoid of vitamin D. Fourteen other cases of idiopathic hypercalcemia in patients with subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn have been reported. Most of these infants were full-term with prenatal complications. The hypercalcemia was usually diagnosed much later than the subcutaneous fat necrosis. Both conditions generally resolved without sequelae, but two of the 14 infants died. The causal relation between these two entities, if one exists, remains unknown. Infants with subcutaneous fat necrosis should have serial serum calcium determinations and should be observed closely for signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia, which include irritability, anorexia, constipation, and failure to thrive.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1993

Examination of the law of grotthus-draper: does ultrasound penetrate subcutaneous fat in humans?

One benefit of ultrasound over infrared modalities is its ability to penetrate subcutaneous fat. The purpose of this study was to compare tissue temperature rise during ultrasound treatments in humans with various thicknesses of subcutaneous fat in the medial gastrocnemius. Twenty males served as subjects. A 23-gauge hypodermic needle microprobe was inserted 3-cm deep into the medial portion of the anesthetized gastrocnemius, and connected to a thermocouple temperature gauge. We applied 15 ml of ultrasound gel, preheated to body temperature (37 degrees C), to a 10-cm-diameter target area. Continuous ultrasound was delivered topically at 1.5 W/cm(2) for 10 minutes. During this time, the soundhead was moved at a speed of 4 cm per second, and the temperature was recorded every 30 seconds. The mean baseline temperature for all subjects was 35.4 degrees C. The mean temperature increase was 4.9 degrees C. We performed a regression analysis to test for correlation between fat thickness and tissue temperature rise of subjects. There was a small positive but insignificant correlation (r=.128). This supports the claim of Grotthus and Draper. Since subcutaneous fat does not serve as a barrier to therapeutic ultrasound, athletic trainers and physical therapists can expect comparable increases in muscle temperature when using this modality on people with varying thicknesses of adipose tissue.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: Progressive subcutaneous fat wasting, fat accumulation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy has been attributed to the long-term toxicity of HIV protease inhibitors (PI). More recently, fat wasting has been observed in patients who have never taken a PI, implicating an independent effect of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relative contribution of NRTI and PI, as well as any other factors, to fat wasting in HIV-infected patients. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study involving 277 participants of the Western Australian HIV Cohort Study. METHODS: The time to onset of clinically apparent fat wasting in patients receiving different antiretroviral regimens was compared using standardized clinical criteria. Regional fat measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in 161 patients was also compared. The average rate of percentage fat reduction was estimated in 70 patients who had consecutive DEXA scans at approximately 6-monthly intervals. Multiple confounding factors were considered in the analyses. RESULTS: Progressive subcutaneous fat wasting, indistinguishable from that described in PI-treated patients, does occur in PI-naive, NRTI-treated patients. In patients taking triple combination antiretroviral therapy, age (relative risk = 1.052 per year; P < 0.0001), white race (relative risk = 3.9; P = 0.023), longer duration of dual NRTI therapy prior to addition of PI (relative risk = 1.021 per month; P = 0.0046) and increased cumulative time on stavudine-containing regimens compared with time on zidovudine-containing regimens (relative risk = 1.085 per month; P < 0.0001) are associated with increased risk of fat wasting. Stavudine increases the risk of fat wasting by 265% per year compared with zidovudine. However PI therapy is associated with faster progression to clinically apparent wasting compared with dual NRTI therapy without PI. The results of DEXA scanning supports these clinical data and suggest a non-linear decline in fat over time. CONCLUSIONS: NRTIs do have an independent contribution to fat wasting, but PI are the predominant influence and may act synergistically with NRTIs. NRTIs appear to predispose individuals to slowly progressive fat loss, which is markedly accelerated when a PI and NRTIs are combined. Of the NRTIs, stavudine leads to an earlier onset of clinically apparent fat wasting compared with zidovudine. Fat wasting associated with NRTI use may be a manifestation of mitochondrial toxicity, which may be exacerbated by PI use.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1989

Regional differences of PCB and PCQ concentrations in the blood and subcutaneous fat tissue of residents of Nagasaki.

