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PubMed2003

Actomyosin transports microtubules and microtubules control actomyosin recruitment during Xenopus oocyte wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between microtubules and actin filaments (F-actin) are critical for cellular motility processes ranging from directed cell locomotion to cytokinesis. However, the cellular bases of these interactions remain poorly understood. We have analyzed the role of microtubules in generation of a contractile array comprised of F-actin and myosin-2 that forms around wounds made in Xenopus oocytes. RESULTS: After wounding, microtubules are transported to the wound edge in association with F-actin that is itself recruited to wound borders via actomyosin-powered cortical flow. This transport generates sufficient force to buckle and break microtubules at the wound edge. Transport is complemented by local microtubule assembly around wound borders. The region of microtubule breakage and assembly coincides with a zone of actin assembly, and perturbation of the microtubule cytoskeleton disrupts this zone as well as local recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex and myosin-2. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal transport of microtubules in association with F-actin that is pulled to wound borders via actomyosin-based contraction. Microtubules, in turn, focus zones of actin assembly and myosin-2 recruitment at the wound border. Thus, wounding triggers the formation of a spatially coordinated feedback loop in which transport and assembly of microtubules maintains actin and myosin-2 in close proximity to the closing contractile array. These results are surprisingly reminiscent of recent findings in locomoting cells, suggesting that similar feedback interactions may be generally employed in a variety of fundamental cell motility processes.

Actomyosin↗
PubMed1994

A Sulfhydryl Reagent Modulates Systemic Signaling for Wound-Induced and Systemin-Induced Proteinase Inhibitor Synthesis.

The sulfhydryl group reagent p-chloromecuribenzene sulfonic acid (PCMBS), an established inhibitor of active apoplastic phloem loading of sucrose in several plant species, is shown to be a powerful inhibitor of wound-induced and systemin-induced activation of proteinase inhibitor synthesis and accumulation in leaves of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Castlemart). PCMBS, supplied to young tomato plants through their cut stems, blocks accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in leaves in response to wounding. The application of systemin directly to fresh wounds enhances systemic accumulation of proteinase inhibitors to levels higher than wounding alone. Placed on fresh wounds, PCMBS severely inhibits systemic induction of proteinase inhibitors, in both the presence and absence of exogenous systemin. PCMBS inhibition can be reversed by cysteine, dithiothreitol, and glutathione. Radiolabeled systemin placed on fresh wounds is readily transported from the wounded leaves to upper leaves. However, in the presence of PCMBS, radiolabeled systemin is not transported away from wound sites. Induction of proteinase inhibitor I synthesis by oligouronides (degree of polymerization [almost equal to] 20), linolenic acid, or methyl jasmonate was not inhibited by PCMBS. The cumulative data support a possible role for sulfhydryl groups in mediating the translocation of systemin from wound sites to distal receptor sites in tomato plants and further support a role for systemin as a systemic wound signal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

[Personal experience with the use of the L 410 aircraft in the transportation of sick and wounded patients].

The authors summarize the experience of their department with secondary transport of patients and casualties by air, using aircraft L 410. The authors have more than ten years' experience with the organization and care of patients during air transport. In 1987 the problem was included in the State research plan in collaboration with IMV Brno. This year 26 patients were transferred by air. The most frequent cause for air transport in the authors' group are injuries.

Aircraft↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nontrauma helicopter emergency medical services transport: annotated review of selected outcomes-related literature.

While helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) has its roots in military transport of wounded soldiers, rotor-wing transport is also used for a wide variety of nontrauma indications. Despite this common use of HEMS for noninjured patients, a Medline search found little systematic review of the literature pertinent to HEMS use for nontrauma. With HEMS utilization subject to appropriately increased scrutiny, those seeking to research HEMS utility in noninjured patients could benefit from existence of a collection of the topical literature. This paper aims to provide such a review, in the form of an annotated bibliography of Index Medicus journal studies assessing potential medical risks and benefits of HEMS transport for noninjured patients. The paper's goal is to provide a useful resource for those interested in pursuing more focused review of various sectors of the nontrauma HEMS literature. As such, the main objective of the article summaries is to provide a brief outline of study design and results; there is also limited editorial comment included after each summary.

Air Ambulances↗
PubMed1994

In Larrey's shadow: transport of British sick and wounded in the Napoleonic wars.

Dominique Jean Larrey's introduction of a 'flying ambulance' into Napoleons army was a great advance in military surgery. British arrangements for the transport of wounded and sick during the Napoleonic wars fell far short of Larrey's humanitarian vision. The efforts of eminent doctors such as Sir James McGrigor to create a formal ambulance service were frustrated by the army establishment. As a result the sick were often abandoned or carried in local bullock carts. Only sixty years after Waterloo did Britain finally follow Larrey's example and form a field organisation including a trained ambulance corps.

France↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glucose transporter 1 expression in corneal wound repair under high serum glucose level.

PURPOSE: To determine glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 mRNA and protein expression during corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic rat. METHODS: Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. At 10 days after injection, unilateral 3-mm epithelial debridement was carried out in the central cornea. At 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after wounding, whole corneal epithelium was collected and GLUT1 protein and mRNA levels were determined by Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Sugar content in collected samples was measured by the Anthrone reaction. Normal rats were used as controls. RESULTS: Glucose transporter 1 protein and mRNA levels in unwounded cornea were similarly low in the diabetic and control groups. Healing of corneal wounds was slower in diabetic rats than in controls. After wounding, GLUT1 mRNA and protein expression in both groups were similarly enhanced compared to unwounded epithelium. Sugar content at all time points did not show significant alteration in any group, although in diabetic rats it was significantly higher than in controls throughout the time course. CONCLUSION: Glucose transporter 1 expression in diabetic rat cornea showed little difference from that in normal rat cornea, suggesting minimal influence of GLUT1 on the delayed healing of diabetic corneal wounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The ABJS presidential lecture, June 2004: our orthopaedic heritage: the American Civil War.

War, considered to be one of the greatest causes of human suffering, often spurs some of the greatest advances in medical treatments. In the United States, the Civil War was a catalyst for the development of trauma management, including general wound management, amputation techniques, triage, and transportation of wounded soldiers. The War, by necessity, also accelerated surgical knowledge and treatment of gunshot wounds of the extremities more than any previous event. The War also served as the impetus for the specialization of surgical skills, hospital systems, and medical data collection. Orthopaedic surgery, at the time of the War, was not as yet a recognized specialty in the United States. However, the Civil War played an important role in the specialty's heritage and the creation of specialty orthopaedic and prosthetic hospitals. Although many discoveries in the area of orthopaedic surgery were not discovered until the 20th century, many basic orthopaedic procedures and techniques were developed during this war that continue to be used today, including Buck's traction, plaster splints, and open treatment of contaminated wounds. The first recorded attempts at open reduction-internal fixation techniques for gunshot fractures occurred during the War. Resection arthroplasties, shell and bone fragment extraction, and various types of amputation were improved because of the large numbers of casualties.

American Civil War↗