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PubMed2005

Carotenogenic gene expression and ultrastructural changes during development in marigold.

Marigold (Tagetes erecta) flowers are a good source of carotenoids and can be used as a model studies on pigmentation during flower development. They show different levels of pigmentation caused by lutein. Here we describe the expression of several genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: phytoene synthase (Psy), phytoene desaturase (Pds), lycopene beta-cyclase (Lcy-b) and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (Lcy-e). cDNA inserts from isolated clones were 1376-1916bp long. The predicted amino acid sequences showed from 66 to 100% homology with other reported sequences (NCBI gene bank). Northern blot analyses of three varieties of marigold showed that most gene transcripts were expressed during flower development. The ultrastructural changes that occurred during plastid differentiation in flower morphogenesis were analyzed, and pigment accumulation among varieties was evaluated. The pigment deposition in specific structures (lipidic vesicles) during flower development was demonstrated.

Carotenoids↗

PubMed2003

Mixed culture optimization for marigold flower ensilage via experimental design and response surface methodology.

Endogenous microorganisms isolated from the marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) were studied to understand the events taking place during its ensilage. Studies of the cellulase enzymatic activity and the ensilage process were undertaken. In both studies, the use of approximate second-order models and multiple lineal regression, within the context of an experimental mixture design using the response surface methodology as optimization strategy, determined that the microorganisms Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans are the most significant in marigold flower ensilage and exhibit high cellulase activity. A mixed culture comprised of 9.8% Flavobacterium IIb, 41% A. anitratus, and 49.2% R. nigricans used during ensilage resulted in an increased yield of total xanthophylls extracted of 24.94 g/kg of dry weight compared with 12.92 for the uninoculated control ensilage.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed2004

Improving xanthophyll extraction from marigold flower using cellulolytic enzymes.

In this work is studied the effect of a noncommercial enzyme preparation on xanthophyll extraction from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta). The enzymatic extract was synthesized by endogenous microorganisms previously isolated and identified as Flavobacterium IIb, Acinetobacter anitratus, and Rhizopus nigricans. The results show that the extraction yield depends directly on the extent of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls in the flower petals and that it is possible to reach yields in excess of those previously reported for treatments with commercially available enzymes (29.3 g/kg of dry weight). HPLC analysis of the product indicates that the original xanthophyll profile is not altered. The enhanced extraction system appears to be very competitive when compared to the traditional process and current alternatives.

Cell Wall↗

PubMed2003

An efficient conversion of (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein to (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein) and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin.

Two dietary carotenoids, (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (1) and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin (2), and their metabolite (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein) (3) accumulate in human serum, milk, and ocular tissues. There is increasing evidence that compounds 1 and 2 play an important role in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the availability of these carotenoids for metabolic studies and clinical trials is essential. Compound 1 is isolated from extracts of marigold flowers (Tagete erecta) and is commercially available, whereas 2 is only accessible by a lengthy total synthesis, and a viable method for synthesis of 3 has not yet been developed. This report describes an efficient conversion of technical grade 1 to 2 via 3. Acid-catalyzed epimerization of 1 yields an equimolar mixture of diastereomers 1 and 3. The mixture was separated by enzyme-mediated acylation with lipase AK from Pseudomonas fluorescens that preferentially esterified 3 and after alkaline hydrolysis yielded this carotenoid in 90% diastereomeric excess (de). Compound 3 was also separated from 1 in 56-88% de by solvent extraction and low-temperature crystallization, Soxhlet extraction, or supercritical fluid extraction. Base-catalyzed isomerization of 3 gave 2 in excellent yield, providing a convenient alternative to the total synthesis of this important dietary carotenoid.

Biotransformation↗

PubMed2006

Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in novel Cd-accumulating crops, Avena strigosa and Crotalaria juncea.

Characteristics of accumulation and tolerance of cadmium (Cd) in green manure crops were investigated to identify Cd-accumulating crops and to clarify the mechanisms involved in Cd accumulation and tolerance. Seedlings of eight crop species were treated with Cd (1 mg l(-1) or 5 mg l(-1)) in the growing medium for 4 d. Cd concentration in leaves of Avena strigosa Schreb. cv. New-oat, Crotalaria juncea L. and Tagetes erecta L. cv. African-tall was greater than values used to define Cd-hyperaccumulation (>100 mg Cd kg(-1) DW). However, in leaves of T. erecta, lipid peroxidation level increased significantly, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase were depressed by both Cd treatments. By contrast, A. strigosa and C. juncea exhibited high Cd tolerance. Avena strigosa leaves showed higher activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase than those of other species tested. Crotalaria juncea showed higher amounts of total soluble phenolics which, in leaves, were doubled by 5 mg l(-1) Cd treatment. When two Cd-tolerant accumulators (A. strigosa and C. juncea) and the non-accumulator (C. spectabilis) were treated with lower Cd concentrations for 4 weeks, A. strigosa and C. juncea exhibited superior Cd accumulation in the shoots with greater biomass production compared with C. spectabilis. These results indicate that A. strigosa and C. juncea possess the greater potential for Cd accumulation and tolerance than common crops.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2000

Plant essential oils with promising antifungal activity.