In this study, we analyzed PCB and PCQ concentrations in the subcutaneous fat tissue of residents of Nagasaki Prefecture, and compared these levels between the blood and subcutaneous fat tissue of people living in various parts of the prefecture. Seventy-one inhabitants were examined. In the blood, PCB concentrations in Tamanoura and Fukue were significantly higher than those in Nagasaki City. The CB% ratio in Tamanoura was significantly higher than that in Nagasaki and Isahaya. PCQ concentrations were below detection level except in one case. PCB concentrations in fishery areas showed higher levels than urban or agricultural areas. PCB concentration in the subcutaneous fat tissue was 100 times higher than that in the blood. PCQs could be detected in almost all of the subcutaneous tissues, but there was no regional difference in the PCQ concentration.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2005

[Comparative analysis of cell populations with a phenotype similar to that of mesenchymal stem cells derived from subcutaneous fat].

Two cell populations with a phenotype similar to that of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with different characteristics for expression of surface antigene CD34 were derived from subcutaneous fat. CD34-positive cells were derived from subcutaneous fat of the inferior eyelid obtained during transconjuctival blepharoplasty. CD34-negative cells were derived from adipose tissue obtained during lipoaspiration from the same patients. These cells displayed common characteristics for morphology and expression of basic markers characterizing them as mesenchymal stem cells. On being induced for differentiation, these two cell populations were able to differentiate to cells of adipose (adipocytes), bone (osteoblastes, osteocytes), cartilage (chondroblasts, chondrocytes), and nervous (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) tissues.

Antigens, CD34↗

PubMed1978

Studies on subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.

Biopsy specimens from the skin and subcutaneous fat tissue of four cases with neonatal subcutaneous fat necrosis were made and investigated by light and electron microscopy at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, and 5 months (Case 2) from the onset of the disease. Three stages of ultrastructural change of fat cells were observed. The evolution of crystal formation in the fat cells was seen and phagocytosis of crystals and fat droplets by macrophages and foreign-body giant cells was also noted. In the light microscope accumulation of calcium concretions in the spaces between and inside the fat cells was found. In the electron microscope we detected foci of highly electron-dense granules, which were similar in distribution and structure to calcium salts stained with the von Kossa method. Changes in small and medium size blood vessels were observed.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1975

Syndrome and pancreatic disease, subcutaneous fat necrosis and polyserositis. Case report and review of literature.

Immunologic evaluation of a patient with pancreatitis, subcutaneous fat necrosis, pleuritis, pericarditis and synovitis is presented. The previously recognized syndrome of pancreatic disease, subcutaneous fat necrosis and arthritis is reviewed. Based on analysis of all the cases described in the English language literature it is suggested that this syndrome be expanded to include polyserositis rather than arthritis alone. Although experimental and clinical evidence tends to implicate physiocochemical tissue injury by pancreatic lipase as the primary pathogenic mechanism in this syndrome, studies in our patient suggest the possible contribution of immune-mediated injury. Supporting data include eosinophilia, biopsy demonstration of vasculitis antedating the subcutaneous fat necrosis, immunofluorescent identification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C3 in the pleura, and reduced levels of total hemolytic complement in the serum, and pleural and pericardial effusions.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

Assessment of subcutaneous fat using ultrasonography in the Ullrich-Turner syndrome.

Subcutaneous fat was measured using an ultrasonic method (SF-US) in girls with Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) and in height and weight-matched controls. The method is not influenced by changes in cutaneous compressibility, which is frequently abnormal in UTS especially at a younger age. SF-US in the arms was significantly less in UTS patients (ulnar SF-US: P < 0.05; triceps SF-US: P < 0.005) than in the control girls. Results in suprailiac SF-US measurement was also similar (P < 0.05). Though the mean SF-US in the subscapular region was less in UTS patients than the control girls, there was no statistically significant difference. It is demonstrated that subcutaneous fat in UTS patients is less in their arms than in girls without UTS and that trunkal fatness is not increased but rather decreased in the UTS. The ratio of lean body mass to weight seems higher in UTS patients than in girls with similar weight and height.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Association of habitual long-distance running with the thickness of skeletal muscles and subcutaneous fat in the body extremities and trunk in middle-aged men.

