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PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibitory and promoting effects of subliminal pendular rotation on optokinetic nystagmus in man.

The influence of vestibular stimulation by subliminal pendular rotation on the optokinetic nystagmus in normal human subjects is discussed. Cortical OKN with pendular rotation was promoted in three indexes--eye speed, frequency, and total amplitude. The subcortical OKN increased markedly when the slow phase of OHN and the compensatory eye movement resulting from the pendular rotation were in the same direction. However, it was inhibited when the two directions were mutually opposed. From the results obtained in the present experiment and in the previous study by the author, it can be concluded that the vestibular organs' effect on visual function is not only promotive but also inhibitive.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Visual display lowers detection threshold of angular, but not linear, whole-body motion stimuli.

The influence of a visual display, fixed relative to the subject, on thresholds for detection (at 75% correct) of discrete Y-axis linear movements and of discrete Z-axis angular movements, was determined in a group of 12 subjects. Both the linear and the angular, whole-body, motion stimuli had a cosine bell velocity trajectory with a duration of 2.6 s. Thresholds for the detection of the linear motion stimuli in darkness were not significantly different from those obtained when either a simple LED display or an instrument dial were illuminated; the mean threshold was 0.039 m.s-2. None of the subjects reported apparent movement of the visual display. In contrast, the presence of either visual display lowered angular motion thresholds on average by a factor of 2.7 from that obtained in darkness (1.61 degrees.s-1). All subjects reported apparent movement of the visual display, an oculogyral illusion, at stimulus intensities close to the dark threshold. These findings imply that otolithic afferents, unlike those from the semicircular canals, do not interact with neural centres mediating visual localization.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1993

Short-latency subliminal effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on forearm motoneurones.

The H-reflex technique has been used to evaluate the time-course of the effects evoked by transcranial clockwise magnetic stimuli in flexor or extensor carpi radialis motoneurones. In six subjects, magnetic stimulation was applied over the scalp in the focus for the motor response of those muscles. At intensities below motor threshold, a facilitation of the H-reflex started at a conditioning-test interval of -4 ms (i.e. when the magnetic stimulus lagged the test stimulus by 4 ms), reached a peak at about -2 ms and rapidly decayed. At about -1 ms, the decay attained a local minimum, which in three subjects had values indicating the presence of an inhibition. Thereafter, a second facilitatory phase peaked at about +1 ms. By matching the time course with the latency of the cortical muscle action potential (CMAP) evoked by suprathreshold magnetic stimulation, it is inferred that the motoneuronal discharge coincides with the second peak of facilitation and is preceded by 3-4 ms of subliminal excitation. This early effect could be brought to threshold by convergence of a subliminal Ia EPSP, leading to a reduction of the CMAP latency. The early excitatory effects reported above are as fast as those described as following transcranial electrical stimulation, and should likewise be considered as monosynaptic.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Effects of submental electrical stimulation during sleep on upper airway patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

We examined the effects of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the genioglossus in six patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during sleep and investigated the possible applicability of this procedure as a treatment of OSAS. Six patients with OSAS were polysomnographically studied in the supine position during all-night sessions with and without electrical stimulation of the genioglossus. Using an apnea demand-type stimulator that we developed, electrical pulses of 0.5 ms (repetition rate, 50 Hz) and 15 to 40 V were delivered through bipolar electrodes (10 mm in diameter) attached to the skin of the submental region when apnea lasted more than 5 s, and was stopped immediately after breathing resumed or after 10 s at the longest. With submental stimulation, the apnea index, apnea time/total sleep time, longest apnea duration, and the number of times per hour that oxygen saturation dropped below 85% decreased significantly compared with those on control nights. The lowest arterial oxygen saturation and the duration of sleep stages III and IV increased significantly. The stimulation employed did not cause arousal, and it did not affect blood pressure or heart rate significantly. These findings show that submental stimulation decreases the incidence of apnea episodes and promotes deeper sleep without accompanying serious side effects, suggesting that the apnea demand-type stimulator may be a noninvasive and effective treatment for OSAS.

Electric Stimulation↗