OBJECTIVE: To establish therapeutic efficacy of Tagetes minuta extracts. DESIGN: Laboratory-based experiment. METHOD: In vitro fungitoxicity test of essential oils was studied on Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsportum gypsum, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species. The effect of oil on sporulation, budding and germination of fungal conidia was studied. The lowest active concentration (lac) was determined and compared with that of one per cent clotrimazole and one per cent nystatin. RESULTS: T. minuta essential oils were more effective on filamentous fungi than the standard antifungal drugs (p<0.05) but was less active on the yeast. It was fungicidal on filamentous forms of fungi and fungistatic on the yeast. The activity of the flower oil was significantly higher than that of the leaves (p=0.015). The oil significantly inhibited conidia germination but had no effects on budding of yeast. Gas chromatograph analysis of the oil showed a total of 30 compounds with five major peaks. CONCLUSION: The fungitoxicity of T. minuta oil can be exploited for its antifungal properties if toxicity and the active compound is studied further.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed2004

Adaptation of plants to altered shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector.

Wheat Triticum aestivum L., carrots Daucus carota L., Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis Rupr., and African marigold Tagetes patula L. were grown at natural and inverted orientation in the Earth gravitational field. Light vector was set unidirectional or opposite directional relative to the gravity vector. Shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector was set natural or invert. Plants grew in the special pots furnished with plane or cylindrical hydrophilic porous membranes. The membrane allowed to stabilize a water potential in the root zone at the fixed level. Seeds were put into a fiber ion-exchange artificial soil overlaying horizontal hydrophilic plates of porous titanium or anchored to porous metal-ceramic tubes. Plants grew at the PPF level 550 +/- 20 micromoles/(m2 s) during 24-hr lighting and at the water potential level at the membrane surface (-1.00) +/- 0.08 kPa. Normal plants were obtained both at the natural and at the inverse shoot orientation in the all experiments. The wheat plants were yielded healthy germinating seeds no matter plant orientation. In the inverse orientation, no negative influence for plant biomass accruing was marked, but the increasing of shoot to root mass ratio was considerable. However carrot root crop mass decreasing was not revealed in the inverse orientation. The results demonstrated substantial dependence of morphological and physiological characteristics of higher plants on the gravity factor.

Biomass↗

PubMed1999

Antiviral activity of some South American medicinal plants.

Folk medicinal plants are potential sources of useful therapeutic compounds including some with antiviral activities. Extracts prepared from 10 South American medicinal plants (Baccharis trinervis, Baccharis teindalensis, Eupatorium articulatum, Eupatorium glutinosum, Tagetes pusilla, Neurolaena lobata, Conyza floribunda, Phytolacca bogotensis, Phytolacca rivinoides and Heisteria acuminata) were screened for in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex type I (HSV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and poliovirus type 1. The most potent inhibition was observed with an aqueous extract of B. trinervis, which inhibited HSV-1 replication by 100% at 50-200 micrograms/mL, without showing cytotoxic effects. Good activities were also found with the ethanol extract of H. acuminata and the aqueous extract of E. articulatum, which exhibited antiviral effects against both DNA and RNA viruses (HSV-1 and VSV, respectively) at 125-250 micrograms/mL. The aqueous extracts of T. pusilla (100-250 micrograms/mL), B. teindalensis (50-125 micrograms/mL) and E. glutinosum (50-125 micrograms/mL) also inhibited the replication of VSV, but none of the extracts tested had any effect on poliovirus replication.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed1995

Induction of protein oxidation in human low density lipoprotein by the photosensitive organic hydroperoxide, N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyperoxy-2-methoxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetra-carb oxylic- diimide.

We have developed a new molecular probe, N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyperoxy-2-methyoxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalen e-tetra-carboxylic- diimide (NP-III), that specifically generates hydroxyl radical upon irradiation with longer wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA). Hydroxyl radicals are generated only upon irradiation, thus NP-III is a new controllable hydroxyl radical source. Apolipoprotein (apo-B) of human low density lipoprotein (LDL), and bovine serum alubumin (BSA), were irradiated with UVA in the presence of NP-III and their oxidation was evaluated by two independent methods: assay of protein carbonyl groups and gel electrophoresis. NP-III oxidized apo-B and BSA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The results demonstrate that NP-III is a controllable, precise, and potentially tagetable source of hydroxyl radicals with which to induce protein oxidation.