AIM: We investigated the association of habitual long-distance running with the thickness of skeletal muscles and subcutaneous fat in the body extremities and trunk in middle-aged men using ultrasonography. METHODS: Three groups of healthy middle-aged men [mean (SD), 62.1 (2.8) years] took part in this investigation: a high-level group of 11 master runners who had competed in a 42.195 km race and run 51.6 (21.7) km every week, an intermediary-level group of 10 master runners who had competed in a 5-20 km race and run 9.3 (4.9) km every week, and a low-level group of 7 untrained men who continued to do no systematic training. The muscle thickness at 8 sites and the subcutaneous fat thickness at 10 sites were measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: The high-level group had 10.0(-1)5.2% higher values for muscle thickness at the erector spinae, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, and triceps surae, compared with the intermediary-level and the low-level groups (p<0.05-0.001). The thickness of the subcutaneous fat about the rectus abdominis and external oblique was lower in the high-level group than in the intermediary-level and the low-level groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Middle-aged male master athletes who habitually run at a high level have more muscle thickness in the lower extremities and trunk, and less subcutaneous fat thickness in the central regions of the body than do middle-aged men who habitually run at an intermediary level or do not run at all.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1996

Surface coverage of vascular grafts with cultured human endothelial cells from subcutaneous fat tissue obtained with a biopsy needle.

Surface coverage with autogeneous endothelial cells is effective in reducing thrombogenicity of an artificial vascular graft, but procedure for obtaining the cells is invasive for patients. The purpose of this study was to establish cultures of human endothelial cells separated from a small piece of subcutaneous fat tissue. A piece of tissue weighing about 10 mg was obtained from subcutaneous fat using a biopsy needle, and treated with collagenase and dispase. Microvascular endothelial cells were selected and other types of cells contaminating the cultures were eliminated by scraping with a needle under a microscope. The yield of the cells was 8362 +/- 4264/10 mg of subcutaneous fat (n = 7). The cultures reached confluence in about 2 weeks. The cells were positive for von Willebrand factor, P-selectin, and uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein. The cells produced 15.9 +/- 3.3 ng/mg cell protein/h of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (n = 5) when stimulated with thrombin. Thrombin also stimulated the production of platelet-activating factor: 7653 +/- 4297 dpm/10(6) cells (n = 5). Endothelin-1 accumulation in the medium of unstimulated endothelial cells was 0.54 +/- 0.16 ng/mg cell protein/10 h (n = 8). As a preliminary experiment for graft seeding, the cells were also cultured on pieces of a gelatin-coated Dacron graft, and scanning electron microscopy revealed the surface coverage of the graft. We herein described about successful culture of human microvascular endothelial cells from subcutaneous fat tissue obtained using a biopsy needle. The cultured cells may be applicable to a seeded vascular graft.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1995

Distribution of subcutaneous fat and equations for predicting percent body fat from skinfold measurements: a comparison between Chinese females from two age cohorts.

The need to apply different regression equations in predicting percent body fat was investigated with 40 Chinese females between 20-30 years and 40-50 years in Beijing in 1993-94. Skinfolds from 10 sites at subscapular, midaxillary, pectoral, abdominal, suprailiac, thigh, triceps, medial calf, suprapatellar, and forearm were measured with a Lange caliper. The criterion test was performed with hydrostatic weighing and the Siri equation was used to calculate percent body fat. It was found that there were significant differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat between younger and older Chinese females, with the major differences in the abdominal and subscapular skinfolds. It also appeared that the 20-30 years cohort had a more evenly distributed subcutaneous fat that the 40-50 years cohort. A general prediction equation for percent body fat with skinfolds of the forearm, pectora, subscapular, and triceps was formulated with an R of 0.95 and SEE of 2.14. Separate equations were developed for the two age cohorts. These were found to be more accurate than the general equation. The present study indicated that subcutaneous fat distribution varied with age in the female and further study in this area would be needed to better understand the relationship between fat distribution patterns, metabolic risks, and cardiovascular disease.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn complicated by hypercalcaemia and thrombocytopenia.

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is an uncommon but distinctive condition which appears in the first six weeks of life, associated with variable degrees of hypercalcaemia and which resolves spontaneously over months. We report a case of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn following perinatal distress and complicated by thrombocytopenia and hypercalcaemia.

Fat Necrosis↗