Darkness↗

PubMed1991

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas.

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots of Tagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, and Holodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem of Ceanothus depressus and Phaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.

Beverages↗

PubMed1996

Metal binding and resultant loss of phototoxicity of alpha-terthienyl: metal detoxification versus alpha-terthienyl inactivation.

The members of the plant family asteraceae are noted for their cosmopolitan distribution and their versatility is attributed to be largely due to their morphological adaptations. Interestingly members of this family are endowed with rich levels of secondary plant metabolites, many of which are photochemically active (Bakker et al. 1979; Kagan et al. 1989). The secondary plant metabolite alpha-terthienyl derived from the plant family asteraceae is among the new class of light activated insecticide. The photobiocidal effects associated with alpha-terthienyl in presence of sunlight and ultraviolet light (300-400 nm), has stimulated a great deal of interest in its toxic mechanism of action against a number of organisms including phytopathogenic fungi, nematodes and mosquito larvae. Trials under tropical conditions indicate a very high level of activity as a larvicide to mosquito. There is no cross resistance to this compound in malathion resistant mosquito larvae (Arnason et al. 1989). Even though many researchers feel that the phototoxicity of secondary plant metabolites has arisen independently many times in evolution as a defense mechanism, the physiological impact of such biologically active compounds in the plant producing them also should be addressed (Arnason et al. 1987). Moreover, the accumulation of secondary plant metabolites in the roots of many asteraceae members as is the case with alpha-terthienyl in marigold (Tagetes sp.) roots, hints towards their functional divergence. In this study, we demonstrate a potent heavy metal quenching activity of alpha-terthienyl.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A study of four medicinal plant complexes of Mexico and adjacent United States.

A survey of medicinal herbs in markets of central and northern Mexico and southwestern United States revealed the existence of plant complexes of different species sharing common names, morphological and aromatic characteristics, and uses. Four complexes (with the "label" species listed first) discussed include: "cachani" with Roldana sessilifolia, Iostephane madrensis, Liatris punctata, Psacalium sp., and Potentilla sp.; "chuchupate" with Ligusticum porteri and Myroxylon balsamum; "hierba anís" with Tagetes lucida, T. filifolia, T. micrantha, Artemisia dracunculus, Pimpinella anisum, and Illicium verum; and "matarique" with Psacalium decompositum, P. peltatum, P. sinuatum, P. sp., and Acourtia thurberi. The distribution analysis of utilization and natural occurrence of plants in each complex indicated the presence of a dominant or "label" plant whose use extended beyond its natural range and which had substitutes derived from local plants that were not registered far beyond their respective natural ranges.

Mexico↗

PubMed1990

Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria.

Gastrointestinal disorders are important causes of morbidity in developing countries. Natural healing is the traditional way of treating these diseases in Guatemala. Ethnobotanical surveys and literature reviews showed that 385 plants from 95 families are used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The activity of 84 of the most commonly used plants was screened in vitro against five enterobacteria pathogenic to man (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri). Results indicate that 34 (40.48%) plants inhibit one or more of the enterobacteria tested. The most commonly inhibited bacterium was S. typhi (33.73%) and the most resistant was E. coli (7.35%). The plants of American origin which exhibited the best antibacterial activity were: Byrsonima crassifolia, Diphysa robinioides, Gnaphalium stramineum, Guazuma ulmifolia, Psidium guajava, Sambucus mexicana, Simarouba glauca, Smilax lundelii, Spondias purpurea and Tagetes lucida. These results indicate a scientific basis for use of these medicinal plants for attacking enterobacterial infections in man.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 1. Screening of 68 plants against gram-positive bacteria.

Respiratory ailments are important causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Ethnobotanical surveys and literature reviews conducted in Guatemala during 1986-88 showed that 234 plants from 75 families, most of them of American origin, have been used for the treatment of respiratory ailments. Three Gram-positive bacteria causing respiratory infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes) were used to screen 68 of the most commonly used plants for activity. Twenty-eight of these (41.2%) inhibited the growth of one or more of the bacteria tested. Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by 18 of the plant extracts, while 7 extracts were effective against Streptococcus pyogenes. Plants of American origin which exhibited antibacterial activity were: Gnaphalium viscosum, Lippia alba, Lippia dulcis, Physalis philadelphica, Satureja brownei, Solanum nigrescens and Tagetes lucida. These preliminary in vitro results provide scientific basis for the use of these plants against bacterial respiratory infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala.

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among the Carib population of Guatemala in 1988-1989. In general terms, the sample surveyed possessed a relatively good standard of living. Results indicated that health services were utilized by the population, and that domestic medicine, mainly plants (96.9%) was used by 15% of the population. One hundred and nineteen plants used for medicinal purposes were collected, of which 102 (85.7%) could be identified; a list of these together with the information provided for each plant is presented. The most frequently reported plants used as medicine are: Acalypha arvensis, Cassia alata, Cymbopogon citratus, Melampodium divaricatum. Momordica charantia, Neurolaena lobata, Ocimum basilicum, Petiveria alliacea and Solanum nigrescens. Most of these plants are found in the region, but some are brought from the Highlands or outside of the country, such as Malva parviflora, Matricaria chamomilla, Peumus boldus, Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Tagetes lucida. This survey demonstrated that the Carib population of Guatemala has survived in a transcultural environment of African and native Amerindian beliefs.

Female↗

PubMed2005

cDNA cloning and expression of the phytoene synthase gene in sunflower.

A PCR approach was used to isolate a phytoene synthase (Psy) cDNA from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). A reconstructed full-length sequence (1598 bp) of the Psy cDNA was obtained; it contained a 1242 bp CDS, 172-nucleotides of 5'-untranslated region (UTR), and 170-nucleotides of 3'-UTR. The predicted protein (46.8kDa) displayed a sequence of 414 amino acid residues with a putative transit sequence for plastid targeting in the N-terminal region. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the sunflower Psy (HaPsy) clustered with the marigold (Tagetes erecta) Psy gene, with which it showed an overall amino acid identity of 93.7%. Moreover, the HaPsy sequence relates closely with other Psy sequences of higher plants. HaPsy was highly expressed in cotyledons, and young and mature leaves. In contrast, HaPsy transcript levels were comparatively lower in the stem and almost absent in the roots. The HaPsy transcript levels were influenced by leaf expansion, which suggested that the expression of the HaPsy gene is regulated during the process of leaf development. The role of HaPsy in controlling carotenoid biosynthesis is demonstrated by the concurrent increase of HaPsy transcript levels with the light-dependent enhanced carotenoid production in green tissues of sunflower.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗

PubMed2005

Native Kenyan plants as possible alternatives to methyl bromide in soil fumigation.

Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a biocidal fumigant used widely in crop production and commodity preservation worldwide. CH3Br escapes to the stratosphere and releases bromine atom (Br), which contributes to significant destruction of the ozone (O3). It is therefore necessary to explore alternatives to CH3Br that are environmentally safe and suitable for resource-poor African farmers. We present here the results of a study on the inhibitory activity of crude extracts from Kenyan medicinal plants against three soil pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria passiflorae, and Aspergillus niger. Crude organic extracts of Warburgia ugandensis Sprague, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Tagetes minuta and Urtica massaica were active against all soil pathogens, while those from U. massaica were not. Chromatographic purification of the crude extract of W. ugandensis provided two pure compounds, muzigadial (1) and muzigadiolide (5). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC value) for muzigadial (1) ranged from 5 to 100mug/ml. Muzigadiolide (5) was not active. Greenhouse tests of W. ugandensis extracts against F. oxysporium pathogen showed the most effective inhibitory concentration to be at least 5 mg/ml. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were used to rationalize the variation in biological activities of muzigadial (1), warburganal (2), polygodial (3), ugandensidial (4), muzigadiolide (5), azadirachtin (6), and CH3Br. The models were based on several molecular descriptors including LogP, van der Waals surface area (VDW(A)), van der Waals volume (VDW(v)), dipole moment, total energy, polarizability, and differences between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap).

Alternaria↗

PubMed2000

Effect of various essential oils on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

Essential oils were extracted from four West African plant species [Tagetes minuta (Family Compositae), Hyptis suaveolens (Family Labiatae), white basil Ocimum canum (Family Labiatae), and sweet basil O. basilicum (Family Labiatae)] by steam distillation. The oil of the pepper Piper guineense (Family Piperaceae), was extracted from the fruits by hydro distillation and ethanol extraction. Mixed essential oil and total ethanol extract was used. Kaolin powder (clay) was mixed (aromatized) with these different oils. Cowpea weevils were reared on chickpeas and newly emerged males and females were deposited on uninfested seeds. Bioassays, i.e. fumigation with pure essential oils and aromatized kaolin powders, were carried out on adults and eggs. Twenty four hours after fumigation, 99 and 0% adult mortality were observed, respectively, as the result of treatments with Ocimum basilicum and the control. The application of powders aromatized with the same oils to weevil pairs resulted in a complete lack of oviposition, whereas 31, 56 and 76 eggs were laid in the controls after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Application of aromatized powders did not have a significant effect on egg hatching (50 out of 110 with O. canum, 100 out of 115 with O. basilicum and 100 out of 130 in the control sample) but did have a significant impact on adult emergence: 0% for the two treatments compared with 100% in the controls. Our results suggest that plants of the genus Ocimum can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Journal Article↗